Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 10. Issue 1 (58), 2020.
CONTENTS
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF POLICY
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
POLITICAL CONFLICTOLOGY
POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY
STUDENT SCIENCE
REFLECTIONS ON THE READ
Slizovskiy D.E., Medvedev N.P. Review of the Article by S. A. Lantsov “Ethnic Terrorism and Ethno-Political Conflicts in the XIX-XX Centuries: Analysis of Socio-Political Factors”
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.001
S.I. AKKIEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, The leading Researcher of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nalchik, Russia
E.M. KOTSEV Post-graduate Student, Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nalchik, Russia
WEDDING RITUALS IN THE ADYGHE DIASPORA IN TURKEY: TRADITION AND MODERNITY
The article is devoted to the wedding rituals of the Circassians in Turkey, which has so far not been the subject of special consideration. The Circassians Diaspora exists in Turkey for more than 150 years. On the ethnic culture of the Circassians, the wedding rituals, considerable attention was paid to the culture of the host Turkish community and other nations. Significant changes in wedding rituals have been noted since the second half of the 20th century, in connection with the processes of urbanization and migration. Since the end of the 1980s, contacts of the Circassians diaspora with their relatives living in Russia increased, which affected the wedding rituals. For the first time in many years, weddings have been held between representatives of the Circassians living in Turkey and Russia. These ties are reflected in the wedding ceremony. Currently, the wedding ritual of the Circassians living in Turkey is a synthesis of Circassians and Turkish traditions and innovations.
Key words: Circassians, Adyghe, wedding, Turkey, diaspora, courtship, globalization.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.002
V.D. SERYAKOV Сandidate of military Sciences, associate Professor, rector of the Institute of Economics and culture, Moscow, Russia
FALSIFICATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: EVOLUTION IN APPROACHES AND METHODS
This study examines the causes of falsification of the history of the great Patriotic war, their impact on the spiritual sphere of Russian society and socio-anthropological consequences. On the basis of the author's analysis, the essence is revealed and the methods and methods of falsification of the history of the great Patriotic war are defined: moral and legal extrapolation, scaling of local statistics, isolation of the event from the historical context. The article notes some features of modern approaches to falsification of history, such as manufacturability, synthesis of falsification with psychological and PR technologies, imposition of false ideas through a strong emotional impact. The content of falsifications, the approaches and methods used in this case, allow us to assert that historical science is a field of ideological confrontation, and the methods and methods of falsification should be considered as an instrument of manipulation of public consciousness. The main criterion in the assessment of historical events is proposed to take the practical feasibility of decisions taken by the military and political leadership of the country.
Key words: The great Patriotic war, evolution, methods and technologies of falsification of history, social consciousness, spiritual sphere.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.003
I.YU. BROVCHENKO Aresearchfellow of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, theologian, PhD-student in the A. Gieysztor Humanitarian Academy in Pultusk, Poland
THE SPIRITUAL STATEMENT OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN THE 90s OF THE 20th CENTURY
The article considers the beginning of the spiritual revival in the late 20th century in Russia. It was directly related to political reforms of the state, cultural heritage, many socioeconomic backgrounds at that moment. There is a short overview of the history of relationships between the state and the Russian Orthodox Church in the 90s. It is quiet difficult to understand many processes of new state-clerical politics without any introducing of it. The state-clerical topic in Russia needs complex study in theoretical and historical directions.
Key words: politics and religion, Russian Orthodox Church, state, faith, patriarchal Alexey II, society, spiritual revival, 1990s in Russia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.004
A.N. DYACHKOVA PhD in history, Assistant Professor, Department of World and Russian History, Ethnology, Archeology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
G.V. KSENOFONTOV ABOUT IMMIGRANT SUBJECTS IN YAKUT FOLKLORE
G.V. Ksenofontov is a major researcher of the traditional culture of the peoples of Siberia and Yakutia in the first half of the XX century. In his works, he investigated the issues of origin, early ethnic history, beliefs (shamanism) and folklore. The ethnographer focused on the folklore and mythological subjects. This article discusses the wandering plots of the Yakut folklore. Comparison of biblical stories with legends and stories about the ancestors of the Yakut people Omogoe and Elle, as well as other stories found among the peoples of Eurasia and in the Yakut myth-making, has led the researcher to the idea of common Eurasian folklore motifs in the Yakut mythology.
Key words: G.V. Ksenofontov, Yakut folklore, Olonkho, myths, legends, stray stories, pastoral peoples of Eurasia, Eurasian folklore motifs.
THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.005
L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor of the Institute of public service and management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
REVOLUTION AS A FORM (WAY) OF GOD'S PUNISHMENT FOR SINS PART IV
By combining the analysis of religious and scientific and other secular sources, the author explains the thesis that revolutions in Russia are a form (way) of God punishment for the people’s sins.
The article has an introductory part, five content parts intricately linked and the final clauses.
In the introductory part, the author indicates the concept of sin and its components analyzing religious sources, emphasizing that it is the duty of religious leaders to carry God’s message to all population. The author believes that the historical experience of Russia shows that there were not so many people who strongly believed in God in the XIX-early XX centuries. The author adheres to the thesis that the serf system is a necessary reality in the process of the historical development of Russia. Still, in this reality, it is possible to exist in different ways.
In the content parts, the author defines the components of the religious concept of sin, the main features (properties) of the behaviour typical for the representatives of the ruling forces (such as emperors, officials, landowners, clergy) in the serf system. It is emphasized that orthodox Christianity is the state religion, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church is the Emperor that is why the Bible for is the most valuable Law for him, as well as for the clergy.
In reality, everything happened in such a way that the God Commandments were fulfilled either by atheists from different population sectors or by a small part of the faithful representatives of the ruling forces. The deeds of these people have been analyzed and presented to readers. These are the Decembrists, their wives, officials, soldiers, churchmen, poets, writers, critics, artists, commoners, serfs, revolutionaries. The main part of the voluminous article is devoted to this debating issue.
In the final clauses, the author suggests the need for a collective research work of a monographic nature that would allow opening the issue in the indicated direction.
Theologian, historian, philosopher, a lawyer should work together as the creative community. The emergence of such a work is important for the objective understanding of the XIX century, which led to the events of the XX century, contrary to various interpretations resulting from personal or corporate interests. Unity in regard to revolutionary events is serving like it was the beginning of universal confession of sins to God, and, consequently, the pledge of the present and future unity of Russia.
Key words: God Commandments, Bible, sin, Russia, serfdom, nobility, clergy, young generation, revolutionaries.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.006
M.E. RODIONOVA Director Center for European studies, Candidate of Science in Sociology, Associate Professor, Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department of Political Sciences, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
“BLACK PR” IN EUROPEAN AND RUSSIAN ELECTION CAMPAIGNS
The purpose of this article is a comprehensive consideration of “black PR” from its definition, basic techniques and technologies of “black PR”. The reasons for the popularity of “black PR”, its development in Russia and modern examples in Europe and Russia, the ways of combating “black PR” are also considered.
Key words: electoral consulting, election campaigns, elections, political competition, manipulative influence, political technologies.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.007
М.F. МAGADIEV Candidate of Sciences (sociology), Associate Professor at the Chair of public administration and national security of the Institute of law and national security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
А.N. PUZEVICH Рost-graduate student at the Chair of general history and international relations of the Ryazan state University named after S.A. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia
MILITARY-PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF MODERN RUSSIAN YOUTH IN THE CONDITIONS OF ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE RYAZAN LOCAL BRANCH OF “UNARMIA” VVPOD)
In recent years, the Russian Federation is steadily strengthening its statehood and reviving its spiritual, cultural, historical, and civil-patriotic values. However, despite these positive trends, there are still many unresolved issues that have a significant impact on the state of the spiritual and moral atmosphere of Russian society. In the course of the study, the authors reveal the main problems of the all-Russian military-patriotic social movement “Unarmia,” as the most mass military-patriotic association in the Russian Federation. The second part is devoted to the study of the positive experience of the Ryazan local branch of “Unarmia” VVPOD.
Key words: military-patriotic education, modern Russian youth, national security, patriotism, social partnership, UNARMIA.
POLITICAL CONFLICTOLOGY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.008
Z.M. KURBONOVA Candidate of political sciences, Doctoral candidate of Institute of Philosophy, Political Sciences and Law named after A. Bahouddinov, Dushanbe Republic Tajikistan
POLITICAL STABILITY OF TAJIKISTAN AS A FACTOR OF REGIONAL SECURITY PART I
The progress of human society, especially its culture and civilization, at all times depended on peace and tranquility. A society in which there is no peace and tranquility will sooner or later decline. The greatest monuments of history and culture, grandiose structures and creative masterpieces are created in an atmosphere of peace and tranquility.
Key words: political stability, security, Tajikistan, conflicts.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.009
V.V. GONCHAROV Candidate of legal sciences, associate professor of the department of state and international law, Kuban state agrarian university named after I.T. Trubilina, Krasnodar, Russia
R.M. AVAKIAN Laboratory assistant of the Department of constitutional and legal studies of the Krasnodar branch of the Institute of globalization problems, student of Kuban state agrarian university named after I.T. Trubilina, Krasnodar, Russia
E.O. PRIKHODKO Laboratory assistant of the Department of constitutional and legal studies of the Krasnodar branch of the Institute of globalization problems, student of Kuban state agrarian university named after I.T. Trubilina, Krasnodar, Russia
N.N. BERZEGOVA Laboratory assistant of the Department of constitutional and legal studies of the Krasnodar branch of the Institute of globalization problems, student of Kuban state agrarian university named after I.T. Trubilina, Krasnodar, Russia
MODERN PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE OBSERVANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS DURING THE MILITARY CONFLICT ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE
The article deals with the problem of observance of human rights in the conditions of armed conflict and anti-terrorist operation in the South-East of Ukraine. The paper analyzes the fundamental principles of international law and the law of Ukraine in the field of basic human rights and freedoms and reveals violations of normative acts in the field of ensuring the security of citizens, the use of the army and prohibited weapons against civilians and civilian infrastructure. Based on the research carried out in the article, the author identifies and justifies the following measures aimed at the resolution of the conflict: introduction of peacekeeping troops in the zone of military conflict; resolution of issues related to the actual compensation to the victims and relatives of victims; implementation of international justice against those responsible for the outbreak of the conflict and war crimes against citizens.
Key words: conflict, Ukraine, international law, human rights, anti-terrorist operation, war crimes, modern problems, military conflict, territory.
POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.010
M.YU. EZHOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Children's Ombudsman, Administration of the Head and Government of the Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala, Russia
MIGRATION POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSIA'S STRATEGIC GOALS IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE
Migration flows always exacerbate interethnic contradictions and actualize discussions related to nation-building, identity, and the search for consolidating ideas for society. At the same time, the politicization of migration issues is counterproductive from the standpoint of implementing integration projects in the post-Soviet space, which will remain a key geopolitical region and a zone of special attention for Russia. The urgency of the problem is predetermined by forced democratization, multi-level urbanization, and features of the formation of civil society institutions and political culture of post-Soviet States. The types, intensity, and directions of migration are largely due to the low efficiency of implemented political and economic institutions, and the uncertainty of national policy goals. The long-term trend of forming a civil nation and all-Russian civil identity in Russia requires a conscious and stable position in relation to migrants and the corresponding migration policy: inclusive, selective or asymmetric, as well as an innovative approach to the institution of citizenship, the development of the concept of dual citizenship as a compromise form of existence of multi-level societies in integration projects in Eurasia.
Key words: migration, integration, post-Soviet space, citizenship, identity.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.011
К.К. DADASHOV Post-graduate student of Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Foreign Ministry of RF, Moscow, Russia
EU COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
The article examines the formation and development of a common security and defense policy of the European Union (EU GAAP). The author claims that this policy allows the Union to play a leading role in peacekeeping, conflict prevention and the strengthening of international security. This is an integral part of the EU’s comprehensive approach to crisis management, based on civil and military assets. The author also conducts a periodization of the formation of security of cooperation between European states, highlighting six stages. Special attention is paid to the classification of the formation and evolution factors of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. In conclusion, the author notes, in particular, that unconventional asymmetric threats to international security necessitate the coordination of actions at the level of national states within the framework of international organizations and the coordination of the activities of these organizations. The urgent task is to determine the functional role of the EU as a regional security organization among other international organizations.
Key words: European Union, security, Europe, politics, crisis, regional security.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.012
E.G. ENTINA Candidate of Sciences (Politics), Associate Professor of National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Senior Researcher at the Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
AMERICAN AND BRITISH PRIORITIES IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE UNDER THE ONGOING PROCESS OF NEW ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FORMATION
The collapse of the bipolar system of international relations and tragic dissolution of Yugoslavia USA crucially improved their importance in the region of Southeast Europe. The same could be said about its Euro-Atlantic influence. Since the middle of 1990th USA became the main arbiter in crises and contradictions among the Western Balkan states and in the wider region. It didn’t loose its position nowadays despite the illusion of “interest lost” in the Balkans. Similar could be concluded from the observation of the modern Balkan policy if the main Euro-Atlantic ally of the U.S. – Great Britain. The difference is that in the Balkan region particularly after Brexit London ensures two type of interests: together with the U. S. – interests of NATO as well as London is using this geostrategic space for its national interest and as a play card in relations with Brussels.
Key words: USA, Southeast Europe, Great Britain, Brexit, European Union, Balkans, NATO.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.013
R.S. GOLOVANOV candidate of political sciences, candidate of jurisprudence, doctoral student of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
NEW STAGE OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION: ELITE FUNCTIONS
The article highlights the parameters of a new stage in the implementation of the Eurasian integration project: the establishment and strengthening of relations between the EAEU and international organizations; building bilateral relations of the EAEU with the countries of the Eurasian continent; pairing the EAEU development project and the Chinese initiative «One Belt – One Way»; the functioning of the institutional system ensuring freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor within the EAEU; pursuing agreed, coordinated and uniform industry policies by the EAEU Member States. The conclusion is substantiated that at the previous stages of the Eurasian project, the main function of the political, diplomatic, managerial, scientific, educational and humanitarian elite was the movement from ideas and political calls to the creation of existing Eurasian institutions and structures. It has been shown that the leading tendency at a new stage in the construction of Eurasian reality has been the expansion of the «composition» of elites at the expense of industry elites, that is, groups that make managerial decisions in specific sectors of the economy, which at the first stages of the implementation of the Eurasian project were not active actors of integration. At the new stage, it is they who perform the function of organizing the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor within the EAEU, the function of pursuing agreed industry policies by the EAEU member states, and also participate in the implementation of international agreements signed by the EEC.
Key words: new stage of Eurasian integration, Eurasian reality, elites, functions of elites, Eurasian Economic Union, Eurasian Economic Commission.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.014
К.К. DADASHOVA Post-graduate student of Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Foreign Ministry of RF, Moscow, Russia
EU FOREIGN POLICY ON CONFLICTS IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE: (THE SOUTH CAUCASUS COUNTRIES)
Within the framework of the provisions of intergovernmentalism and neofunctionalism, the theoretical foundations of the modern complex of European integration processes are revealed. They influence the formation of national interests, in particular, determining the degree of interest in peacekeeping. This article discusses the activities of the European Union in relation to the conflicts of the South Caucasus in the context of the key provisions of the two theories of European integration.
Key words: European Union, integration processes, peacekeeping, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, regional security, conflicts.
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.015
A.B. GEKHT PHD, Associate professor, docent, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the department of history and region studies, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
A.V. NEROVNYJ Assistant, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the department of history and region studies, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
T.G. POTAPENKO PHD, Associate professor, docent, The RANEPA’s North-west institute of management, the department of international relations, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
FRANCE AND THE EU'S SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY AT THE TURN OF THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY
Deep integration became one of the most important processes that took place on the European continent in the second half of the XX century, its result was the creation of the European Union, which plays a major role in the world economy and politics. This is largely possible thanks to the complex architecture of supranational institutions that ensure the functioning of this alliance. One of the first associations that appeared during the integration of the European countries was the European Coal and Steel Association, and the article covers the main prerequisites for its appearance and stages of its creation.
Key words: European integration, European Union, European Coal and Steel Association.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.016
E.P. MAKAROV Ph.D., senior lecturer of the department Sociology, Political Science and History of the Fatherland, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia
LAND EXPANSION OF THE BRITISH COLONIAL ELITE AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE OHIO COMPANY ON THE EVE OF THE FRANCO-INDIAN WAR OF 1754-1763
The article explores the problem of the interaction of the land elite of the American colonies with the authorities of the mother country in the period preceding the start of the Franco-Indian war of 1754-1763. An important role in this matter is played by the analysis of the economic activity of local military-aristocratic clans and their participation in land development in the Ohio River Valley. A separate subject of analysis is the social ties formed in 1747-1753, between British political circles, metropolitan officials, the colonial administration of Virginia, as well as large planters and merchants. The area of interaction between the British trade, economic and military administrative groups is the expeditionary enterprise for land surveying in the Ohio River Valley and their subsequent trade through land companies. The Ohio Land Company, which played an important role in promoting British interests on the American continent, was taken as an example for analysis.
Key words: Robert Dinwiddie, French and Indian War, Seven Years' War, Ohio Company of Virginia, T. Lee, D. Washington.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.017
GEN YIJIN Рost-graduate student working for the Master degree at the Chair of the Russian language of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu province, China
LANZHOU AIR BATTLE REVIEW
In the framework of the presented study, the question of the role of Lanzhou air battle in the conflict between Japan and China in 1937-1945, as well as in World War II as a whole, was revealed. The methodological base of the study includes elements of comparative, structural and system analysis. The author concludes that the air battle for Lanzhou in 1937-1941. It should be regarded as a protracted military operation of a strategic nature, the outcome of which largely determined the overall development of events on the Sino-Japanese front. The success of the combined forces of the Chinese and Soviet Air Force made it possible to ensure the uninterrupted nature of the supply of military equipment from the USSR to China, became the key to the successful functioning of the training centers for flight personnel in Lanzhou, which ultimately made it possible to substantially level the superiority of the Japanese army in the level of technical equipment and the availability of trained personnel of aviation specialists. This entailed a partial loss by the Japanese side of strategic initiative in mainland China, which had an impact on the entire course of hostilities in the Asia-Pacific region as part of World War II.
Key words: anti-Japanese war, Lanzhou air battle, air force of China, Soviet aid to China, Japanese bombing, victims, volunteer pilots, Gansu province.
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.018
A.A. DELGADO Master Student of the Department of History and Archeology, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
D.D. PROKOPCHUK Master Student of the Department of International Relations, Far Eastern Federal, Vladivostok, Russia
R.A. GRITSENKO Master Student of the Department of International Relations, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
APPLICATION OF CONTENT ANALYSIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF PRESIDENTIAL MESSAGES TO THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (2014-2016)
The article presents a demonstration variant of the available method of simple content analysis using the most common computer resources of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word. For this purpose, the texts of three messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly (2014-2016) were used. The results of this work, firstly, show the possibilities of the latest content analysis, which can cope even a nbeginner, and secondly, identify the features and important aspects of the three Messages of the President of the Russian Federation.
Key words: content analysis, President, messages, Federal Assembly, 2014, 2015, 2016.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.019
LE LAN NGOC Undergraduate in advertising and public relations of the Russian State Social University, Undergraduate Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Department of Mass Communications, Moscow, Russia
SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A MECHANISM FOR FORMING THE IMAGE OF POLITICAL LEADERS
The peculiarity of political activity is the active involvement of the masses, which in our time is almost impossible without the use of the Internet. Since the bulk of communications has moved to social media in recent years, maintaining personal accounts for political leaders is not only a way to promote and "win" the audience, but also a tool for forming their political image. A feature of social networks is the apparent accessibility of the person who leads your page. In the mind of a person, the distance between him and the politician is significantly reduced, the level of trust in the candidate is growing.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of social networks of modern politicians on the formation of their political image.
When writing work was carried out a theoretical analysis of the literature on the role of social networking in modern society, reviewed studies of social networks of political leaders, as well as the analysis of the accounts of political figures in social media (Twitter and Facebook) and try to determine their impact on political image.
This paper examines the specificity of social networks as a communication channel, as well as the role of this specificity in the perception of politicians' activities. Some examples of the use of social networks by political figures and features of the published material are presented. The influence of politicians' activity in social networks on the image and popularity of these politicians among the population was studied. It is concluded that the activity of political figures in social networks contributes to the increase of trust and loyalty to this politician.
Key words: social networks, political image, mass media, formation of political image.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.020
К.G. DEMENIN Student of Magnitogorsk Pedagogical College, Magnitogorsk, Russia
WORK OF POLITICAL OFFICERS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
This article examines the work of the political officers during the Great Patriotic War. Among military positions, this position was one of the main ones in the management, training, and education of soldiers and sailors. The article examines the historical background of the introduction of the post of political officers, examines their activities, notes the advantages and gives a critical assessment of the activity, and provides examples of political hero officers. Summarizing the above, the author notes that the activity of political officers is no less relevant today.
Key words: political officer, political work in the Soviet Army, the Great Patriotic War, propaganda, heroism.
REFLECTIONS ON THE READ
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.58.1.021
D.Е. SLIZOVSKIY Doctor of sciences (history), Professor, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of sciences (political sciences), Professor Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
REVIEW OF THE ARTICLE BY S. A. LANTSOV “ETHNIC TERRORISM AND ETHNO-POLITICAL CONFLICTS IN THE XIX-XX CENTURIES: ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-POLITICAL FACTORS”
The review analyzes the relevance and elaboration of the problem of ethnic terrorism and ethno-political conflicts. Based on the materials presented by the author of the article and recent political events, the reviewers come to the conclusion that the problem under study is extremely relevant and has a great scientific novelty.
Key words: ethnic separatism, ethnic terrorism, ethno-political conflict, socio-political factors.