Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 9. Issue 11 (56), 2019.
CONTENTS
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL HISTORY
POLITICAL REGIONAL STUDIES AND ETHNOPOLITICS
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.001
S.I. AKKIEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher Institute for Humanitarian Studies – a branch of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nalchik, Russia
R.M. MAGOMEDOVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History, Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala, Russia
TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE XIX CENTURY
The article describes the ongoing transformations of public institutions of the peoples of the North Caucasus in the 19th century. The idea is emphasized that the study of societies of the peoples of the North Caucasus demonstrates a deep understanding of the peculiarities of the national psychology of its ethnic groups, the nature and origin of customs, traditions, rites, and also helps to optimize social and ethnocultural information circulating in society of regulatory systems that are a kind of social filter of human existence. It is indicated that relations that have already arisen in primitive societies were designed not only to disseminate and redistribute values in society, but also to create new ones and maintain existing social ties between individuals. It is argued that among the peoples of the North Caucasus, the relations of social institutions, preserved in various forms, are an integral element of both ethno-etiquette and the entire system of social relations: kinship, marriage, friendship, etc. In conclusion, all the public institutions listed in the work were “transferred "In our time, to establish the "preservation" of the principal behavior of the peoples of the North Caucasus.
Key words: North Caucasus, social institutions, people, transformation, relations, socio-economic relations, Russian administration, revival, modernization, land relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.002
M.G. SUSLOV Doctor of Historical Sciences (Advanced Doctor), Professor, Professor of the Department of State-Legal Disciplines Perm Institute of the Federal Penal Correction Service of Russia, Perm, Russia
HISTORICAL EVALUATIONS OF THE WORK OF THE GULAG SYSTEM DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
The article examines how production activities were organized in the camps of the Gulag system during World War II, it analyzes the volumes of work performed by prisoners, reveals the absolute and relative indicators of military products produced in the camps, as well as products used for the needs of the army, and substantiates the contribution of these activities in achieving victory over the enemy.
Key words: GULAG, production, weapons, equipment, ammunition, prisoners, management.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.003
Z.E. DANDAMAEVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia
FROM THE HISTORY OF ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE PEOPLES OF DAGESTAN
The transformations taking place in the country, the attempts of democratic transformations of all sides of Dagestan's life, have updated the ethnographers' interest in its historical past. The experience of exploring the ethnic culture of Dagestan in the ХІХ-ХХ centuries explains the approaches and judgments about many aspects of the history and culture of mountain peoples.
The relevance of the topic of the article lies in the proof that the ethnic factor in Dagestan has always existed and will remain a key moment in the foreseeable future. Especially given the role of numerous nationalities of the republic in preserving ethnic culture and traditions.
Key words: ethnography, ethnoculture, traditions, ethnographic study, museum work, museum funds, local history.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.004
E.G. BELAYA candidate of historical sciences, associate professor, School of Arts and Humanities, Far East federal university, Senior Researcher, Institute of History, archeology and ethnography of peoples, Far East FEB RAS, Russia, Vladivostok
MODERN SYSTEM OF TEACHING MARTIAL ART WUSHU IN SHAOLIN MONASTERY
The modern world is undergoing a process of globalization of cultures, which has ceased to be a closed holistic entity and is not amenable to change. Chinese Wushu is no exception, preserving its tradition and culture, despite the ongoing processes. From Chinese, Wushu is translated as “martial art,” which has a large number of names over its centuries-old history. Quanshu (“fist art”), Gongfu (skill, asceticism), Goshu (national art), etc. Such art involves following traditions and canons. The Shaolin martial art received a deep philosophical content and gained the spirit of Chan, originating in the walls of the monastery. In August 2019, we conducted a field study at the Shaolin Buddhist monastery in Henan province, located on Songshan Mountain, which has been on the UNESCO list since 1997. For our study, the most interesting were the works of V.V. Malyavin, A.A. Maslov, and Lu Hongjun, which presented the essence of traditional martial arts of Wushu, developing the physical, spiritual and moral capabilities of the trainees. The result of a survey of students showed that the requirements of the school are very high. For training, 200 people aged 3-29 are enrolled in the school and are interviewed and pass an exam. They need to be honest, kind, peaceful, have iron willpower and most importantly health. In the article the author on the basis of field material and the analysis of scientific literature considers features of system of training of Wushu, transfer of experience, preparation of younger generation in modern educational process. It is through training and competitions that the level of physical, moral and aesthetic training of pupils is taken into account.
Key words: Shaolin monastery, Chinese martial art, Wushu, Chinese Buddhism, spiritual and physical education.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.005
P.N. LUTSENKO adjunct department of history, Military University, Moscow, Russia
WORK OF STATE BODIES AND PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS ON IMPROVEMENT OF MILITARY-TECHNICAL AND PHYSICAL TRAINING OF YOUTH IN 1970-1980 (ON MATERIALS OF REGIONS OF THE URAL REGION)
This article is devoted to the activities of state bodies and public organizations of the USSR to improve and develop military-technical training of youth in the 70s-80s of the twentieth century. The author reveals the sequence of development and the impact of this process on the requirements for military personnel. The historical necessity of development of system of preparation of youth for service in army is shown. The work of the CPSU, DOSAAF of the USSR and the leadership of the Armed Forces to prepare young people for service in the army is shown.
Key words: state bodies and public organizations, military-technical training, government resolutions, CPSU Central Committee, DOSAAF.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.006
V.V. IGNATOV graduate student of Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL COURSE N.S. KHRUSHCHEV AND HIS COMMEMORATIVE IMAGE IN ASSESSING DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN HISTORIOGRAPHY
This scientific article is a detailed analysis of historiography on the problem of "the political course of Khrushchev and his commemorative image". The purpose of the publication is to show the common features and differences of biographical and memoir editions written by Khrushchev's contemporaries, as well as to analyze new interdisciplinary studies on this problem.
Key words: commemoration, an image N.S. Khrushchev, historical memory, political leadership, intraparty struggle.
THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL HISTORY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.007
L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor of the Institute of public service and management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
REVOLUTION AS A FORM (WAY) OF GOD'S PUNISHMENT FOR SINS PART II
By combining the analysis of religious and scientific and other secular sources, the author explains the thesis that revolutions in Russia are a form (way) of God punishment for the people’s sins.
The article has an introductory part, five content parts intricately linked and the final clauses.
In the introductory part, the author indicates the concept of sin and its components analyzing religious sources, emphasizing that it is the duty of religious leaders to carry God’s message to all population. The author believes that the historical experience of Russia shows that there were not so many people who strongly believed in God in the XIX-early XX centuries. The author adheres to the thesis that the serf system is a necessary reality in the process of the historical development of Russia. Still, in this reality, it is possible to exist in different ways.
In the content parts, the author defines the components of the religious concept of sin, the main features (properties) of the behaviour typical for the representatives of the ruling forces (such as emperors, officials, landowners, clergy) in the serf system. It is emphasized that orthodox Christianity is the state religion, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church is the Emperor that is why the Bible for is the most valuable Law for him, as well as for the clergy.
In reality, everything happened in such a way that the God Commandments were fulfilled either by atheists from different population sectors or by a small part of the faithful representatives of the ruling forces. The deeds of these people have been analyzed and presented to readers. These are the Decembrists, their wives, officials, soldiers, churchmen, poets, writers, critics, artists, commoners, serfs, revolutionaries. The main part of the voluminous article is devoted to this debating issue.
In the final clauses, the author suggests the need for a collective research work of a monographic nature that would allow opening the issue in the indicated direction.
Theologian, historian, philosopher, a lawyer should work together as the creative community. The emergence of such a work is important for the objective understanding of the XIX century, which led to the events of the XX century, contrary to various interpretations resulting from personal or corporate interests. Unity in regard to revolutionary events is serving like it was the beginning of universal confession of sins to God, and, consequently, the pledge of the present and future unity of Russia.
Key words: God Commandments, Bible, sin, Russia, serfdom, nobility, clergy, young generation, revolutionaries.
POLITICAL REGIONAL STUDIES AND ETHNOPOLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.008
L.Ya. ARAPKHANOVA candidate of political sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Socio- Political Research, Ingush Research Institute for the Humanities named after Chakh Akhriev, Magas, Russia
ETHNO ELITES IN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS AT THE END OF THE XX
This article discusses the period of transformation of society and the state at the end of the 20th century and the associated national movements in the regions of Russia. Of particular interest are the events associated with the change of the political regime, the democratization of society and the adoption of a number of political documents on the rehabilitation of repressed peoples, which played a significant role in the transformation of the national elites of Russia. The process of restoring the statehood of peoples, restoring historical truth and the participation of new political forces from among the national leaders of the Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Crimean Tatars and other peoples is shown.
Key words: political elite, leaders, state, sovereignty, autonomy, national movements.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.009
Z.I. KOSTOEV researcherof the Ingush scientific research Institute named after Chah Akhriev, Magas, Russia
FEATURES OF NATIONAL POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS
The North Caucasus region, in its geopolitical position, had its own characteristics for Russian national policy. Recently, this region has become a test site for the strength of Russian statehood. The historical experience of the formation of the Russian state determined the need for peaceful coexistence and mutually beneficial joint activities with neighboring peoples. In addition to combining a significant number of mountain peoples into the imperial system, which had positive economic, political and cultural consequences, determined the development of education, pro-Russian mountain intelligentsia began to appear.
Key words: national policy, North Caucasus, colonial policy, ethnic diversity.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.010
A.B. ANANCHENKO candidate of historical Sciences, Director of the Institute of history and politics Moscow state pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
V.V. TITOV candidate of political science, senior researcher at the University of Finance under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
V.L. SHAPOVALOV candidate of historical Sciences, associate Professor, associate Professor of the Department of social and political research and technology Moscow state pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
FORMATION OF POLITICAL IDENTITY IN MODERN RUSSIA: BASIC TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES
The article describes the process of political identity formation in modern Russia, indicates that political identity is a complex and multidimensional construct that includes national-state self-identification, political-ideological and party attitudes. It is indicated that by the mid-2000s. Russian society has largely overcome the crisis of national-state identity. But today the «identity policy» faces such urgent tasks as constructing the image of the future under the dominance of the «virtual» identification constructs of the Runet, optimization the memory policy, developing the symbolic space of the «matrix» of all-Russian identity, developing new tools for shaping youth’s political self-identity using the tools of Internet-communications.
Key words: political identity, psychoanalysis, image of «ours», image of «others», national-state identity, identity crisis, political symbols, political generations, simulated self-identifications.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.011
I.S. ALIPULATOV political scientist, Head of the Department of Electronic Media of the Dagestan State University, chairman of the Dagestan branch Media Union of Russia, member of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Dagestan, co-chairman of the All-Russian Popular Front in the Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala, Russia
TELEVISION – THE MIRROR OF SOCIAL LIFE: THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT (EXPERIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)
The role of modern media in the formation, orientation or disorientation of public opinion is considered Mainly on the example of Dagestan realities, the main factors influencing the formation of the media system are indicated. The question is raised about the reasons for the decrease in public confidence in the journalistic word. The analysis of resources that can change the situation for the better, taking into account the interests of media owners, the journalistic Department and society as a whole. The article attempts to answer the question: are there any conditions for the activities of the media in Russia as objective and reliable sources of information in the system of "power – society"? Or is the media in Russia just ordinary instruments of political influence by the institutions of power on citizens and society?
Key words: mass media, trust, society, financing, journalism, political dependence of mass media, economic dependence of mass media.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.012
S.V. L’VOV candidate of sociological Sciences, director of strategic development All-Russian center for public opinion research, Moscow, Russia
N.A. TUKOV candidate of historical Sciences, Executive Director оf the center for social and political projects and communications, associate Professor of social and political research and communications of the Moscow pedagogical University state University, Moscow, Russia
V.L. SHAPOVALOV candidate of historical Sciences, associate Professor, associate Professor of the Department of social and political research and technology Moscow state pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
CIVIC, PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL VALUES OF FUTURE TEACHERS: RESULTS OF THE MOSCOW STAGE OF THE STUDY
The article presents the results of the first stage of the study of civil, personal and professional values of future teachers as a factor in the formation of political identity of students. The study was conducted in June-September 2019 in Moscow. The following research methods were used: group and individual interviews. The respondents were students of the direction of pedagogical directions of training of Moscow pedagogical universities and young teachers of Moscow schools under the age of 25 years.
Key words: values, attitudes, political identity, meanings, symbols, value-symbolic matrix, research, interview.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.013
O.I. MOVSESYAN Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), Faculty of Humanities, Ijevan branch of Yerevan state University, Yerevan, Armenia
PERSONALITY OF THE POLITICAL LEADER
A political leader should have a strong will to make political decisions, without confidence, he cannot transfer this confidence to society. This means that the political leader himself must be a real, competent and willful person, able to take responsibility for the destiny of the people. Certainly, the ability of a political leader to solve his own psychological problems is also a fundamental part of his activity. The ability of a political leader or a politician to cope with his psychological problems certainly influences his self-esteem. The self-esteem of a politician is an extremely important factor for his effectiveness.
Key words: political leader, authoritarianism, sluggishness and rigidity of thought, dictatorship.
POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.014
K.P. KURYLEV Doctor in History, Professor of the Theory and history of international relations department, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
E.V. MARTYNENKO Doctor of politics, Professor, Vice-rector of RUDN University, Head of Theory and History of Journalism Department, Moscow, Russia
RUSSIAN-CHINESE ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE «ONE BELT, ONE WAY» PROJECT. EAEU AND SCO FACTOR
Today, Eurasia is a key region for understanding where Russia is reaffirming itself as a global power, and China is experiencing – through its Belts and Ways project – its global capabilities. Two large-scale projects on the path to which Russia and China can be successful, but also face many challenges, are the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and «One Belt, One Road» Initiative. The article is devoted to the study of the features of implementation and development prospects of the project «One Belt, One Road». Emphasis is placed on the history of the project, the stages of its implementation in China. Special attention is paid to Russian-Chinese economic cooperation, as well as to the prospects for its implementation, considering the operation of sanctions regimes. The economic forecasts for the development of the Silk Road until 2020 are also considered.
Key words: Silk Road, China, Russia, EAEU, SCO, sanctions, prospects.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.015
I.S. VINOGRADOV intern, Institute of history and politics, Moscow State University of Education, Moscow, Russia
UZBEKISTAN – CHINA: STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY
The article is dedicated to strengthening multilateral cooperation between the PRC and the Republic of Uzbekistan at the present stage. The article pays attention to the formation of the Uzbek-Chinese economic partnership. China implements large number of investment projects in various sectors in Uzbekistan, thereby revealing the potential of the Uzbek economy. Uzbekistan is a strategic partner of the PRC in the energy sector and in implementing the global “one belt – one road” strategy. A vision of common threats helps to deepening security cooperation within the SCO and in bilateral relations. Cooperation in the humanitarian sphere is deepening; cooperation in the field of education and science has reached a high level.
Key words: China, Uzbekistan, strategic partnership, investment, one belt-one road, security, cultural ties.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.016
ZHAO TIANTIAN postgraduate student of Peoples ' Friendship University of Russia, Russia, Moscow
“CHINESE WFY” – MAIN FEATURES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
The PRC (People's Republic of China), as a rapidly developing economic power in the modern world, attracts worldwide attention for its achievements in the era of economic globalization. The main reason is that they have found a path suitable for their own development. China's achievements are primarily reflected in the economy, so the world calls it a " Chinese economic miracle." The article is aimed to analyze how China found its way in the conditions of globalization after the policy of "reform and openness", what amazing achievements have been achieved in the world, how China can achieve its "peaceful development" and what development trends will be manifested in the future.
Key words: global economy, China, Chinese way, foreign economic relations, reforming, Chinese dream, policy of «reforms and openness».
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.017
WU TING Post-graduate student of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Teachers of Northwest Normal University, China
A.L. HOVHANNISYAN Post-graduate student of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
FEATURES OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY ON RUSSIAN DIRECTION
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the PRC foreign policy at the present stage. The stages of development of Russian-Chinese relations and the prospects for the development of strategic partnership between the two countries are examined.
Key words: China, Russia, foreign policy, principles of foreign policy, bilateral relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.018
NASRATULLAH RAWAN Student of Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
O.E. GRISHIN Candidate in Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
FROM CONFLICT TO CONNECTIVITY: THE EMERGING REGIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF AFGHANISTAN
In this study, the opportunities and challenges for regional connectivity in Afghanistan is assessed. Among the opportunities, location of the country is one of the most important factors which make Afghanistan as a key of connection between South and Central Asia. Afghanistan can provide the most cost-effective and cheap transit routes, serving as a bridge for energy supplies including from Central Asia to the energy markets of South Asia and to Europe. Further, Afghanistan geographically located at the heart of Asia and a historical gateway to the Indian subcontinent. Afghanistan is poised to function as an Asian Roundabout. It is not aid but market access, transit investment and regional cooperation that Afghanistan seeks to assume a rightful place in the rank of developed states and countries and serve as an anchor of international and regional stability. Security issues in the country are among the obstacles. In recent years, the development in international trade in Afghanistan has been evaluated. Ongoing international transportation projects and other related projects which provide regional connectivity have been discussed.
Key words: Afghanistan, Asia, conflict resolution, international relationship, international trade, security, strategy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.019
A.R. AMINI postgraduate student of the Department of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
INFLUENCE OF AMANULLA KHAN REFORMS ON AFGHANISTAN'S POLITICAL SYSTEM
The article discusses the reforms carried out by the ruler of Afghanistan Amanullah Khan in the first third of the twentieth century. At present, the political system of Afghanistan requires fundamental changes. Therefore, it is important to find the actual vector of its development by studying the historical experience of reforms, which is one of the potential factors of the formation of a new political system. The author believes that many socio-political problems of modern Afghanistan are identical to the problems that arose at the beginning of the last century. The aim of the study is to study the positive and negative consequences of Amanullah Khan's reforms and their impact on the political system of Afghanistan.
Key words: Afghanistan, political system, political reforms, Amanullah Khan, modernization, reform, young Afghan government.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.020
M.Yu. EZHOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Children's Ombudsman Administration of the Head and Government of the Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala, Russia
ISIS: RELIGION, TERRORISM OR SOMETHING ELSE?
The article deals with the problem of finding Russian citizens in the territories controlled by ISIS, the reasons for the departure of the civilian population (women with children, the elderly) to live in the so-called "Islamic state". What kind of identity are these people, citizens of what state they consider themselves, whether they are convinced adherents of the ideology of terrorism or were susceptible to the emotional potential of religious radicalism. Why, despite the large-scale efforts of the state to implement the idea of civil unity and solidarity, the formation of a civil identity, radical Islamism enjoys significant public support.
Key words: terrorism, radicalism, religion, citizenship, civil identity.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.021
M.A. GAJIEV Applicant for the Department of World political processes, MGIMO of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia
DRUG SECURITIZATION: COMBATING THE SUPPLY OF ILLEGAL DRUGS
The article reconstructs the history of the formation of the international antinarcotic regime through the prism of securitization theory (Copenhagen School of Security Studies). Three UN anti-drug conventions stand out separately, forming the normative basis of the “war on drugs” at the international level. The article notes that the United States was the leader in the formation of the regime and in the “war on drugs”. Unfortunately, according to many estimates this war is lost, but the United States used the regime and the war to solve tasks in other areas: the fight against terrorism and the fight against money laundering. In these areas, relative success has been achieved.
Key words: securitization, war on drugs, USA, UN.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.022
Z.N. GASSIEV Ph.D. Student, Diplomatic Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia
GERMAN BUSINESS AND POLITICAL ELITES CLIMATE PROTECTION RELATIONSHIP
Climate change has serious implications for food, water and energy security, for the global economy and relations between the countries of the world. Climate issues come to the fore in political battles in Western Europe. In Germany, the green confidently go to the forefront of political life.
Key words: Russia, Germany, USA, European Union, climate protection, business, political elites.
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2019.56.11.023
I.Y. BAKULIA Graduate student, public departments and federal relations, Russian Academy of National Economy and public service under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
OUTSTANDING STATESMAN OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA (UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA). IAN CHRISTIAN SMUTS, FOUNDER OF THE HOLISM SYSTEM PARADIGM
Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa (1930-1948) Smuts had great influence in the imperial military cabinet of Great Britain. He was predicted to be appointed as a Prime Minister of Great Britain as a replacement for Churchill during the war in case of his disability. He was a party to the signing of two peace treaties that ended the first and Second World War. Member of the development of the UN Charter. Professor of Cambridge University, creator of the philosophy of Holism.
Key words: holism, political science, sociology, psychology, linguistics, social system, absolute integrity, phenomenology, Gestalt psychology, philosophy of science.