№ 12 (69), 2020

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 10. Issue 12 (69), 2020.

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Baranov V.P., Chentsov A.S. The System of Fighting Banditism in Soviet Russia and the Ussr in the First Half of the 1920s
Gasanov M.M. Social Policy, Estates and Land Relations in the Imamate of Shamil
Boyko N.S., Subbotin D.A. Collective Everyday Life in 1950-1960
Guseynov Yu.M. Trial and Blood Feud on Adat as a Measure of Punishment for the Guilty in the First Years of Soviet Power
Gazieva A.A. Trade as a Societal Factor in the Integrative Processes of Economic Development of the Left Wing of the Caucasian Cordon Line (on the Example of the Fortress City of Kizlyar)
Basirova K.K. Rites of the Child Cycle in Russian Dagestan (XIX-XX Century)
Gasanovа A.M. Inheritance in the Law of the Peoples of Dagestan in the 17th – Early 19th Centuries
Temerev D.V. Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union in the Interwar Period. Current Issues and Problems
Sidorov S.V. Preparing Young People for Recruitment to the Red Army in the Years of the Great Patriotic War: School and Physical and Sporting Events (on the Materials of the Ulyanovsk Region)
Novikov V.S. The Problem of the Development of Road Transport and Road Infrastructure in the USSR (1930-1970s) in Russian Historiography

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF POLITICS

Boltenkova L.F. The Bible as a Source of Law (Part Three)
Saveleva U.S. Approaches of Foreign Researchers to the Study of Nation-Building
Petrov N.D. GUAM and the Problems of Resolving Frozen Conflicts in the Post-Soviet Space

POLITICAL REGIONALISM AND ETHNOPOLITICS

Ryazantsev S.V., Ledeneva V.Yu. Integration of Immigrants in the Conditions of Ethnodemographic Transformations in the Regions of Russia

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Kopylov I.A., Adutov R.R. Information and Psychological Influence as a Modern Method of Geopolitical Confrontation
Avzalova E.I. The Mechanism of Political Mobilization on the Internet

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLITICS

Korostelev S.V., Pyzh V.V. Modern Security Paradigm for States of the Baltic Region
Manoilo A.V., Stebneva A.V., Strigunov K.S. The Iranian Factor in Russia's Entry into the Syrian War: Reasons and Strategic Risks
Kozlov M.I. Russian Tradition as a Factor of Counteraction to Globalization in the American Way
Аmiantov A.A., Grachev-Vorontsov A.V. Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia as an Institution of Interstate Cooperation
Dosova B.A. Border Cooperation of Kazakhstan and Russia – the Most Important Link Bilateral Relations between Countries
Maksimova D.D. Land Claims of Indigenous Peoples in Canada
Li Yinan. Why Did Mao Zedong Decide Not to Maintain the Soviet-Chinese Alliance Led by Khrushchev? – Argue with Associate Professor A.O. Vinogradov on Several Questions about Soviet-Chinese Relations
Antonova N.G. Relations between Russia and Saudi Arabia in the XXI Century: the Current State and Prospects for Cooperation
Vinogradov I.S. Tajikistan and China. Cooperation at the Present Stage
Sohrab Barya. Consequences of US Policy in Afghanistan and Prospects for Further Development of the Country
Galkin K.O. The Origin of the Phenomenon of American-Israeli Strategic Partnership in the 50-60s

Our authors № 12-2020

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.001

V.P. BARANOV Doctor of historical Sciences, Professor, member of the Union of writers of Russia, full member of the Academy of military Sciences, inspector General Of the office of General inspectors of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

A.S. CHENTSOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Research Center (Fundamental Military-Historical Problems), Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE SYSTEM OF FIGHTING BANDITISM IN SOVIET RUSSIA AND THE USSR IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1920s

The article is devoted to the consideration of an insufficiently studied issue in Russian historiography – the organization and functioning of the system of combating banditry in Soviet Russia and the USSR in the first half of the 1920s. Special attention is paid to the structures that performed the tasks of combating banditry, determining their place and role in the general system fight against banditry. The analysis of military methods of combating banditry is given, the contribution of Soviet military thought to the substantiation of the forms and methods of actions of troops against the enemy using the methods of partisan warfare is considered.

Key words: the fight against banditry, the Central Interdepartmental Commission for the fight against banditry, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Workers and Peasants Red Army, the organs and troops of the Cheka – OGPU.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.002

M.M. GASANOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Faculty of History, Department of Russian History, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia

SOCIAL POLICY, ESTATES AND LAND RELATIONS IN THE IMAMATE OF SHAMIL

The article attempts to reveal in detail all aspects of the reform activities of Imam Shamil in solving the land issue and conducting social policy in the multiethnic region. The study provides an overview of various historiographic concepts that existed in Russian historical science on the issues of Shamil's personality and activities. The topic presented in the work is extremely relevant, since, despite its study in historical science, there are different points regarding the reforms in the Imamate of Shamil. Some works of foreign and domestic authors, as well as a number of primary sources for the period under study, are the main basis for the study.The work was written in accordance with the principles of objectivity and historicism.

As the main historical research methods, the work uses: the historical-genetic or descriptive historical method, the essence of which is the systematization and presentation of already available data on the topic, the comparative-historical method, thanks to which various points of view on the topic are analyzed, and by attracting sources and literature, the working position of the author is displayed. The work reveals the question of the driving forces and motley social base of the Imamate during the period of reforms.

Key words: Shamil, feudalism, social policy, muridism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.003

N.S. BOYKO Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor Department of Law of Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

D.A. SUBBOTIN Postgraduate student of the Department of History of Ulyanovsk, State Pedagogical University them. I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

COLLECTIVE EVERYDAY LIFE IN 1950-1960

In the article, the author attempts to analyze the state of agriculture in the period after the military restoration of the national economy. In 1951-1960. In the agrarian sector of the economy, in order to increase food production, a number of measures and reforms were repeatedly taken by the party and state bodies. However, they were mostly of an organizational nature, and the large human losses of able-bodied collective farmers in the Great Patriotic War had a strong impact on the development of the agrarian sector for many years. Despite all the difficulties, the collective farmers enjoyed life and were actively involved in the restoration of the national economy and their collective farm. The authors, in the process of preparing this article, for the first time enter into scientific circulation the archival documents of the State Archive of the Latest History of the Ulyanovsk Region from fund 33, inventory. 1. D. 50, fund 1512, inventory 1, file 40 and fund 3, inventory 1, file 231.

Key words: war, agriculture, collective farm, land, harvest, grain, mechanization, N.S. Khrushchev, Kuibyshevskaya HPP.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.004

YU.M. GUSEYNOV Candidate of historical sciences, associate professor humanitarian of disciplines of the Dagestan state university of the national economy, Makhachkala, Russia

TRIAL AND BLOOD FEUD ON ADAT AS A MEASURE OF PUNISHMENT FOR THE GUILTY IN THE FIRST YEARS OF SOVIET POWER

The article considers the problem of judicial power and blood feud according to the traditional norms of Adat among Kumyks on the basis of special historical literature, archival materials, and field ethnographic material. After the creation of the Soviet state, a new legal system began to take shape. In the first years of Soviet power, the norms of Adat and Sharia were reflected in the legal system of the state. In 1927, Sharia courts were banned by the Soviet state. Despite the prohibitions of the state, Adat norms continued to exist in the studied time among Kumyks.

Key words: Adat, Sharia, Kumyks, blood feud, Koran, Dagestan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.005

A.A. GAZIEVA Institute of the History of Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ph.D. IIAE DFIT RAS, Makhachkala, Russia

TRADE AS A SOCIETAL FACTOR IN THE INTEGRATIVE PROCESSES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEFT WING OF THE CAUCASIAN CORDON LINE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FORTRESS CITY OF KIZLYAR)

Kizlyar during the Caucasian War, until the emergence of new fortresses on the Left Wing of the Caucasian Line, was the main conductor of the economic policy of the Russian Empire in the North-Eastern Caucasus. The policy of the tsarist administration was aimed at involving the mountain peoples in the Russian economic field, at economic integration, for the gradual development of the region by peaceful means. The article deals with the formation of permanent trade relations in the city and trade as a factor of integrative processes. Based on the available sources and literature, the trade turnover between the highlanders and Russian merchants is shown, the role of the city of Kizlyar, the center of not only regional trade, but also international trade, is shown. With the development of trade in the region, agricultural production and handicraft production developed more and more, which subsequently took shape in industry, since with an increase in the number of markets and their expansion, the demand for various goods systematically increased. Numerous peoples and confessions were represented in the markets of the city of Kizlyar, which contributed to the formation of a multicultural dialogue in the region.

Key words: trade, industry, mountaineers, economic specialization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.006

K.K. BASIROVA Junior researcher of the department Ethnography Institute of History, Archeology and ethnography, Makhachkala, Russia

RITES OF THE CHILD CYCLE IN RUSSIAN DAGESTAN (XIX-XX century)

Based on ethnographic data and literary sources the article presents the traditional ritual practices of child cycle Dagestan, Russian: spells and rituals, various prohibitions, the keepers of the mother and newborn from the effects of "other negative forces", ideas and superstitions associated with birth and the first weeks of a child's life. The work presents the traditional world of things that surrounded the child from birth, with all their inherent functions. The most important among them can be considered a cradle, toys, clothes and jewelry created for children by both adults and children themselves (some toys). In the system of traditional ritual practices of the life cycle, the most abundant archaic ideas and beliefs are the children's cycle.

Key words: rites of life cycle, children's cycle, Russians of Dagestan, Ethnography of childhood, magical representations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.007

А.M. GASANOVА Graduate student, Faculty of Law, Department of Civil Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia

INHERITANCE IN THE LAW OF THE PEOPLES OF DAGESTAN IN THE 17TH – EARLY 19TH CENTURIES

In the article, on the basis of diverse sources and literature, an attempt is made to analyze inheritance law in Dagestan in the 17th and early 19th centuries. The author aims to show the transformation of inheritance law in the specified chronological period, in the context of historical events in the region. The article is devoted to one of the little-studied problems of the evolution of inheritance law among the peoples of Dagestan in the 17th – early 20th centuries. Based on the analysis of the Dagestan adats and Muslim law (Sharia), the process of the development of hereditary legal relations, the scope of application of the adat and Sharia in the judicial practice of the mountaineers of Dagestan is traced.

Key words: inheritance law, adat, Sharia, tukhum (clan), consciousness, heir, will, law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.008

D.V. TEMEREV Graduate, Moscow City University Institute of Humanities, Department of Russian History, Moscow, Russia

FOREIGN POLICY OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD. CURRENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

In 2019, the issue of responsibility for the outbreak of World War II has again become particularly relevant in the international information space. The discussion, which began on the eve of the 75th anniversary of the Victory, quickly left the scientific path and turned into a politically engaged polemic, in which state leaders and public figures took part, among others.

In fact, the events of 1937-1939 were a kind of logical conclusion of the processes and actions that were taken by both the Soviet leadership and the leaders of Western countries in the interwar period.

For this reason, it is extremely important to turn to the history of the entire complex of international relations in the interwar period, with an emphasis on those issues that directly led to the formation and aggravation of the crisis situation.

Key words: Soviet Union, foreign policy, the interwar period; the system of collective security, the causes of the Second World war.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.009

S.V. SIDOROV Applicant for Ulyanovsk State pedagogical university them I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

PREPARING YOUNG PEOPLE FOR RECRUITMENT TO THE RED ARMY IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: SCHOOL AND PHYSICAL AND SPORTING EVENTS (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION)

The article attempts to reconstruct the events, work with the population of the Ulyanovsk region, and military-patriotic education. Special attention is paid to the preparation for the army of young people from school age and the problems encountered and their solutions. The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 turned out to be the hardest test for the entire Soviet people. In extreme conditions, the state had to restructure the national economy to serve the front. Also, cardinal changes have affected other sectors of the country (education, army, etc.). A conscription company in the Ulyanovsk region, military training in schools was organized at a high, ideological and political level. During the war, the regional schools were strongly influenced by the martial law in the country and the ongoing evacuation of enterprises to our region. New schools were created, but students constantly dropped out of educational institutions due to the poor material condition of students and the unimportant supply of schools, a small number of graduates graduated. In addition, schools themselves experienced an acute shortage of teaching and visual aids. In this regard, a significant role was given to the military-physical training of schoolchildren. This training of schoolchildren in the Ulyanovsk region in 1943-1945, took place at an intermediate level. Despite the fullness of the activities carried out, there were certain problems with this type of training. There were no gyms and sports equipment, there was not enough teaching staff for schools. All mass sports work took place mainly on the street, which did not make it possible to judge the comprehensive military physical training carried out. In the winter period, mainly ski training was carried out. But, nevertheless, in difficult material, technical and personnel conditions, schools carried out the necessary training not only in the curriculum, but also in the military-physical education of the younger generation.

Key words: war, school, education, recruiting company, Red Army, Ulyanovsk region, physical culture, sports.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.010

V.S. NOVIKOV Post-graduate student of the Department of History Ulyanovsk state pedagogical university them. I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE USSR (1930-1970S) IN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The article provides a historiographic analysis of the works of Russian authors on the development of road transport and road infrastructure in the Soviet period (1930-1970s). The author analyzed the works of both Soviet and Russian researchers, highlighted key points, emphasized the fact that, despite the applied nature of the work in the Soviet era, they were the basis for further scientific research both in the late Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The development of motor transport and its transformation into an essential segment of the national economy has set the task of ensuring the safety of its use. The author made an attempt to consider the legal basis for the formation and formation of the structural unit of the NKVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) – the traffic safety service, which began in the mid-1930s, received a tangible impetus in subsequent years, as the road network expanded and road transport increased. The study of the activities of the State Traffic Inspectorate is becoming especially in demand given the current difficult situation on the roads of the country, on the one hand, and the massive transition of residents of our country to the rank of motorists, on the other. The growth in the number, technical equipment and structural development of the State Traffic Inspectorate testifies that its functioning was perceived by the authorities and the population as the most important state task.

Key words: road safety, road infrastructure, road safety, historiography, traffic rules.

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.011

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

THE BIBLE AS A SOURCE OF LAW (PART THREE)

Based on the second part of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the author sets the task to show the convergence in the legal systems of the world divine and human principles, while keeping in mind that the beginning of a positive (human, artificial) rights was embedded in the theological stage of civilization. The implementation of this task requires an analysis of various legal concepts in their historical development; the content of the Bible in the context of the norms of human behavior, rules of life (commandments, parables of Jesus Christ, recommendations of the Holy Apostles); regulatory documents of various countries, including Russia, in their historical development.

The article is divided into several parts based on the volume of its content.

Key words: God, divine law, natural law, positive law, Bible, Commandments, philosophers, scientists, lawyers, normative documents, legal concepts.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.012

U.S. SAVELEVA Russian politics department, faculty of political science, PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

APPROACHES OF FOREIGN RESEARCHERS TO THE STUDY OF NATION-BUILDING

The article is devoted to the issues of nation-building conceptualization and defining the features of the approaches of foreign researchers to the study of this category. The presented material allows to conclude that the category of nation-building is an object of interest for the world scientific community, approaches to the study of which are contradictory. An interdisciplinary approach plays a special role in modern scientific research in the field of nation-building.

Key words: nation-building, nation, ethnicity, nationalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.013

N.D. PETROV Мaster of Political Science, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russia

GUAM AND THE PROBLEMS OF RESOLVING FROZEN CONFLICTS IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE

The organization for democracy and economic development GUAM, initially positioned itself as a coalition for resolving frozen conflicts in the post-Soviet space. The abbreviation GUAM means a block of countries that were at the origins of the organization: «Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova».

At the very beginning of the organization's formation, in addition to these countries, it included Uzbekistan, but this state decided to leave the organization because it was interested in deeper integration with Russia. Apparently, GUAM membership has made active efforts to resolve frozen conflicts, but none of the initiatives have been successful. GUAM has gone through stages of repeated freezing and resumption of activities, however, there is no denying the new methods and solutions that have been proposed by GUAM to resolve frozen conflicts. Frozen conflict zones located in each of the republics significantly hinder economic development, as well as interaction with international institutions. The article analyzes the reasons for the failed actions taken by GUAM to resolve such conflicts. The subsequent destabilization of the political situation and the lack of a collective political agenda among the participating countries. The article analyzes the activities of GUAM on the territory of the participating countries in the run-up to the elections in Moldova and before the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. This article is aimed at analyzing the prospects of interaction between GUAM and the territories of frozen conflicts. The study showed that today the GUAM organization is not able to regulate the situation in conflict zones, despite the intensification of military operations in Nagorno-Karabakh and Eastern Ukraine.

Key words: GUAM, frozen conflicts, CIS, peaceful settlement.

POLITICAL REGIONALISM AND ETHNOPOLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.014

S.V. RYAZANTSEV Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia

V.YU. LEDENEVA Chief Researcher, Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor, Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia

INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF ETHNODEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA

The article presents the results of an empirical study aimed at studying the role of immigration in the transformation of the ethno-demographic structure of the region. The scientific significance and modernity of the study of the social determination of the process of integration of immigrants into local communities is characterized. Ethnic aspects of population reproduction in Russian society are analyzed. The need to find effective ways to include immigrants in the economic, social and cultural life of the host community, in order to minimize the risks of tension and disintegration in the interaction of different ethnic groups, is argued. The features of the geographical localization and forms of socio-political and economic activity of ethnic communities of immigrants are revealed.

The purpose of the analysis presented in the article was to assess the opinions of the expert community of migration-redundant regions regarding the significance of the migration processes taking place in the region and their impact on the ethno-demographic transformation of the region. The positive and negative consequences of the impact of migration on all components of life in the region, the role of diasporas and the most significant ethnic communities in the integration of immigrants are analyzed, the mechanisms of functioning of informal immigrant networks are determined, and practical recommendations are developed to improve migration policy in terms of stimulating the integration of immigrants into Russian society.

The presented results are based on the synthesis of modern ethno-demographic and sociological theories in the field of studying the processes of adaptation and integration of immigrants, as well as applied theories of socially conditioned migration policy. The scientific novelty of the results lies in the study of the ethno-demographic potential and integration strategies of migrants in the context of the expert opinion of representatives of state and municipal authorities.

The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the specifics of the identified aggregate expert opinion for the effective management of migration processes.

Key words: ethno-demographic structure, immigrants, migration policy, informal networks, adaptation, integration.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.015

I.A. KOPYLOV Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Military University Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

R.R. ADUTOV Military University cadet Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

INFORMATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCE AS A MODERN METHOD OF GEOPOLITICAL CONFRONTATION

The article examines the modern information and psychological impact as one of the methods and ways of conducting geopolitical confrontation, characterizes its negative impact on the consciousness of the civilian population and military personnel.

Key words: geopolitical confrontation, informational and psychological influence, destructive influence on the consciousness of military personnel and civilians.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.016

E.I. AVZALOVA Candidate of Sc. (Pol.), Associate Professor, Department of Political Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE MECHANISM OF POLITICAL MOBILIZATION ON THE INTERNET

The article is devoted to the consideration of the role of Internet communications in the political mobilization of citizens. Internet communications create new opportunities for interaction and association of citizens and significantly accelerate political mobilization. In the information age the "orange revolutions", "color revolutions" of the last century were replaced by high-tech "network revolutions". However, there is no consensus among researchers in their understanding of the role of Internet communications in mobilizing protest activity. The article discusses the mechanism for mobilizing civic activity on the Internet. It is concluded that political activity on the Internet is not just an online projection of the activity of citizens in real political life, but also a source of political activity of citizens.

Key words: Internet, Internet communications, mobilization, political participation, online politics.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.017

S.V. KOROSTELEV Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Executive Secretary of the Joint Commission at the IPA CIS on harmonization of legislation in the field of security and countering new challenges and threats, St. Petersburg, Russia

V.V. PYZH Doctor of political science, head Department of social and humanitarian disciplines national state University physical culture, sports and health named after P.F. Lesgaft, expert of the Commission on defense and security Inter-parliamentary Assembly of the CIS member States, Saint Petersburg, Russia

MODERN SECURITY PARADIGM FOR STATES OF THE BALTIC REGION

The article examines the strategic position and importance of the Baltic region in the system of international relations through the idea of cooperative security, which differs from the traditional idea of collective security in that multinational ad hoc coalitions are created to counter the aggressor.

The security of the state is ensured both by participation in permanent unions created for the implementation of collective defense, and by participation in temporary associations to solve common problems.

Key words: collective security, cooperative security, strategy cooperation, common interests in the field of security, the Baltic sea region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.018

A.V. MANOILO Doctor of Political Science, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Leading Researcher, Department of Europe and America, Central Research Institute of Global and Regional Problems, INION RAS, Moscow, Russia

A.V. STEBNEVA PhD student, Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

K.S. STRIGUNOV Freelance correspondent business analytical magazine “Expert”, Moscow, Russia

THE IRANIAN FACTOR IN RUSSIA'S ENTRY INTO THE SYRIAN WAR: REASONS AND STRATEGIC RISKS

The article poses the objective of revealing the influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the decision of the Russian leadership to begin a military operation in the Syrian Arab Republic. Using system analysis and synthesis the reasons for Russia’s decision to provide direct military assistance to the Bashar al-Assad government were first identified taking into account the development and signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action to ensure the peaceful nature of the Iranian nuclear program. A connection was found between the weakening of the positions of the Syrian Arab Army in Syria in 2013-2015 and the sharp increase in the number of pro-Iranian Shiite proxy groups in its territory over the same period. An analysis of the sequence of events in the first half and mid-2015 showed that Russia's interest in the early signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was largely due to the need for the Russian leadership to be sure that Iran would have the necessary resources for long-term financing of its proxy groups without which Russia's direct involvement in the Syrian conflict posed unacceptable risks to it. It also identified long-term risks for Russia and Iran in the Syrian conflict due to U.S. actions to weaken them mutually primarily through sanctions aimed at undermining the economic potential of both countries and their ability to maintain their presence in Syria at the required level in the long term. It is shown that the hypothetical loss of positions by Iran in Syria under the influence of sanctions and with enormous resources invested in Syria can lead to domestic political instability in the Islamic Republic with the risk of escalating into a military-political destabilization of a transregional scale.

Key words: Russia, Iran, Syria, proxy groups, the Middle East, JCPOA, sanctions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.019

M.I. KOZLOV Candidate of philosophical sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Department of Philosophy and Sociology Higher School of Humanities, Social Sciences and International Communication Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russia

RUSSIAN TRADITION AS A FACTOR OF COUNTERACTION TO GLOBALIZATION IN THE AMERICAN WAY

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the complexity and inconsistency of the historical process where two tendencies are opposed: an objective tendency towards the development of a single inter-civilisational, inter-ethnic space in all spheres of human life and a counter-tendency of resistance to globalisation under the influence of the United States (“American-style globalisation”). In this regard, this study is aimed at exploring the significance of the Russian tradition as the basis for the development of the culture of the people, which has been understudied by Russian authors, but constitutes one of the factors in countering the American-style globalisation. The leading method for the study of this issue is the method of analysis, which allows for an in-depth consideration of the essence of the globalisation of the American model of social development as a standard in all areas of the world community and the role of the Russian tradition as its alternative. The study analyses the historical process of reforming the traditions of Russian civilisation under the influence of the policy of the leadership of post-Soviet Russia. Furthermore, the study identifies and substantiates the need for restructuring on a socialist basis. The materials of the study are of practical value for specialists studying the factors of influence on the development of Russian culture and the values of the people.

Key words: American-style globalization, tradition, Russian people, Russian tradition, Russian idea, socialism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.020

А.А. АMIANTOV Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), Associate Professor, Chair of state and municipal administration, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

А.V. GRACHEV-VORONTSOV Consultant of the Department of organizational support of the State Duma meetings of the Department of organizational support of the legislative process of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, lawyer, Moscow, Russia

PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY OF THE UNION OF BELARUS AND RUSSIA AS AN INSTITUTION OF INTERSTATE COOPERATION

In the article discusses the organization and functioning of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia, identifies the main participants of inter-parliamentary cooperation within this organization, reveals the features of the inter-parliamentary dialogue, and draws conclusions about the importance of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia in the integration process of the two states.

Key words: Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia, inter-parliamentary cooperation, parliamentary diplomacy, political elites, integration.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.021

B.A. DOSOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of World History and International Relations of the Karaganda University named after academician E.A. Buketov, Karaganda, Kazakhstan

BORDER COOPERATION OF KAZAKHSTAN AND RUSSIA – THE MOST IMPORTANT LINK BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN COUNTRIES

This article is devoted to cross-border cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. It is emphasized that mutually beneficial cooperation is based on the most important interstate treaties and agreements dating back to the 90s of the twentieth century, since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two states. It is noted that the parties pay special attention to the solution of key issues aimed at improving the well-being of the peoples of Kazakhstan and Russia. A number of issues are highlighted that await their decision.

Key words: Kazakhstan, Russia, cross-border cooperation, agreements, concept, region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.022

D.D. MAKSIMOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, senior researcher of the Department of Canada of the Institute for US and Canadian studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Associate Professor of the Institute of Modern Languages and International studies of the North-Eastern Federal University, Acting deputy Executive Director of the Northern Forum, Moscow, Russia

LAND CLAIMS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN CANADA

There are three groups of indigenous peoples in Canada, First Nations, Inuit and Metis, who were under the policy of assimilation until the end of the XX century. In 2008, the Canadian government offered an official apology to the indigenous peoples for its policy of assimilation in the past. The struggle of Aboriginal people in Canada for their rights has a long history, one of the central places in which is occupied by cases of settlement of land claims of indigenous peoples. Since the 1970s, processes began to return the ancestral lands to the indigenous peoples of Canada, which are called land claims. Each of the three indigenous groups in Canada can address a land claim to the federal and provincial governments to determine compensation and return the ancestral Aboriginal lands to their actual ownership. As a result of the consideration of such land claims, agreements are concluded in which the rights of indigenous peoples are spelled out. This process has not yet been completed; dozens of cases are still pending in Canada to determine the original rights of autochthons. In the 1970-1980 solving the problems of the indigenous peoples of the North is becoming one of the priority directions of Canada's policy. Ottawa's attention to the region and its inhabitants was caused in connection with the activities of the indigenous peoples of the North, who claimed their rights in the so-called land claims. The article will consider land claims cases in the territories of Quebec, the federal territories of Yukon, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.

Key words: Canada, Quebec, North, Arctic, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, land claims, indigenous people, Inuit, First Nations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.023

LI YINAN Post-graduate student of the School of World Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

WHY DID MAO ZEDONG DECIDE NOT TO MAINTAIN THE SOVIET-CHINESE ALLIANCE LED BY KHRUSHCHEV? – ARGUE WITH ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR A.O. VINOGRADOV ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT SOVIET-CHINESE RELATIONS

Many soviet and Russian historians and sinologists attribute the main fault of the Soviet-Chinese split to Mao Zedong: because of his nationalist ambitions, Mao did not want the USSR to lead China within the socialist camp. On the contrary, he tried to place the Chinese nation above the Russian one. In China, after the death of Mao, official scholars always say that Mao Zedong actively resisted the chauvinism of the Soviet Union during the period of the Soviet-Chinese alliance, thwarted the Soviet Union’s attempts to control China, and defended China’s national dignity and national interests. It seems that both sides believe that China’s national interests are the major consideration of Mao Zedong when he sorted out the Soviet-Chinese relations. This is not true. Mao Zedong is a communist in the first place and a patriot in the second place. In the eyes of Mao, the new line of the international communist movement aimed at “peaceful coexistence” and “peaceful transition”, proposed by Khrushchev after the 20th and 21st Congress of CPSU, was wrong. It was contrary to Leninism and was detrimental to the interests of the proletariat of the whole world. As a communist, he could not allow the “traitor” Khrushchev to lead the international communist movement to disaster. This is the main reason for his determination to break with Khrushchev and end the Sino-Soviet alliance.

Key words: Soviet-Chinese relations, international communist movement, Mao Zedong, Stalin, Khrushchev, peaceful coexistence, peaceful transition.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.024

N.G. ANTONOVA Lecturer, Department of Middle East Languages, Moscow State Institute of International Relations MGIMO-University, Moscow, Russia

RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND SAUDI ARABIA IN THE XXI CENTURY: THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION

The article examines and analyzes the current state, achievements, challenges and prospects for cooperation between Russia and Saudi Arabia in the political, economic, and energy spheres in the 21st century. Special attention was paid to energy cooperation between countries and the need to find compromises within the framework of the «OPEC+» agreement on the reduction of oil production. The analysis was focused on the prospects for the development of bilateral relations between Russia and Saudi Arabia, given the existing disagreements on oil production and hydrocarbon prices, as well as fundamentally opposing positions on a number of topics on the political agenda. The success of Russia's foreign policy towards the Arabian monarchies of the Persian Gulf in general and Saudi Arabia in particular, as a major regional player, determines the status of the Russian Federation and its position in the Middle East. The shift in the focus of foreign policy towards Asia and the Middle East, caused by many factors (rivalry with the United States in the regional and global arenas, Western sanctions against Russia and, consequently, its desire to diversify its foreign policy ties and enter new sales markets) gives Russia the opportunity to play more a significant role in regional interaction and integration processes. That is why, along with its traditional Middle Eastern partners (Egypt, Syria, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia), Russia is increasingly paying attention to the Gulf states, the most significant of which is Saudi Arabia. The author made an attempt to trace the dynamics of Russian-Saudi relations from the beginning of the 21st century to the present and highlight the key stages of interaction between the two countries, as well as assess the prospects for their further development.

Key words: Russia, Saudi Arabia, international relations, energy dialogue, «OPEC +», prospects for cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.025

I.S. VINOGRADOV Applicant for the degree of candidate of historical sciences, Moscow, Russia

TAJIKISTAN AND CHINA. COOPERATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The article examines the relations between the PRC and the Republic of Tajikistan at the present stage. The article focuses on the establishment of a Tajik-Chinese economic partnership with some of its disadvantages for Tajikistan. The PRC has become the main investor in Tajikistan, is implementing a large number of projects, mainly in the mining industry, construction and modernization of infrastructure, and the energy sector. Tajikistan is a strategic partner of the PRC in the implementation of the Silk Road Economic Belt. The countries are actively cooperating in the field of security within the SCO and at the bilateral level. Cooperation in the humanitarian field, fields of education and science is deepening.

Key words: Tajikistan, China, cooperation, investment, security, SCO, Belt and Road.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.026

BARYA SOHRAB PhD student, MGIMO University, Afganistan

CONSEQUENCES OF US POLICY IN AFGHANISTAN AND PROSPECTS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY

The article examines the results and possible consequences of the actions of the United States in Afghanistan in recent years. The collapse of the policy pursued by the American government in relation to the Taliban movement and the official authorities of the country is proved.

The author analyzes the interests and global goals of the largest political players in South and Central Asia in relation to Afghanistan. The article provides an assessment of the country's development prospects in the medium and short term, taking into account the withdrawal of the US military contingent.

Key words: Afghanistan, US policy in Afghanistan, South Asia, balance of power, regional security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.69.12.027

K.O. GALKIN Student of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affair, Moscow, Russia

THE ORIGIN OF THE PHENOMENON OF AMERICAN-ISRAELI STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE 50-60S

The article analyzes American-Israeli relations in the 50-60s of the XX century. For the first time, the author tries to consider comprehensively the relationship between the United States and Israel through the prism of the concept of strategic partnership. Special attention is paid to the theoretical consideration of the term "strategic partnership", which is crucially important in the context of understanding the fundamental features of relations between these countries.

Key words: Strategic Partnership, Middle East, American-Israeli relations, International Relations in the Middle East, US Foreign Policy.

Menu