Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 11. Issue 2 (71), 2021.

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF POLITICS

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, FOREIGN AND WORLD POLICY

REVIEWS

Slyzovskiy D.E., Аmiantov A.A. Does the Government Have the Resources to Cope with the Protest Movement? (Review of the Article by S.I. Morozov and K.M. Makarenko “Technologies for Regulating Destructive Forms of Protest Activity in Modern Russia”)

CONFERENCES

Saprynskaya D.V., Saparbekova D.S. International Scientific and Practical Conference “Russian-Mongolian Relations: from the Origins to the Present”

Our authors № 2-2021

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.001

S.P. KOSTRIKOV Doctor of historical Sciences, Professor, head of the Department of history and political science, State University of management, Moscow, Russia

ASSESSMENT OF THE EVENTS OF 1903 IN MACEDONIA AND OLD SERBIA BY ADHERENTS OF THE IDEA OF SLAVIC UNITY IN RUSSIAN PUBLIC OPINION

(On the example of the analysis of the materials of the «News of the St. Petersburg Slavic Charitable Society»)

The article critically describes the views of the followers of the Russian Slavophiles. Their opinions are considered through the prism of the analysis of the materials of the journal "News (Izvestia) of the St. Petersburg Slavic Charitable Society", dedicated to the crisis in Macedonia and Old Serbia in 1903. A brief account of the history of the Society and its press is given. The high quality of Izvestia's publications, which give a vivid picture of the situation in Macedonia, as well as the high level of understanding of the contradictions around the Balkan Peninsula and the true causes of the tragedy of the Slavs and Christians of the Ottoman Empire, were noted.

Key words: "News of the St. Petersburg Slavic Charitable Society", Slavophiles and their Followers, Macedonia and Old Serbia, the Slavic question, Russian policy in the Balkans.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.002

S.V. BORISNYOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, senior lecturer of the Department of Military and Political Work, Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

S.F. VETITNEV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Political Science and Law, Moscow State Regional University, Moscow, Russia

SPECIAL PROPAGANDA, AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PARTY-POLITICAL WORK IN THE SOVIET ARMED FORCES

The article reveals the historical aspects of the emergence, development and elimination of special propaganda (specpropaganda) in the Soviet Armed Forces. The main tasks and technologies of the work of specpropagandists for the impact on the enemy personnel and its population during the wars with Japan, Finland and Germany, as well as in post-war local wars and conflicts are described.

Key words: specpropaganda/special propaganda, the main tasks and technologies of specpropaganda, the participants of specpropaganda, the features of specpropaganda during wars and armed conflicts in the past and today, the importance of specpropaganda for modernity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.003

А.А. PLEKHANOV Candidate of Sciences (history), Senior Researcher at the Research Center of fundamental military-historical problems, Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

“GENTELMEN CADETS, WHO WERE YOU WITH YESTERDAY?”

(THE CADETS’ UPRISING IN PETROGRAD ON OCTOBER 29, 1917 THROUGH THE EYES OF PARTICIPANTS AND EYEWITNESSES)

Based on the documents of Commission of inquiry at the Petrograd Council of deputies, which are stored in State Archive of the Russian Federation, the reasons, course and results of a revolt of military colleges cadets in Petrograd on October 29, 1917 are analyzed.

Key words: cadet military school, the commissary, the Military Revolutionary Committee, a Provisional government, the red guards, sailors, armored car, telephone exchange.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.004

E.A. ISTYAGINA-ELISEEVA Candidate of History, director, the State Museum Of Sport, Moscow, Russia

SPORTS AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE: PROBLEMS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

The article examines the problem of sports and historical heritage as an important component of the historical past and the present state, confirms that targeted research of sports and historical heritage in our country has not been carried out, but some of its features are highlighted in works devoted to the history of physical culture and sports. The article analyzes the historiographic works reflecting the specifics of the development of sports in different regions and in different historical periods, dedicated to individual sports and some sections of sports work. The necessity of a historiographic analysis of the formation of sport in each subject of the state throughout the history of its existence is proved.

Key words: sports and historical heritage, physical culture, sports, sports history research, historiographic research.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.005

A.I. MAKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Psychology, Social Work Khakas State University after N.F. Katanov, Abakan, Russia

SOCIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN IN TRADITIONAL KHAKASS SOCIETY

Social protection of children is the most important direction of the social policy of the modern state, which has deep historical roots, including in the structure of the ethnic history of the Russian peoples. Children are a special social group, the future of the people, the existence of traditions of social protection of children takes place in the life of many peoples, this article is aimed at identifying and characterizing the traditions of social protection of children in the traditional Khakass society. Research objectives: description of the attitude of the Khakass people to children; characteristics of the establishment of guardianship over orphans and children left without parental care; description of activities for the social development of children. Research methods: system and comparative analysis. The study period: the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. Research results: the traditional Khakass society has developed a special system of relations with children, which is characterized by exceptional love and endowing them with sacred properties; guardianship of orphaned children was established by the tribal community and carried out its mandatory actions, it extended not only to children, but also to their property; the community took care of the social development of the younger generation by providing education. Conclusions: the description of the existence of traditions of social protection of children in the Khakass ethnic group allows us to state that modern social technologies for supporting the younger generation function on the basis of the established system of assistance and mutual assistance of the people.

Key words: mutual assistance, children, community, guardianship, family, social protection, traditions of assistance, Khakassia, Khakass ethnic group.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.006

E.G. ANTONOVA applicant, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN THE SIMBIRSK PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The author of the article made an attempt to retrospectively analyze the problem of creation, formation and start of attempts at mass construction of primary schools with the active participation of local bodies of the Simbirsk zemstvo. Local self-government was an important element in the management structure of Russian society, which dealt with important matters and problems of the rural population. Unfortunately, with the change of power in Russia, during the 1917 revolution, the fate of the Zemstvos was a foregone conclusion, although it tried not to surrender its positions, and functioned to the last, so the Zemstvo, having worked for more than half a century, was completely defeated by the power of the Bolsheviks and replaced by the Soviets. But the role of the zemstvo, its unique experience not only in the emerging democracy, was excluded from the life of the country, but also its real work on the formation and creation of the system of zemstvo primary schools. Of particular interest is about what methods and forms of financial assistance the zemstvo provided, whether it was effective, and most importantly, this analysis will help to see what are the benefits and advantages of local self-government at the moment in the person of the zemstvo. Thanks to the financial receipts of the Simbirsk provincial zemstvo, it became possible to organize new schools with a new methodological approach to education, the introduction of new natural and exact academic disciplines. In addition, the zemstvo played a huge and effective role in the formation of the new teachers, which in terms of their level of education were at a high level and in a cultural position. Thus, the beginning of the struggle against illiteracy among the peasant population of the Simbirsk province was laid.

Key words: primary school, Simbirsk zemstvo, Simbirsk province, teacher, school.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.007

N.A. DEGTYAREVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia

XX CONGRESS OF THE CPSU

(ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE QUESTION)

This year marks the 65th anniversary of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which is inextricably linked with the beginning of democratization in the USSR. The article provides a detailed analysis of the literature devoted to the preparation and holding of the congress, as well as the closed report "On the Cult of Personality and its consequences". The author notes the development of historical science in this direction since the mid-1950s and ending with the present. The researcher shows that until the moment when N. S. Khrushchev was in power the attitude towards his policies and the exposure of the cult of Stalin's personality in literature was relatively positive. Since the mid-1960s, the mood has changed, and the rehabilitation process has slowed down, which could not but affect the historical sources. During the period of Perestroika, archives are declassified, and Nikita Sergeyevich's activities are re-evaluated. Modern authors, the researcher concludes, interpret the political course of N. S. Khrushchev in different ways, highlighting both the strengths and the negative aspects of his activities. The author proves that modern historians give a more objective assessment of Khrushchev's policy.

Key words: XX Congress, historiography, the Communist party, the cult of personality, the thaw, Khrushchev.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.008

N.S. KROT Postgraduate student Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE ROLE OF REPRODUCTIVE ATTITUDES IN THE FORMATION OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR

(BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF ETHNOSOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH)

The modern study of demographic behavior is based on an interdisciplinary approach, on the interaction of demography, sociology and ethnology. It is customary to single out reproductive behavior as one of the components of the demographic behavior of the population, as fundamental in the field of population reproduction. Among the Russian population of Russia there is a certain common universal model of reproductive behavior, conditioned by common traditions and norms. To what extent can national and religious factors, expressed by traditions and norms, affect reproductive behavior and reproductive attitudes, and will there be regional differences among the same ethnic group? The purpose of the article is to determine the general trends in reproductive attitudes and their influence on the reproductive behavior of the modern Russian population of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Key words: demographic behavior, reproductive behavior, factors of reproductive behavior, reproductive attitudes, ideal number of children, desired number of children.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.009

A.M. PETRUKHIN Graduate Student of State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

REACTION OF THE BRITISH PRESS TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE FIRST STATE DUMA OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

The article considers the reaction of British periodicals of various political orientations to the dissolution of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire. This event was perceived very negatively in the British political environment. Correspondents from both the liberal and conservative British press accused the tsar and the Russian government for what they had done. Some of the authors even saw in the dissolution the reasons for the future revolution and the change in the state system of Russia. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the correspondents' sympathies were mainly on the side of the constitutional democrats. The articles of the reviewed newspapers contributed to the formation of a positive image of the Russian liberal among the British public. Also, the materials of the English press significantly complement the overall picture of the current events.

Key words: British press, State Duma, parliament, dissolution, agrarian question, Constitutional Democrats, Vyborg Manifesto, general strike.

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.010

V.I. VLASOV Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

THE STATUS OF GOD IN THE RUSSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM

(FORMULATION OF THE QUESTION)

Relying on various legal acts, starting from the first Russian Code (“Russkaya Pravda”) and up to the current Constitution of Russia, the author outlines the legal possibilities of creating a “picture” of the status of God in the legal system of Russia.

Key words: God, divine law, trust in God, the idea of God, the status of God, legislative acts, Russia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.011

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

THE BIBLE AS A SOURCE OF LAW

(PART FIVE)

Based on the second part of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the author sets the task to show the convergence in the legal systems of the world divine and human principles, while keeping in mind that the beginning of a positive (human, artificial) rights was embedded in the theological stage of civilization. The implementation of this task requires an analysis of various legal concepts in their historical development; the content of the Bible in the context of the norms of human behavior, rules of life (commandments, parables of Jesus Christ, recommendations of the Holy Apostles); regulatory documents of various countries, including Russia, in their historical development.

The article is divided into several parts based on the volume of its content.

Key words: God, divine law, natural law, positive law, Bible, Commandments, philosophers, scientists, lawyers, normative documents, legal concepts.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.012

B.Z. TSANAVA Postgraduate, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

T. HOBBES’S PHILOSOPHICAL HERITAGE AND CONTEMPORARY LIBERAL THEORIES OF SOCIAL CONTRACT

The article examines the evolution of elements of social contract theory of T. Hobbes in political philosophy of contemporary liberal theories of J. Rawls, R. Nozick and D. Gauthier. The author states that modern liberal theories of social contract use many significant elements from Hobbes’s contractual theory of state but viewed them through the prism of Kantian practical reason theory, and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant itself is a theoretical reservoir of redefining the Hobbesian anthropology by contemporary liberal theorists in terms of Kantian moral constructivism. Such view on theory of social contract reduces these liberal theories to the certain modus of argumentation in which the thinking subject in idealized situation makes a moral choice about future state institutions based on the principles of liberal philosophy which state the justification of each state interference in the life of citizens.

Key words: Thomas Hobbes, political liberalism, social contract theory, theory of justice of D. Rawls.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.013

N.N. RAVOCHKIN PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Humanitarian and Legal Disciplines Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy; Associate Professor at the Department of History, Philosophy and Social Sciences Kuzbass State Technical University named after T.F. Gorbachev, Kemerovo, Russia

WORLD PERIPHERALS AUTHORITIES PRACTICES

In the modern world, social success and evolutionary trajectories of development of states, despite the activity of new actors, still directly depend on the optimal modeling of power practices that have institutional foundations. In the countries of the world periphery, which have only recently fully integrated into the modern system of international relations, it is still possible to record various elements, the analysis of which allows us to understand why entire (macro) regions lag behind the rest of the world. The article, continuing the author's series of works on the study of the institutional orders of semi-peripheral countries, examines the features of modern power practices using the example of Africa. The historical aspects of the isolation of the region as a sociosphere are considered. The examples are shown, according to which the non-original nature of power institutions (import) has been established, as well as the mechanisms of power transfer.

Key words: power, political and legal institutions, periphery, international relations, state, Africa, culture, religion.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.014

V.V. ZUBOV Candidate of Sciences (history), Associate Professor at the Department of politology, University of Finance of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

М.Е. RODIONOVA PR & GR Director at Celebrium Labs, Candidate of Sciences (sociology), Associate Professor at the Department of politology, University of Finance of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

А.А. YEMELIN junior PR & GR analyst at Celebrium Labs, Master's Student at the Russian University of Finance, Moscow, Russia

POPULATION ATTITUDES TO CORONAVIRUS VACCINATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDIES

The article reveals a brief course of the spread of the coronavirus, from China to the spread around the world. A more detailed analysis is presented for registered vaccines, with a focus on Russia, as the first country to introduce Sputnik V, a registered vaccine for coronovirus. The material analyzes and compares the results of studies on the readiness of the Russian population for vaccination conducted by Celebrium Labs and VTsIOM. With relatively similar questions, almost identical results were obtained, which confirms the economy in time and financial costs and the quality of the data obtained with a significantly smaller sample of the patented technologies Celebrium-X by the international analytical company Celebrium Rus.

Key words: COVID-19, pandemic, vaccination, innovative technologies, Celebrium-Х.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.015

N.A. TYUKOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Executive Director Center for Socio-Political Projects and Communications; Associate Professor of the Department of Socio-Political Research and Technology Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

E.R. NIKULIN Student of the Faculty of Applied Political Science Institute of History and Politics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN TEACHER IN SOCIAL NETWORKS: DISCURSIVE AGENDA, DIGITAL ACTIVISM AND COMMUNICATION MECHANISMS

The article deals with the problems of digital behavior of Russian teachers in the online space. Based on the analysis of the discursive field, created or retransmitted content, the scope of digital interests of teachers, and the value orientations of teachers are determined. The level of involvement in civil and political online practices, the network audience consuming the content of the relevant professional group is analyzed.

Key words: digital behavior, Internet activity, discursive field, communication space, teachers, educators, political activity, civic activity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.016

Е.Е. КОCHETKOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor at the Chair of Russian history, Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF FEDERALISM IN ARAB COUNTRIES

(ON THE EXAMPLE OF IRAQ)

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the Arab countries located in the Middle East. The key and actual theoretical points of view of foreign scientists on the nature of federal relations in Arab countries are demonstrated. The author also touches upon the issues of criteria and signs of federative relations. According to the author, it is in the preconditions for the federal form of the territorial-political structure of the state that the degree of longevity and effectiveness of federal relations lies.

At the same time, the comparative analysis showed that Arab countries like the UAE, Iraq, Lebanon and others have a number of features and characteristics that complicate the implementation of federal elements in the political system of the countries of this region. For example, the desire for excessive centralization.

Also, the article provides points of such specialists as D. Christopher, D. Elizer, S. Eisenstad and others.

The author investigates the long-term constitutional changes in Iraq concerning the transformation of federalism. It presents exactly which spheres of the territorial-political structure were subjected to reforms and how this affected the dichotomy of centralization and decentralization of power in Iraq. It shows what historical features of Iraq still continue to influence the nature of relations within Iraq, for example, the existence of Iraqi Kurdistan and a sharp change in the political structure after the invasion of the United States and its allies in 2003.

This article presents the main typologies of devolutionary processes in relation to the Iraqi experience of federal relations.

The author has made assumptions and forecasts regarding the development of centripetal processes in Iraq.

Key words: federalism, asymmetric federalism, Iraq, regional contradictions, separatism, typology, Kurdistan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.017

RABAT LUJAIN PhD Student, Junior Researcher the Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS , Moscow, Russia

DIFFICULTIES IN RESOLVING THE SYRIAN CONFLICT: EXTERNAL INTERVENTION AND “LIBERAL” APPROACH TOWARDS PEACE-BUILDING

The war in Syria has created a humanitarian crisis which began in 2011 and continues to this day. The Syrian conflict and its resolution are multilateral processes as they involve many local, regional and international actors, such as Russia, Iran, Turkey, the United States and a number of other countries, as well as various international organizations. These countries have different interests in Syria as well as different approaches to defining the role of the international community in peacebuilding. All this complicates and lengthens the process of resolving the Syrian crisis. Moreover, the main approach to peacebuilding today is to "liberalize" the political regimes and economies of countries in conflict. This approach has been criticized both by scientists and by major countries such as Russia and China. The long and so-far unsuccessful "peace process" of the Syrian crisis is one example of the failure of the "liberalizing" approach to resolving the conflict and creating sustainable peace. This approach has now been replaced by a new trend that promotes a "hybrid" form of peacebuilding, which supports the creation of flexible and resilient local public institutions that can support sustainable peace.

Key words: Syria, peacebuilding, “liberalization”, civil war, foreign intervention, economic sanctions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.018

F.A. VOSCRESENSKY Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy, Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

PROBLEMS OF JUDICIAL FEDERALISM IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF MODERN RUSSIA

The article shows basis of federalism, which is embodied in various unions of people bound by parity obligations. Free societies living within certain territorial boundaries are gradually realizing a more convenient nature of existence within the framework of a single state, but at the same time they retain their own autonomy in matters of local importance and the right to form government bodies, which are delegated the right to control. One of the authorities is the court, which belongs to one of the three independent branches of government, therefore, just like the other branches, it should be formed by the population. During the judicial reforms in the early 90s. XX century in Russia, the conceptual and legal foundations of the influence of the population of the subjects of the federation on the formation of the judiciary were laid: 1) the jury; 2) Local Peace Justice; 3) Regional legal systems; 4) Regional constitutional (charter) courts. However, by 2021, these democratic judicial mechanisms of democracy have been almost completely phased out. The conclusion is made that this state of affairs belittles the principles of the power of the people and federalism, not allowing to regard modern Russia as a full-fledged federal state.

Key words: judicial power, federalism, democracy, subjects of the federation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.019

P.V. DENISENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

BIG DATA AND RELATIONS BETWEEN STATE AND SOCIETY: OPPORTUNITIES AND SOME AREAS OF APPLICATION

(ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE USA)

In this paper, the author analyzes the potential of Big Data use in the public administration. Big Data is regarded as a tool for achieving openness, transparency and accountability of the state as a policy-maker. In this context, the open access to big government data is a mechanism for establishing feedback between state and society. The case study of the United States Big Data initiatives shows that Big Data technologies give the opportunity, on the one hand, to increase citizen engagement, and, on the other hand, to improve the quality and efficiency of data-driven public policy. The author underlines the importance of Big Data in order to help those users who do not have special knowledge and skills in data analysis.

Key words: Big Data, open data, transparency, openness, accountability, feedback.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.020

K.A. PILIAGIN Postgraduate student, North-West Institute of Management-branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and public Administration, Saint Petersburg, Russia

POLITICAL MECHANISMS (ASPECTS OF CATEGORICAL ANALYSIS)

The article is devoted to the issues of interpretation and analysis of the "political mechanism" category in the specifics of scientific discourse. Examples of political mechanisms are given, their influence is revealed through objective prerequisites, conditions for the emergence of a political mechanism, its direction and structure (components, elements, connections, levels, their interdependence), participation and role in the formation of the political mechanism of leading political actors, value priorities of their activities, establishments and norms, - tools (means and methods, their invariability or variability), strategy as a vector of development (the scale of decisions and measures that are designed to determine the leading directions of development for any time period), the nature and speed of changes in the political environment and place in its political mechanism at the national, regional, world levels, the presence or absence of internal contradictions, the consequences of the political mechanism, forecasts for the probabilistic future. Having considered the points of view of researchers on the key points of the concept, the author dwells on the existing contradictions and insufficiently clarified issues. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it offers a universal algorithm for categorical analysis of the "political mechanism", taking into account all its significant aspects.

Key words: рolitical mechanism, types, functions, structure, levels, social conditions, political strategy, public administration, actors, analysis algorithm.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.021

D.A. SEMIBOKOV Post-graduate student of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE PRESENT STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC IDEAS ABOUT UNRECOGNIZED UNRECOGNIZED REPUBLICS AS SPECIAL POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

The article presents the main approaches associated with understanding the problems of unrecognized states and territories with a disputable status as special political institutions. It offers both a generalized analysis of the concepts affecting the unrecognized republics and the unique features of unrecognized states that distinguish them from other political-territorial entities.

Such concepts as secession, normalization index and others are considered.

Key words: political institutions, unrecognized states, unrecognized republics, territories with disputable status, secession, UN.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.022

P.V. IVANOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Analysis and Management of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, member of the SMP RAPN, Moscow, Russia

D.I. PLOTNIKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, member of the SMP RAPN, Moscow, Russia

STABILIZATION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM THROUGH THE STATE POLICY OF NATIONAL RECONCILIATION

The article analyzes the role and place of state policy in stabilizing the political system by restoring internal dialogue between the subjects in order to achieve national reconciliation. Modern conditions show that many political systems, against the backdrop of global factors, become unstable and face crisis manifestations in the economic, political and social spheres. In such conditions, the system requires additional public support, but the present shows that many systems were in a state of frozen national conflicts that have escalated in recent years. Due to unresolved disputes within society, when defining the concept of political justice, it is difficult to choose a path for the development of statehood, which, coupled with the polarization of society, makes it impossible to mobilize the civilian masses within the framework of a single state.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the methods of state policy to establish national reconciliation to stabilize the political system. The object is the policy of stabilizing the political system, and the subject is the state policy of national reconciliation.

The article provides an overview of various strategies for national reconciliation. A feature of this article is a comparative study based on data from a number of world regions such as Europe, Africa and Asia. Such a global coverage made it possible to identify the most typical patterns in matters of national reconciliation, and also allows us to trace the effectiveness of various political systems. On the basis of the review, conclusions are drawn about the most effective model of state policy of national reconciliation.

Key words: рolitical system, political parties, mediation, national reconciliation, political crisis, stabilization, arbitration.

POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.023

S.V. LVOV Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Director for Strategic Development All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, Moscow, Russia

A.A. MAKSIMOVA sociologist-analyst, Moscow, Russia

S.V. NECHAEVA Candidate of Social Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Stavropol branch Moscow State Pedagogical University, Stavropol, Russia

MECHANISMS AND MOTIVATION FOR THE PARTICIPATION OF THE PEDAGOGICAL COMMUNITY IN POLITICAL AND CIVIL PROCESSES

The article analyzes the results of the study of the forms and mechanisms of teachers ' participation in political and civil processes.

Key words: political and civil participation, pedagogical community, motivation.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, FOREIGN AND WORLD POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.024

A.A. TUSHKOV Ph.D., Professor of International Relations and Law, Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, Vladivostok, Russia

S.S. STEPANOVA Bachelor, Department of International Relations and Law, Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, Vladivostok, Russia

CONTRADICTIONS AND DICHOTOMIES OF THE CONFLICT POTENTIAL OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

As part of this study, the authors look at the conflict potential of the Eastern Mediterranean. At the same time, the focus is on bilateral relations and the current rivalry between the countries of the Arab East. Due to the increasing importance of the struggle for resources in modern international relations, the proposed conflict is the main subject of the study. Playing an important role in understanding the contradictions and existing dichotomies in the political landscape of the Eastern Mediterranean, it is important to understand the full range of factors characteristic of the Middle East region.

Key words: Middle East, Conflict Potential, Eastern Mediterranean, Alliances, Anti-Turkish Alliances.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.025

D.M. KARENIN Second Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

V.A. KUZMIN Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ural Federal University, Oriental Studies Department Professor, Ekaterinburg, Russia

JAPAN AND THE EEC: A LONG ROAD TO COOPERATION

The aim of the present article is to analyze the development of relations between Japan and the West European countries in the second half of the 20th century. This research is highly relevant because predictions of modern day interactions between the East and the West can be based on the analysis of development of relations between the key-nations of Europe and Asia in the second half of the 20th century.

The article is based on research conducted by Russian, Japanese and Western experts on relations between Europe and Japan as well as bilateral and multilateral agreements between Japan and the EU as well as statistical reports of the European Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Japan.

The author of the article used the complex systems approach, as it is the best way to describe the multidimensional nature of relations between Europe and Japan. Other methods employed in the article are the document and content analysis methods because of many official documents used in the research.

The research in question covers the processes that accompanied the formation of political and economic ties between Japan and the European Community.

The implementation of the neoliberal approach to international relations by the end of the 20th century allowed Japan and the EC to overcome problems that political realism did not allow to solve. This laid the foundation for a transcontinental strategic partnership that can only be maintained and thrive in a neoliberal system of international relations.

Key words: European Union, economic cooperation, GATT, EC, Japan, European Commission, political realism, neoliberalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.026

A.A. TUSHKOV Professor of International Relations and Law, Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, Vladivostok, Russia

YU.S. KRAVCHENKO Head of academic mobility office of Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, Vladivostok, Russia

RUSSIA ON THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES. PROBLEMS AND SEARCHES FOR THE FORMATION OF AN INTERNATIONALIZATION MODEL OF EDUCATION

This article is devoted to actual subject – the study of transformational processes in Russian higher education. The author examines the phenomenon of massification of higher education and its impact on education system. Phenomenon globalization and internationalization of higher education is analyzed in article. The article considers the issues of export of educational services in the context of the university internationalization. This phenomenon is the main factor in improving education. The author pays attention to the role of a regional university in the implementation of Russia’s strategy to strengthen its position in the international education market. This article might be interesting for experts dealing with the development of the export potential of the Russian higher education system.

Key words: export of education, globalization, internationalization, transformation of education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.027

A.B. GEKHT Ph.D., Associate professor/docent The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the Head of the department of history and region studies, Saint Petersburg, Russia

T.V. MOLCHANOVA Ph.D., Associate professor/docent The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the Head of the department of history and region studies, Saint Petersburg, Russia

A.YU. TSIGONYAEVA Ph.D., Associate professor/docent The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the Head of the department of history and region studies, Saint Petersburg, Russia

V.A. PEREVOZCHIKOVA Master, lecturer, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the department of history and region studies, Saint Petersburg, Russia

THE MIDDLE EAST VECTOR OF THE US FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF DONALD TRUMP

(ON THE EXAMPLE OF IRAN AND ISRAEL)

Donald Trump's policy towards Iran and Israel has provoked mixed response not only from the United States opponents, but also from their allies. The article analyzes the key political steps of President Trump in relation to the above Middle East countries. The purpose of the article is to identify the main characteristics of D. Trump's foreign policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran, the US opponent in the region, and the State of Israel, one of the key Middle East allies of the United States. After analyzing the foreign policy steps of the 45th US President in relation to Iran and Israel, we can say that D. Trump has shown himself as a politician capable of escalating the conflict even against the opinion of the international community in order to achieve his goals. Events demonstrating this include the US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and the relocation of the US diplomatic mission from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. But at the same time, under the mediation of D. Trump, Israel has concluded agreements on the normalization of relations with a number of Arab countries, something that has not happened since the last century and that can be regarded as a significant event for the region. In this situation, the American president has proved to be a politician capable of reconciling the conflicting parties. Undoubtedly, President Trump’s policy in the region will leave a considerable trace and deserves a close research study.

Key words: US, Iran, Israel, Middle East, Donald Trump, US-Iran relations, US-Israel relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.028

I.G. STANKEVICH Postgraduate student of the chair for the «General History» of the Moscow State Pedagogic University, Moscow, Russia

THE RHINE RIVER FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ROMANS

(I CENTURY B.C. TILL THE BEGINNING OF THE V CENTURY C.E.)

Rhine is a common name of the large river flowing through the territory of Western Europe. Such an expression as “the Rhine with double horn” as well as the term “Father Rhine” root from the Roman antiquity. The above mentioned phrases point at the fact that Romans granted the river a special attitude. The Rhine played a significant part in shaping the way people saw the world as the river became a sort of a border between the civilized and barbaric world, besides this natural object is obviously an integral part of the history of the Roman expansion. Never the less, how did it happen that Romans managed to integrate the Rhine in their thoughts? Never the less, how did it happen that Rhine became an essential element of the image of the world created in minds of Romans? What associations did it awaken in their minds? What did the river represent for them?

This article illustrates an attempt to examine the attitude of Romans towards Rhine and the region as a whole developed in different periods of the Roman dominance.

The article is based on Roman sources analysis, translated to German language and also on German monography about Roman material culture objects (inscriptions, coins, paintings). Studie’s relevance is, first of all, lack of foreign and regional researches on this subject. Translations are quite new and this monography has never been translated yet to Russian language.

Key words: Ancient Rome, Germany in ancient times, Strabo, Julius Caesar, Claudian, Tacitus.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.029

A.B. GEKHT Ph.D., Associate professor/docent, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the Head of the department of history and region studies, Saint Petersburg, Russia

A.V. NEROVNYJ Senior lecturer, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the department of history and region studies, Saint Petersburg, Russia

T.G. POTAPENKO Ph.D., Associate professor/docent The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the department of history and region studies, Saint Petersburg, Russia

ON THE WAY TO A UNITED EUROPE: INSTITUTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY

Large-scale economic and political integration became one of the most important processes that took place on the European continent in the second half of the XX century. It resulted in the creation of the European Union – a leading integration association that plays a major role in the world economy and politics. This is largely possible due to the complex architecture of supranational institutions that ensure the functioning of this association. One of the first integration associations that emerged during the creation of the common integration of European countries was the European Coal and Steel Association, and this article is devoted to the main administrative institutions that are the predecessors of the current supranational bodies of the EU.

Key words: European integration, European Union, the European Coal and Steel Community.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.030

О.А. SHIMATYUK Academic Head of School Programs of the Novosibirsk City Open College, Novosibirsk, Russia

ENERGY COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION UNDER THE TERMS OF THE GREEN DEAL

In the article the author sequentially examines the main points of «Green Deal» which is the part of power-energy partnership between EU and Russia, besides, there are also main features of mid-term cooperation presented in the article.

Key words: European “Green deal”, energy policy of the Russian Federation, energy policy of the European Union, EU`s Energy Union, energy cooperation between Russia and EU.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.031

N.G. ANTONOVA Lecturer, Department of Middle East Languages, Moscow State Institute of International Relations MGIMO-University, Moscow, Russia

NEW ALLIANCE "US-ISRAEL-ARAB MONARCHIES OF THE PERSIAN GULF" IN THE MIDDLE EAST: REASONS FOR CONVERGENCE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL GEOPOLITICS

The Israel-UAE-Bahrain normalization agreement reflects the changing balance of power in the Middle East and testifies to the strengthening of the power of the strategic alliance of the US-Israel-Arab the GCC states in the region. The purpose of this article is to analyze who benefits from this agreement and why, and how the rapprochement between Israel and the Arab monarchies can further affect the situation in the Middle East and world geopolitics. To achieve the aim of the study, the interests of the main parties to the agreement were identified and analyzed and the possible consequences of rapprochement between the Arabian monarchies and Israel in the context of the Middle East settlement, the balance of power in the region and from the point of view of world geopolitics were assessed.

The author came to the conclusion that it is not the Arab-Israeli settlement that drives the monarchies of the Persian Gulf and Israel that have come closer with the mediation of the United States – each political actor is guided by his own pragmatic interests. In fact, the rapprochement of the UAE and Bahrain with Israel is a short-term diplomatic victory of political leaders, which in the long term can only exacerbate tensions in the region and undermine the authority of monarchies over other Arab countries.

Key words: USA, Israel, UAE, Bahrain, Abraham Accords Peace Agreement, Palestinian-Israeli conflict, geopolitics, Middle East.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.032

I.A. ARZHANOV International relations and integration processes department, faculty of political science, PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE ARCTIC IN THE SYSTEM OF MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE LEITMOTIF OF RIVALRY IN THE REGION

In this article, the author identifies and analyzes the features of the foreign policy of modern states in the Arctic in the first quarter of the XXI century. Moreover, special attention is paid to considering the key factors that contributed to the formation of the Arctic region as a new and global point of the world politics. It is emphasized that the Arctic is becoming not only the subject of interest of a large number of international actors, but is also turning into a field of global confrontation. The article highlights that the aggravation of geopolitical contradictions, primarily caused by military-political, economic and territorial problems, creates a qualitatively new situation in the sphere of ensuring national, regional and international security.

Key words: Arctic, security, competition.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.033

V.S. SHABLOVSKIY Postgraduate Student, Department of Theory and History of International Relations, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

THE REPUBLIKA SRPSKA: CURRENT POLITICAL REALITY AND PROSPECTS

In this article, the current political and economic prospects of the Republika Srpska within Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) are examined, as well as the relations of Banja Luka with its key allies – Serbia and Russia. Moreover, the author proposes and explains his own solution to the regional contradictions in the Balkans, which directly affects the future of the Republika Srpska.

Key words: Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, High Representative for BiH, constitution of BiH, Russia, EU, USA.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.034

GUNDU TERESE MOSES Graduate student, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (PFUR), Benue, Nigeria

OLUWAKAYODE OLUMIDE EMMANUEL Graduate student, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (PFUR), Abuja, Nigeria

ANALYZING THE EFFECT OF CORONAVIRUS ON NIGERIA'S EDUCATION SYSTEM

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak has constituted serious concerns to Nigeria education systems. Attempt to slow the transmission of COVID-19 prompted the closure of schools in more than 100 countries worldwide. COVID-19 school closures left over a billion learners out of school in Nigeria and West Africa. The study analyses the effect of COVID-19 on Nigeria and West Africa student’s effects on education including, learning interferences, and decreased access to education and research facilities, Job losses and increased student debts. The findings also show that many educators and students relied on technology to ensure continued learning online during the Coronavirus pandemic. However, online education was stalled by poor infrastructures including, network, power, remoteness and absence issues and poor digital skills. The study underscores the damaging effects of COVID-19 on education sector and the need for all educational institutions, educators, and learners to adopt technology and improve digital abilities in line with the emerging global trends and realities but sadly, the reverse is the case in Nigeria. Ever since the Covid-19 pandemic started and the country was locked down, students both at primary and tertiary levels have been stranded without any effort to adopt the e-learning or virtual learning systems, nor has there been an effort from the government to reopen schools anytime soon. This is against the backdrop of government functionaries attending funerals in mass number, people attending mosques, going to markets and other gatherings as if Covid-19 pandemic has never happened.

Key words: COVID-19, Nigeria, education, health, e-leaning, pandemic.

CONFERENCES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.67.2.035

D.V. SAPRYNSKAYA Researcher at the Institute of Asian and African countries, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

D.S. SAPARBEKOVA Post-graduate student working for the Master’s degree at RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “RUSSIAN-MONGOLIAN RELATIONS: FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE PRESENT”