№ 4 (85), 2022

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 12. Issue 4 (85), 2022

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Ivashko M.I. The Role of the Russian Factor in the Formation of the USSR (to the 100th Anniversary of Education Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Volkov A.P., Rezakov R.G. Military Legal Academy in the System of Additional Military Professional Education in 1936-1945
Hasanov M.R. Some Sources and Studies on the Relations of the Peoples of the Caucasus with the Slavs (Rus) in the VII-XII Centuries
Kipriyanova N.V. Formation of the Provincial Merchant Class at the End of the 18th – the First Half of the 19th Centuries (Based on the Materials of the City of Vladimir)
Syzdykova Zh.S., Kirda N.S. On the Process of Russia's Advance within Central Asia Before the Creation of the Turkestan General-Governorship by M.A. Terentiev
Muzafarova N.I., Kozlovskaya G.E. Islam in the System of the Russian State (Historical Aspect)
Ushmaeva K.A., Tereshchenko O.V., Goncharov A.S. World View and World Perspective of One Cossack from Stanitsa Dinskaya. Ten Theses Against the Positivist Personality Hermeneutics
Bulatov I.A., Bystrova Iu.M. Red Scouts: How the Pioneers Appeared
Goncharenko O.N. Alexandrovsky Garden of a Provincial City in the Cultural and Historical Landscape of the XIX-XXI Centuries (by the Example of the City of Tyumen)
Zanozin N.V. Post-War Soviet Society – the "Golden Age" of Nomenclature
Ryabova T.I. The History of the Tver Christmas the Monastery in the Faces
Shcherbakova I.K., Nadekhina Yu.P., Kolchin A.A. Russian Society and the Peasan Question: Covering the Key Question of Empire in Russian Periodical Press (1881-1911)
Tabeikina E.K. Ancient Russia: the Culture of the Epoch of Monumental Historicity (IX – Beginning of the XII Centuries)
Koshkaryova S.G., Ilina V.A., Kamardina N.V. Regional Features of the New Economic Policy in the 1920s (on the Example of Kamchatka)
Batishchev R.Yu. Images of the Military Past in the Policy of Memory of the Regions of the Russian Federation
Zubkov A.N. Policy "Freedom of Speech" During the Implementation of the Main Reforms During the Years of Perestroika in the USSR
Ometiukh M.N. The Reasons of the SFRY’s Disintegration in 1991 in Assessments of Modern American Historiography
Petrova O.S. Problems of Formation of Pedagogical Personnel for Educational Institutions of the European North of Russia in the 1920s-1930s
Sledneva A.A. Socio-Cultural Status of the Nobility in the Smolensk the End of the 18th Century – the First Half of the 19th Century
Filimonov S.V. Activities of Facilities Committees as an Evolutional Factor for Classical Upper-Secondary Education in Ryazan Governorate in the Beginning of the ХХ Century

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Boltenkova L.F. Hymn to the Lord God (Philosophical and Religious Research in Several Articles). Article Four
Berkovsky V.A., Tronina L.A., Goncharov A.S. History of the Mechanicism Philosophy at the Early Stage of its Formation: Antiquity, Hellenistic Period, Middle Ages

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Safin F.G., Kamaletdinov D.A., Kulsharipov F.R. Economic Foundations of the Social Well-Being of Ethnic Groups in Multinational Bashkortostan (According to Ethnosociological Studies)
Menshikov P.V., Matasova O.V. The Specifics of PR Tools and Techniques in the Context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Kryukova E.V. Political Psichology and Political Ideology as the Levels of Modern Russian Political Culture: Circumstances and Contradictions
Barkova A.S., Pronchev G.B. Modeling of Outboung Tourism of Russians
Zholmanov A.S., Matvienko V.A., Afonin M.V., Grishin V.O. Counteraction to Corruption within the Institute of the State Civil Service: Topical Issues
Kerimova D.F., Ramazanova M.K. On the Question of the Nature of Political Leadership
Malakhov A.A. The Main Stages of Development and Signs of the Welfare State Policy
Baykov S.A. Political Scandal as a Tool to Control the Communication Environment in Russia's Domestic Policy in the Period from 2015 to 2019
Tsvizhba A.G. Russia: Ethnic and National
Krylova E.G. Influence of Interviews with Political Leaders on the Formation of Public Opinion
Lazebnik A.G. Correlations in the Trajectories of Political Transformations "Democracy – Semi-Democracy" and "Semi-Democracy – Democracy"
Papchenkova A.N. A Turn in Political Leadership Studies in the Second Half of the 20th Century

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

Ponyavina M.B. Business Involvement into the State Educational Policy Implementation
Burov A.S. Current Aspects of the State Sustainable Development Policies Indigenous Peoples of the North in Modern Russia

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Mikhaylenko A.N. Russia's Special Military Operation in Ukraine: Coincidence or Regularity?
Arshin K.V. Experience of Using Digital Technologies by Foreign Countries to Accelerate the Process of Adaptation of Foreign Citizens
Elovik A.A. Russia in Modern Military and Political Discourse of the Republic of Belarus
Esiev E.T. Gamification as an Online Instrument of Conflict Mobilization
Basov O.N. Link of Lobbying Activity of NGOs with Interests of Elite Groups (on the Example of Energy and Climate Policy in the Modern USA)
Popov A.V. Relations Between Turkey and the EU Energy Union in the Field of Ensuring Energy Security (Political Aspect)
Zhao Lu. Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict on the Transformation of the International Order
Kiyanskaya A.S. The Role of the IPC in Solving the Problems of Russian Germans
Yue Ruishuang. The Impact of the Biden Administration on the Strategic Competitive Relationship Between China and the United States

STUDENT SCIENCE

Kozhiev A.Yu., Babenko A.S., Iamaliev A.R. Application of the Synthesis of Methods within the Framework of an Integrated Approach to the Analysis of Protests in Kazakhstan

Our authors № 4-2022

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.001

M.I. IVASHKO Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of General Education Disciplines of the Russian State University of Justice, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF THE USSR (TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF EDUCATION UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS)

The purpose of the article is to establish the factors that contributed to the emergence of state entities in the former national outskirts of the Russian Empire from 1917 to 1922, their unification into a union state, and to determine the role of Soviet Russia in this process. To achieve this goal, the author has studied and analyzed the documents of party and state bodies reflecting the process of formation of statehood in the republics, the formation of relations with the RSFSR in the period before the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). With the help of chronological, problem-chronological, comparative-historical methods, the main steps that were taken by the socialist republics on the way to the formation of a single state are revealed. The role of Soviet Russia in this process is determined through the activities of the Bolshevik Party to implement the national question, the external and internal threat during the Civil War, which required joint efforts to protect the power of the Soviets of all national republics and the role of cultural and historical interplay of the destinies of the peoples of the former Russian Empire. It is shown that the term "Soviet Empire", which is used in domestic and foreign historiography, is unacceptable in the designation of the period of Soviet history before the formation of the USSR. The materials of the article can be used to study the history of the formation of the Soviet Union, including during the preparation of sections in the educational literature devoted to this problem.

Key words: national question, formation of the USSR, empire, national suburbs, socialist republics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.002

A.P. VOLKOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Military University Senior researcher of the research department (quality of military education) of the Military University, Moscow, Russia

R.G. REZAKOV Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Head of Research and Development Department Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

MILITARY LEGAL ACADEMY IN THE SYSTEM OF ADDITIONAL MILITARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN 1936-1945

This article is a continuation of a series of articles on the history of improving military education at the Military Law Academy of the Red Army in the pre-war years and during the Great Patriotic War. The article, which is based on archival documents of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, shows that the need to strengthen law and order in the Red Army in the 30s of the twentieth century raised the question of the advisability of systematic training of military lawyers. It is noted that today, from the point of view of the experience of operatively solving the problems of training military lawyers, the approach to the organization of military legal education, which was flexible and differentiated, is interesting.

The article focuses on the analysis of the organization of the work of advanced training courses for the military-legal staff of the Red Army. An assessment of the existing curricula of courses in the prewar and war years is given. Their content is disclosed, a comparative analysis is given. In conclusion, it was concluded that the organization of the educational process at the advanced training courses for the military legal staff of the Red Army made it possible to ensure the proper quality of training for the military legal staff for the Red Army, to make up for their combat losses during the Great Patriotic War.

Key words: military law faculty, Military Law Academy, courses, Red Army, military legal staff, curriculum, academic discipline, students.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.003

M.R. HASANOV Doctor of historical Sciences, professor, Head of the Department of history of Dagestan state pedagogical University, Makhachkala, Russia

SOME SOURCES AND STUDIES ON THE RELATIONS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS WITH THE SLAVS (RUS) IN THE VII-XII CENTURIES

The article analyzes some sources and studies devoted to the relations of the Caucasian peoples with the Slavs (Rus) in the early Middle Ages. The works of ancient Armenian, Arabic, Persian authors, as well as ancient Russian chronicles are of great interest for covering the topic. From Dagestani sources, the "Tarikh of Dagestan" by Muhammad Rafi et al. is of great importance for the disclosure of the topic. The article presents the opinions of prominent researchers on Russian-Caucasian relations, in particular, S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Bartold, A.Y. Yakubovsky, B.N. Zahoder, M.I. Artamonov, V.F. Minorsky, V.T. Pashuto, A.P. Novoseltsev, etc. The information contained in the sources and literature indicates the multifaceted nature of Russian-Caucasian relations. Trade and economic contacts were combined with aggressive campaigns.

Key words: Derbent, connections, peoples of the Caucasus, Russ (Slavs), campaigns, Khazaria, Caspian Sea, Semender, eastern sources, Old Russian chronicles, S.M. Soloviev, V.V. Bartold.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.004

N.V. KIPRIYANOVA Doctor of historical sciences, professor, Department of History, Archeology and Local Lore of Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletovs, Vladimir, Russia

FORMATION OF THE PROVINCIAL MERCHANT CLASS AT THE END OF THE 18TH – THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURIES (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE CITY OF VLADIMIR)

This article analyzes the composition of the second and third merchant guilds of Vladimir from the end of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century on the basis of city philistine books. The main purpose of the work is to trace how stable the social position of persons who entered the guilds was, how long their status as guild merchants was maintained. The clarification of this issue helps to determine the degree of succession of capital and, accordingly, the features of the formation of the future bourgeoisie. In a broader sense, this issue is adjacent to one of the central problems of Russian history about the role of power in the creation of estates, in the stratification of society as a whole. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that during this period the formation of the merchant class as an estate was not completed. Only a small part of the merchant class began to form dynasties, within which a specific self-consciousness could arise, a certain type of entrepreneurial thinking, without which the formation of an estate is impossible. At the same time, individual merchant families, originating in the township environment of the 17th century, acquired a certain economic and social stability, took an active part in solving urban problems, in the activities of elected government bodies.

Key words: Russia, merchant class, estate, social status, second half of the 18th – first half of the 19th century.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.005

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

N.S. KIRDA Student Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

ON THE PROCESS OF RUSSIA'S ADVANCE WITHIN CENTRAL ASIA BEFORE THE CREATION OF THE TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNORSHIP BY M.A. TERENTIEV

This article examines the process of including the territories of Central Asia into the Russian Empire based on the analysis of the work of military orientalist M.A. Terentyev "Russia and England in Central Asia", in which a separate place is given to the process of annexation of the region by Russia. Additional authority to the source is given by the fact that Terentyev received an Oriental studies education, and also directly participated as an officer in military operations. It is emphasized that Terentyev defended the official position of the Russian government.

Key words: Terentyev, East, Central Asia, Russia, conquests.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.006

N.I. MUZAFAROVA Doctor of historical sciences, professor Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

G.E. KOZLOVSKAYA Doctor of historical sciences, professor Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

ISLAM IN THE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN STATE (HISTORICAL ASPECT)

The article discusses the place of Islam, officially adopted at the state level for the first time in our country by the Volga Bulgaria (922). The ability of this religion to penetrate into all spheres of public life, tolerantly treat other confessions, led to the formation of a developed Islamic civilization in the Bulgar Kingdom, the Golden Horde, the Kazan Khanate. Achievements in the field of culture, the growth of literacy of the population, the availability of schools, libraries, the functioning of universities, the establishment of crafts, trade, and architectural construction are shown. The reasons that led to the decline of the medieval Islamic civilization and the further policy of discrimination against Muslims and other foreigners living in the common territory (ХVI-ХVIII) are revealed. The author traces the processes of the gradual transition of the state to a loyal position in relation to Islam, which was caused by the expansion of international relations with eastern countries. The starting point is the creation of the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly (OMDS, 1789), as the center of Russian Muslims and the equalization of the rights of Islamic clergy with the nobility. The most noticeable change in state policy towards Islam occurred in the 20th century. Muslims were able to get seats in the State Dumas, create their own faction and political party. The article focuses on the Soviet period, which dealt a blow to the national-religious traditions and irreparable damage by the destruction of the spiritual values of Islamic culture, the repression of the intelligentsia and the clergy. When considering Islam in the post-Soviet era, attention is focused on the revival of spiritual and national traditions, attempts to introduce new generations to the origins and heritage of the spiritual culture of their people.

Key words: Islam, Bulgar state, Kazan Khanate, national minorities, Islamic civilization, Muslim faction, Islamic hierarchs, Spiritual boards of Muslims, national-cultural autonomy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.007

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, professor Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

WORLD VIEW AND WORLD PERSPECTIVE OF ONE COSSACK FROM STANITSA DINSKAYA. TEN THESES AGAINST THE POSITIVIST PERSONALITY HERMENEUTICS

This article is devoted to the study of personal qualities, mentality, worldview and worldview of the Cossack, who became one of the main public and political actors of the Kuban in the 1910s. The problem of studying the Cossack picture of the world in abstraction from political and socio-economic dominants from the standpoint of non-classical approaches in historical science continues to be poorly understood today. That is why the relevance of this study reflects the growing interest of society in various trends in microhistory and local history, ascending methodologically and conceptually to antipositivism and the late school of Annals. The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of using its content block as a basis for analyzing the picture of the world of the Cossacks in the first quarter of the XX century. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the conceptual position of the authors and the compilation of a new format of historical hermeneutics based on the results of the analysis and interpretation of the values of a single representative of the Cossack estate, values dissolved in the culture of the era. The source base of the study is represented by a complex of written sources, the main of which are archival information, journalistic publications and sources of personal origin. The methodological apparatus includes special-historical, psychological, sociological and cultural methods. Special historical methods: narrative method, ideographic method, biographical method, historical system method, historical typological method, historical comparative method, problem chronological method, historical modeling method, retrospective method, functional method. Psychological: biographical method, suggestive method, cyclical method (Gestalt psychology). Sociological: document analysis, interviewing, typology, ideal type method. Culturological: modeling of transformative cultural practices, cultural-genetic method, household culture analysis method, game culture analysis method, dialogue method (cultural interaction analysis method), comparative method. The result of the study was the definition of the picture of the world and the personal qualities of the actor chosen for analysis, as well as the promotion of the author's model of personality hermeneutics within the framework of a non-classical approach in historical science.

Key words: Cossacks, worldview, world outlook, thinking, culture, personality, hermeneutics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.008

I.A. BULATOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Cultural Studies, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russia

IU.M. BYSTROVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Cultural Studies, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russia

RED SCOUTS: HOW THE PIONEERS APPEARED

On May 19, 2022, the pioneer organization celebrates its centenary. This anniversary is a good occasion to turn to the history of the pioneer and its origins. The article will consider the ideological split in the scout movement, which led to the emergence of red Scouts aimed at creating a new system of education that meets the values of the socialist state. In the period 1917-1922 there was a transition from "pure" scouting to a pioneer organization. The pioneers retained a large number of external attributes of the scout system, but completely forgot their origin and later perceived Scouts only as class enemies.

The paper concludes that in 1921-1922 there was a final rejection of transitional forms of red scouting in favor of the pioneer organization. At the same time, although many members of the party and the Komsomol perceived the Scouts exclusively as a bourgeois organization, there were also those who were ready to put the old system at the service of the new ideology. Moreover, individual scouts and leaders sincerely supported the revolution and tried to put their knowledge and skills at the service of the state. It is also concluded that for a long time the Soviet government could not work out its requirements for a new children's organization, which is why they appeared and disappeared depending on the views of certain party functionaries. The resulting pioneer organization became a compromise between the desire of the Red Scouts to serve society and the desire of the Komsomol to fully control the work with children.

Key words: scouting, young communists, yuki, pioneers, Komsomol, N.K. Krupskaya, V.M. Bonch-Bruevich, I.N. Zhukov.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.009

O.N. GONCHARENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, State Agrarian University Northern Trans-Urals, Tyumen, Russia

ALEXANDROVSKY GARDEN OF A PROVINCIAL CITY IN THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE OF THE XIX-XXI CENTURIES (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF TYUMEN)

The article is devoted to one of the key objects of the historical and cultural landscape of Tyumen – the Alexander (Country) garden. The research methodology is interdisciplinary in nature, which determines the scientific novelty of the study, which made it possible to enrich the arsenal of historical research with geographic, art history and architectural categories. The authors, using the memories of contemporaries about the formation and development of the garden, identified five periods, which are based on the arrangement and use of this object in different decades of the 19th-20th centuries. For the first time, the main factors that influenced the formation and change of Alexander Park, which are important for understanding the history of a provincial town, are identified: first, these are socio-economic factors associated with the social and modernization processes of Russian society; secondly – urban development – directly correlate with the tendencies of garden and park construction of a particular era. The interrelation in the development of garden and park construction in Russia and the city of Tyumen is determined. The authors come to the conclusion that throughout history, the Alexander Garden remains attractive not only for citizens, but also for representatives of the scientific community of a provincial town.

Key words: Alexander Garden, Tyumen, cultural and historical landscape, urban planning, small architectural forms, English style, townspeople.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.010

N.V. ZANOZIN PhD in Historical sciences, associate Professor, Department of Humanities, Institute of food technology and design – branch of the Nizhny Novgorod state engineering and economic University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

POST-WAR SOVIET SOCIETY – THE "GOLDEN AGE" OF NOMENCLATURE

The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of the Soviet nomenclature as the ruling class of the USSR. The author describes this process as a natural stage of transformation of post-revolutionary society. Based on the analysis of archival documents, the article traces the process of changes that took place in the social composition of the layer of Soviet party officials, identifies factors affecting the formation of the layer of nomenclature.

Key words: nomenclature, ruling class, Soviet era, post-war period, personnel.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.011

T.I. RYABOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Philosophy, History and Sociology of Bryansk State University of Engineering and Technology, Bryansk, Russia

THE HISTORY OF THE TVER CHRISTMAS THE MONASTERY IN THE FACES

The review article analyzes the main thematic plots presented in the collection of essays "A monk is one who is not involved in the world: the History of the Tver Monastery of the Nativity of Christ in persons: in 2 books (author-compiler Kulik V.N.). – Tver: Media Spectrum, 2021. The main advantage and difference of this publication is that the comprehension of the history of the monastery is carried out through the personal factor, the fate of bright, talented people who had a huge moral influence on others. The portraits created by the author of persons spiritually connected with the monastery, but who found themselves in the center of the intellectual and cultural life of Russia, especially attract attention. The study of this aspect of the cultural and historical space of Russia has a humanistic meaning and cognitive significance. The results of the author's painstaking search work, based on a rich factual, informational material, expand our understanding of the spiritual history of the country and significantly enrich the local history of the Tver Region.

Key words: historical memory, national identity, cultural traditions, Tver monastery, charity, new martyrs, monastery, clergy, spiritual ministry.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.012

I.K. SHCHERBAKOVA PhD in History, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

YU.P. NADEKHINA PhD in History, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

A.A. KOLCHIN Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND THE PEASAN QUESTION: COVERING THE KEY QUESTION OF EMPIRE IN RUSSIAN PERIODICAL PRESS (1881-1911)

April 14, 2022 Russia celebrates 160 years since the birth of P.A. Stolypin, and last year marked 160 years since the abolition of serfdom. There is no doubt that these two significant anniversaries bring us back to the assessment of the events of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The last dates of this study (1881-1911) are due to the need to analyze the attitude of different representatives of Russian society to the milestones – the era of Alexander III, at the beginning of whose reign was the 20th anniversary of the promulgation of the Manifesto on February 19, 1861, and the era of Nicholas II, during whose reign Russia celebrated the 50th anniversary of the liquidation of serfdom in our Fatherland. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the attitude of different representatives of Russian society to the problems of the peasantry in this historical period, analyzes the measures of state power aimed at changing the position of the peasant population and possible solutions to this key issue of the empire, and in this regard, the prospects for the economic development of Russia are revealed, in including the coverage of this issue on the pages of the periodical press of the late XIX – early XX century is analyzed. The novelty of the study is seen in the generalization of various assessments by Russian society of the position of the peasantry over a half-century period of history that has passed since the abolition of serfdom in Russia.

Key words: russian society, agrarian question, agrarian reform, communal consciousness, lack of land, Peasants' Bank, Editorial Commission, Special Meeting, provincial meetings, local committees, Russian periodicals.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.013

E.K. TABEIKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Pedagogy Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

ANCIENT RUSSIA: THE CULTURE OF THE EPOCH OF MONUMENTAL HISTORICITY (IX – BEGINNING OF THE XII CENTURIES)

The article emphasizes that the history of Russian culture is distinguished by discontinuity, discreteness, it has that unity that “gathered” Russian culture, statehood and the nation for such a long time filled with dramatic events, collisions. Elucidation of the basis of this unity of unique originality (socio-political, cultural, spiritual) is the purpose of this study. To reveal this originality, this "boundary" is the purpose of the study. After all, it was she who led Russian culture through ups and downs, creative insights and tragic cataclysms. On the basis of the analysis of all the circumstances carried out in the work, certain conclusions can be drawn that today, the paramount task of the spiritual revival of Russia is seen in the mobilization of all rescue means and reserves of the country, in the need to protect the true values of national culture based on centuries-old spiritual and moral principles, on gathering, restoring all the true values created by the Russian people for more than a thousand years history.

Key words: altar, icon, canon, painting, architecture, mosaic, paganism, chronicle.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.014

S.G. KOSHKARYOVA Associate Professor of History and Philosophy Department Vitus Bering Kamchatka State University, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia

V.A. ILINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of History and Philosophy Department Vitus Bering Kamchatka State University, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia

N.V. KAMARDINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of History and Philosophy Department Vitus Bering Kamchatka State University, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia

REGIONAL FEATURES OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1920S (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KAMCHATKA)

The purpose of this study is to identify the regional features of the new economic policy in the USSR on the example of the economic development of Kamchatka in the 1920s. The main results of the study are related to the introduction into scientific circulation of archival documents that allow identifying specific features of the new economic policy in Kamchatka, as in the remote northern region of the USSR. In the course of the research, not only general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization) were used, but also special historical methods (descriptive-narrative, historical-genetic, historical-systemic). The peculiarities of the economic policy of the 1920s in Kamchatka include the fact that the chronological framework of the new economic policy was different than in the European part of the country; cooperation had weak organizational foundations; the presence of private domestic, and especially foreign capital in economic life was felt for a long time. The topic of identifying regional features of the new economic policy implemented by the Soviet government in the 1920s requires further discussion in the scientific community.

Key words: new economic policy, foreign capital, concessions, Japanese fishermen, foreign firms, Kamchatka.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.015

R.YU. BATISHCHEV PhD Student, the Chair of History and Theory of Politics, Department of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

IMAGES OF THE MILITARY PAST IN THE POLICY OF MEMORY OF THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article deals with regional politics of memory’s main strategies and functions of the images of war past. Russian regions’ main strategies are based on the representations of Soviet past, the restoration of “historical justice” and the finding of new images of past. The restoration of “historical justice” strategy is embodied through pre-revolutionary period commemorations, non-Soviet history images (subjects, oppositional to Soviet authority), the victims of political repressions commemorations and the post-Soviet Russian history. War past images’ functions vary from consolidation and construction of regional identity to competition for financial and tourist flows. It is noticed, in contrast to federal center, some Russian regions’ politics of memory has a conceptual design and wholeness. Besides, there are a trend from federal center to intercept some regional commemorative practices and a competition between regions for a federal memorial agenda.

Key words: politics of memory, regional politics of memory, cultural trauma, war commemorations, russian federalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.016

A.N. ZUBKOV Graduate student of the Faculty of History and Philology, Ulyanovsk State of the Pedagogical University I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

POLICY "FREEDOM OF SPEECH" DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MAIN REFORMS DURING THE YEARS OF PERESTROIKA IN THE USSR

This article attempts to investigate the role of the media and the periodical press at the time of the "perestroika" and economic transformations carried out by the USSR authorities, as the beginning of rapid changes in all spheres of life, which ended in the death of a huge state – the USSR. The article examines the spheres of life that have undergone reform, assesses the points of view of historians describing the economic path of the era. Ways of implementation of economic reforms, plans of government bodies responsible for economic policy and results of reforms are considered. The work denotes the lessons of perestroika and ways to overcome them, as well as the goal of highlighting the economic ideology during the Perestroika years, which affected the further development of Russia. In the course of the study, the author concludes that economic measures became an important part of the era of perestroika and affected the life and economy of the USSR and affected the standard of living of modern Russia.

Key words: mass media, economy, "Prohibition", planning, market mechanism, economic ideology, morals, morality, freedom of speech, reorganization, journalism, new standards, loyalty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.017

M.N. OMETIUKH Postgraduate student of the Department of World History, archeology and methodology of historical science, Faculty of History, Political Science and Law of the Moscow state regional university, Mytishchi, Russia

THE REASONS OF THE SFRY’S DISINTEGRATION IN 1991 IN ASSESSMENTS OF MODERN AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

This article analyses different points of view on reasons of Yugoslavia’s disintegration in 1991. The economic, political, national, international, and personal aspects of this event are considered. For the study, the works of American historians were taken, whose ideas differ from the general judgments of American historiography regarding Yugoslavia. The aim of the work is to investigate the non-standard views of American historians on the process of the collapse of the SFRY. The Balkans are still one of the unstable regions of Europe, the study of an outside view of the history of the region will help to take a different look at the events of the 1980s and 1990s in Yugoslavia. The subject of the study is the approaches of American historians to the study of the factors that brought the collapse of the socialist state "with a human face" closer, which are different from certain views rooted in American historiography.

Key words: Yugoslavia, the SFRY, disintegration, the USA, Historiography, economy, nationalism, socialism, Tito, Milosevic.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.018

O.S. PETROVA Graduate student of the Vologda State University, Vologda, Russia

PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL PERSONNEL FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN NORTH OF RUSSIA IN THE 1920S-1930S

The article presents an analysis of the problems of the formation of pedagogical personnel for educational institutions of the European North of Russia in the 1920s-1930s. The author substantiates the relevance of the topic by increasing the importance in the modern world of the issue of the shortage of teaching staff in the regions and in search of a way out of the current situation considers it appropriate to refer to the historical experience of the 1920s-1930s, when the tasks of the formation of a new Soviet education were solved by filling the shortage of qualified teaching staff, increasing the material provision of teachers, including for the territory of the European Union The North of Russia, which included the Arkhangelsk, Vologda and North Dvina provinces, will avoid mistakes. The author presents a comparative table of the composition of teachers in the USSR by educational qualification for 1920 in comparison with the 1910/1911 academic year, as well as the composition of teachers of the USSR by pedagogical experience. The article also presents the dynamics of changes in the number of education workers in a separate county of the Vologda Oblast: from 1921 to 1927, there was a significant decline. A detailed analysis of the social composition of teachers of schools of the first stage of the Vologda Region at the beginning of the 1930s is carried out and a description of the program of the theoretical course of the North Dvina School of Party and Soviet work for 1923 is given.

In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that solving the problems of personnel shortage among teachers of urban and rural schools, the regional government had to solve several tasks at once. The conclusion also presents a general conclusion that to some extent, the regional authorities of the European North of Russia have managed to reduce the huge gap between the number of employees and the requirements of schools.

Key words: pedagogy, teaching staff, educational institutions, European North, Russian education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.019

A.A. SLEDNEVA Graduate student, Department of the history of the Russian state history, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

SOCIO-CULTURAL STATUS OF THE NOBILITY IN THE SMOLENSK THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY-THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

The presented article examines the social status of the Smolensk nobility in the Smolensk province at the end of the 18th – the first half of the 19th century. Significant and important aspects of the administrative and ideological policy pursued in a given era are highlighted. The management policy, the position of local authorities, the importance of positions occupied in the bureaucracy, the solution of the issue of the management system in the province and districts of the Smolensk region are considered. The characteristic of the bureaucracy and office work is given. The issue of education in the Smolensk province is highlighted, statistical data on educational institutions, the number of students in institutions, and the importance of education for noble families are given. The state of healthcare in the province and the contribution of the nobility to the development of the healthcare system are characterized. The distinctive features of the privileged class in the Smolensk province are revealed.

Key words: Smolensk vicegerency, Smolensk nobility, Smolensk province, nobility, bureaucracy, privileged class, education, legal proceedings, healthcare.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.020

S.V. FILIMONOV Postgraduate Student for Chair of History of Russia and Methodology of Teaching History and Social Science in Ryazan State University Named after S.A. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia

ACTIVITIES OF FACILITIES COMMITTEES AS AN EVOLUTIONAL FACTOR FOR CLASSICAL UPPER-SECONDARY EDUCATION IN RYAZAN GOVERNORATE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE ХХ CENTURY

In the present article we analyze the activities of inner administrative bodies in classical upper-secondary schools aimed at strengthening and development of the educational institutions. The purpose of the study is to reveal the major aspects of the practical functions of the facilities committees: inner financial control; human resourcing; tendering; creating, reinforcing and preservation of facilities.

Scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that the present article is one of very few attempts of finding, generalizing and systematization of historical data about activities of facilities committees in classical upper-secondary schools of Ryazan, and also a complex analysis of the results of those activities.

As a result, the study has proven the positive role of the facilities committees in the development of classical upper-secondary education in Ryazan governorate in the years 1900 to 1918.

Key words: classical upper-secondary school, facilities, instruction, Ryazan governorate, tender, charter, financial control, facilities committee.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.021

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

HYMN TO THE LORD GOD (PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS RESEARCH IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) ARTICLE FOUR

Starting from the content of the Constitutional norm about God (part 2 of Article 67.1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and analyzing the provisions of the Bible, religious-theological and philosophical literature, the author reveals the concepts of God, Hymn to the Lord God and forms of God glorification. Considering these concepts, the process of glorifying God is investigated.

Key words: God, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Bible, Hymn, thank the Lord God.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.022

V.A. BERKOVSKY Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

L.A. TRONINA Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

HISTORY OF THE MECHANICISM PHILOSOPHY AT THE EARLY STAGE OF ITS FORMATION: ANTIQUITY, HELLENISTIC PERIOD, MIDDLE AGES

This article is devoted to the study of the history of the philosophy of mechanism during its formation in ancient philosophical thought, in the form of individual concepts, flourishing in the Hellenistic period and decline in the Middle Ages. The aim of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the mechanistic concept from its origin in pre-Socratic philosophy to its transformation in the Late Middle Ages. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a more detailed study of the origins and historical development of mechanism within the framework of European philosophical thought. The methodological apparatus of this study includes philosophical (general scientific), special-historical and linguistic methods. General scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, deduction, generalization, comparison, comparison, interpretation, explanation, critical, convention. Special-historical methods: narrative, historical-genetic, historical-systemic, ideographic, historical-typological, structural. Linguistic: linguistic observation and description, extraction of linguistic data, comparative linguistic, lexico-semantic, contextual. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results when referring to the philosophy of mechanism in the Early Modern Age, taking into account discoveries in the field of the origins of the formation of this concept. Scientific novelty is due to a new look at the early stage of the formation of the concept of mechanism from the dual position of the history of philosophy – and the philosophy of history. The result of the study was the discovery of the most valuable forms of development of early mechanism within the framework of the analytical approach.

Key words: Antiquity, Hellenism, Middle Ages, mechanism, historical development, human, technology.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.023

F.G. SAFIN Doctor of History, professor, senior research scientist, Institute of Ethnological Studies named after R.G. Kuzeev, Ufa Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; professor, Ufa State Oil Technology University, Ufa, Russia

D.A. KAMALETDINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

F.R. KULSHARIPOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE SOCIAL WELL-BEING OF ETHNIC GROUPS IN MULTINATIONAL BASHKORTOSTAN (ACCORDING TO ETHNOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES)

In this article, based on the data of ethnosociological surveys, on the example of the multinational Republic of Bashkortostan, the dynamics of the socio-economic state of ethnic groups in the conditions of the development of market relations is considered. The transition to a market economy in the early 1990s significantly affected the overall well-being of the population as a whole in the country. It is established that in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the transformational period of transition to a market system was accompanied as a model of the most "soft entry". As such a model, in order to prevent negative social upheavals, the preservation of collective farms and state farms was allowed, public transport became free at the expense of the republic's budget. The transfer or sale of land to private ownership was prohibited. All these measures, it would seem, were supposed to protect the population to a certain extent from "shock therapy" and contribute to a softer adaptation to the conditions of a market economy. It is established that despite the measures taken by the leadership of the country and the republic, the survey data show a significant deterioration in the economic and financial situation of the population of the republic in the mid-1990s. It was revealed that ethnosociological surveys conducted 20 years later showed that more than half of the respondents surveyed noted a significant improvement in the economic and financial situation of their families over the past 10-15 years.

Key words: economy, market relations, social well-being, standard of living, adaptation, financial situation, well-being.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.024

P.V. MENSHIKOV Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Media Policy and Public Relations, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), Moscow, Russia

O.V. MATASOVA Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Translation Studies and Intercultural Communication, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russia

THE SPECIFICS OF PR TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Public relations management is undergoing significant changes due to the innovations brought about by the fourth industrial revolution. Globalization, digitalization and the advancement in artificial intelligence have made it possible to process large amounts of data in the shortest possible time leading to the transformation of the methods and fundamental principles of PR.

The paper aims to analyze those changes in relation to the effectiveness of PR and communication strategies in current economy.

The study reveals that the major trend in public relations at present involves closer interaction between PR and marketing and the increasing role of media communications. The critical factors for successful PR management include the optimal use of the media space. The crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic has become a catalyst for the changes that had already started: reliance on digital communication and growing role of online media. New PR methods shift the focus from conventional corporate communication to client-centric strategies; due to the functionality of new media barriers between consumers and brands are disappearing thus enabling direct dialogue with target audiences in real time. Thus, through new, more flexible tools, the PR industry is evolving from dealing with a purely informative task of maintaining relations with the consumer into a mechanism of strategic planning.

Since new techniques are universally applicable and can be utilized in public relations management of corporate, political, and administrative institutions, as well as commercial and non-profit entities, the study can be of interest for both theoretical and practical purposes.

Key words: PR, public relations, business communication, digitalization, social network, marketing, big data, content, fourth industrial revolution, COVID-19 pandemic.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.025

E.V. KRYUKOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology, Psychology of Management and History State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL PSICHOLOGY AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AS THE LEVELS OF MODERN RUSSIAN POLITICAL CULTURE: CIRCUMSTANCES AND CONTRADICTIONS

The article analyzes the essence and features of political culture as the concept system: "political culture – political consciousness and behavior – political ideology and psychology". The study of political ideology and psychology as the "core" and "field" of political culture is suggested. The features and contradictions of the Russian political culture are characterized in accordance with the described methodological apparatus.

Key words: political ideology, political culture, political behavior, political psychology, political consciousness.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.026

A.S. BARKOVA Master's student at the Faculty of Sociology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

G.B. PRONCHEV Candidate of Physics and Mathematics, Associate Professor of the Department of Modern sociology at the Faculty of Sociology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

MODELING OF OUTBOUNG TOURISM OF RUSSIANS

The article discusses the possibility of making forecasts of tourist trips of Russians abroad based on the information that potential tourists are looking for on the Internet. Historical, natural and artificial tourist resources are analyzed. Based on search queries about historical and natural resources, it was possible to build a predictive model of the tourist outbound flow of Russians. Separately, on the example of the incoming tourist flow, the case of forecasting based on search queries about an artificial tourist resource – the 2018 FIFA World Cup was considered. The article is of interest to specialists dealing with the problems of population mobility and modeling of social processes.

Key words: tourist demand, method of group consideration of arguments, Internet queries, modeling, forecasting, tourist resources.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.027

A.S. ZHOLMANOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science and Political Management Institute of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

V.A. MATVIENKO Candidate of Political Sciences, Senior Research Fellow, Yelets State University I.A. Bunin, Yelets, Russia

M.V. AFONIN Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Faculty for Humanities, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

V.O. GRISHIN Student of the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, Moscow region state university, Moscow, Russia

COUNTERACTION TO CORRUPTION WITHIN THE INSTITUTE OF THE STATE CIVIL SERVICE: TOPICAL ISSUES

The Russian Federation annually shows fairly high indicators of corruption in various ratings published by international anti-corruption organizations. In this sense, the fight against corruption in various spheres does not lose its relevance. In the article, the author examines the features of anti-corruption policy at the present stage, raises topical issues of political and legal counteraction to corruption risks. Special attention is paid to corruption in the public service as a particularly dangerous social phenomenon, and judicial statistics of criminal cases are considered, indicating the growth of the corruption component of public administration. International experience of anti-corruption compliance in the public service system is also considered. According to the author, successful counteraction to corruption components is seen in the implementation of the main international anti-corruption documents in national legislation, in improving the anti-corruption policy, taking into account successful foreign practices.

Key words: anti-corruption policy, corruption, corruption in the public service, state, institution of state power, legal regulation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.028

D.F. KERIMOVA Candidate of Philological Sciences Senior Lecturer of the Department of Print Media of the Department of Journalism of the Faculty of Philology Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia

M.K. RAMAZANOVA Student of the master’s degree at the Department of Print Media of the direction "Political Journalism" of the Journalism Department of the Faculty of Philology Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia

ON THE QUESTION OF THE NATURE OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

The author presents the results of a study of the nature of political leadership in this research. The article deals with the factors influence on the formation of personal qualities of a political leader, in particular, historical, social and psychological. The authors, based on the analysis of the structural components of the characters of political leaders of the twentieth century, come to the conclusion that the factors described by researcher M. Hermann find real confirmation in modern history and play an important role in shaping the image of a political leader.

Key words: leadership, characteristics of the leader, components of political leadership.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.029

A.A. MALAKHOV Head of the Legal Department Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Potato Research Center named after A.G. Lorkh", Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND SIGNS OF THE WELFARE STATE POLICY

The main stages of the formation of the welfare state are analyzed. There are four main periods: the formation of the "minimum welfare state" (until the end of the XIX century; the origin and formation of social insurance systems (1880-1914); the "Golden Age" associated with the growth of social spending of the state (1920s-1970s); the crisis (since the 1970s of the twentieth century). The basic attributive features of the welfare state are highlighted: the introduction and availability of a social insurance system in the state; a significant amount of social expenditures of the state.

Key words: social policy, welfare state, social contract, natural (pre-political) state, social protection.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.030

S.A. BAYKOV Рostgraduate student, Moscow State Regional University, Mytishchi, Russia

POLITICAL SCANDAL AS A TOOL TO CONTROL THE COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT IN RUSSIA'S DOMESTIC POLICY IN THE PERIOD FROM 2015 TO 2019

The article examines the experience of using the scandal as a tool to control the communication environment by the political elite of Russia. The purpose of the study is to determine the benefits of using a political scandal for the authorities, to identify limitations in the area of its application. The following methods were used in the work: event analysis, comparative analysis, content analysis. It is concluded that in the period from 2015 to 2019, the political elite was the main stakeholder in the informational support of scandals, including those against their representatives at the federal and regional levels. In fact, the political scandal in the media landscape was one of the most important directions in the implementation of the state's communication strategy. However, after 2018, the resources needed for regular scandalization of the agenda decreased (first of all, the rating of the authorities decreased), and the events of 2020 forced the elite to abandon this practice as a key one.

Key words: political elite, political scandal, communication, society, mass media.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.031

A.G. TSVIZHBA Post-graduate student of the Department of National and Federative Relations of the Faculty of International Regional Studies and Regional Management of the Institute of Public Administration and Administration of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA: ETHNIC AND NATIONAL

The article considers problems of ethnic identities in strengthening the national unity of the Russian Federation. Analyzed the main directions of national policy in a multinational society, which are designed to stabilize: political, ideological, social and economic processes in the modern Russia. The possibilities of the emergence of new political realities in the context of changing relations between ethnic identities and national identity are analyzed. The findings suggest that inadmissible for the values of large and small ethnic groups to be lost while strengthening and cultivating the foundations of national identity.

Key words: ethnic, national, national-ethnic policy, ethnic minorities, identity, national flavor, ethno-religious characteristics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.032

E.G. KRYLOVA Graduate student, the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia

INFLUENCE OF INTERVIEWS WITH POLITICAL LEADERS ON THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC OPINION

The article attempts to consider a political interview as part of a political and ideological media content. Currently, there is an intensive development and transformation of the model and format of political interview widely used in the Soviet period by implementing and developing a political and propaganda system in conducted political interviews. The purpose of any modern political interview is the need to explain, clarify and promote to a wide audience any specific and specific political idea and political program. Any political leader within the framework of a political interview also actively seeks to form an image of his party, which he represents and whose program he promotes among the audience of the interview. The ultimate goal of a political interview is to reach mutual understanding with the public on important issues related to domestic and foreign policy issues. In addition, the article will study the features of a political interview, determine the respondent's intentions and analyze the language strategies by which they are achieved.

Key words: politics, political leader, influencers, interviews, public opinion.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.033

A.G. LAZEBNIK Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Theory of Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CORRELATIONS IN THE TRAJECTORIES OF POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS "DEMOCRACY – SEMI-DEMOCRACY" AND "SEMI-DEMOCRACY – DEMOCRACY"

The article considers correlations of structural indicators and trajectories of political transformations «democracy – semi-democracy» and «semi-democracy – democracy». The «comparative points of aggregate correlations» in both trajectories are compared. This allows to consider the general and different in the dynamics of indicators. the article draws a conclusion about the nature of connection of each indicator with the trajectory of political transformation on this basis. A number of indicators are associated with different directions of political transformation. Other indicators in both trajectories are related to one direction of political transformation. Possible interpretations of the relationship with political transformations are formulated for indicators of different directions and one. The ranking on the strength of communication allowed to identify a set of the most important indicators. According to preliminary data, indicators related to the different directions of transformation are related to organic development. Indicators related to one direction of transformation relate to public administration.

Key words: trajectories of political transformation, transformation of the political regime, indicators of political transformation, theory of transits.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.034

A.N. PAPCHENKOVA Postgraduate student of the Department of philosophy of politics and law, Faculty of Philosophy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

A TURN IN POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STUDIES IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The article analyzes leadership studies that have revolutionized the approach to the study of political leaders. The paper considers the work of J. Hemphill, contributing to the emergence of follower theory and situational theories in which context and followers are key moderators of leaders' behavior. The importance of studying the perception necessary for a qualitative and prospective study of political leadership is noted.

Key words: political leadership, follower theory, situational theories, perception.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.035

M.B. PONYAVINA PhD., associate to Professor, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

BUSINESS INVOLVEMENT INTO THE STATE EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

The article is devoted to the analysis of relations between the state and business in the field of formation of practice-oriented education. The key role of business in this process is to work together with universities to create special conditions in enterprises that allow students to gain practical skills of their future profession.

Key words: state educational policy, business involvement in education, practice-oriented education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.036

A.S. BUROV Consultant of the Department of state policy in the field of interethnic relations, Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs of the Russian Federation; Postgraduate student, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT ASPECTS OF THE STATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE NORTH IN MODERN RUSSIA

The article deals with aspects of the Russian state policy sustainable development of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. The main content of the study is an overview of the theoretical views of modern political science on the concept of sustainable development, as well as the features of its practical implementation in the context of Russia's national policy towards the indigenous peoples of the North. The purpose of the study is to analyze the supranational formation of sustainable development ideas, as well as their practical implementation in Russia in relation to the indigenous peoples.

The objectives of the study are to analyze the formation of the concept of sustainable development, theoretical views on the problems of the international community's transition to the principles of sustainability, the current state of the domestic policy of sustainable development of the indigenous peoples, the concept of sustainable development of the indigenous peoples, as well as a review of political technologies on their socio-economic and ethno-cultural development on the territory of Russia. The study is based on the analysis of scientific sources containing information on the issues of sustainable development, as well as open sources of executive authorities, regulations of the Federal and regional level, regulating the national policy in the field of sustainable development of the indigenous peoples.

The main scientific method in this study is an interdisciplinary method. A review of the current state of the policy of sustainable development of the indigenous peoples of the North, the concept of sustainable development of the indigenous peoples of the North, as well as modern political mechanisms for their socio-economic and ethno-cultural development was also carried out. The activity of state bodies of federal and regional significance, as well as municipal authorities on the territory of 28 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, was analyzed where the indigenous peoples live.

The results of this study can be used when forming recommendations for public authorities, whose competence includes the implementation of national policy.

Key words: sustainable development, indigenous peoples of the North, Arctic, national policy.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.037

A.N. MIKHAYLENKO Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Chairman, International security and Russian foreign policy chair at the Department of national security, Institute of law and national security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA'S SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION IN UKRAINE: COINCIDENCE OR REGULARITY?

The article substantiates regularity of Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine. It is associated with the need to ensure Russia's national security in the process of forming a new world order. The regularities of changing world orders, the reasons why Ukraine has become the spearhead of the Western anti-Russian policy, signs of Ukraine's loss of subjectivity in world politics and the system of mastering of Ukrainian territory by the United States, the European Union and NATO are considered. The course of special operation in accordance with the goals set is analyzed and the author's view on the prospects for development of Ukrainian society as a result of this operation is offered.

Key words: special military operation, Donbass, demilitarization, denazification, world order, USA, NATO, European Union, Ukraine, DPR, LPR, differentiation, federalization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.038

K.V. ARSHIN PhD in Philosophy, Scientific Secretary of Russian Potato Research Centre, Lyubertsy, Russia

EXPERIENCE OF USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES BY FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ACCELERATE THE PROCESS OF ADAPTATION OF FOREIGN CITIZENS

Digital technologies are increasingly penetrating into the daily life of a person, as well as into the processes of managing society and the state. The migration sphere is the area where the interests of society and the state directly collide. And it is not surprising that the digitalization of this area is one of the priorities of state policy. The article discusses the experience of digitalization of the migration sphere by developed countries. It is noted that digitalization helps to assess migration flows (external and internal), but one of the main areas of its application is the adaptation of foreign citizens to the conditions of the host society. It is digitalization that provides mechanisms that help the least traumatic entry of a migrant into the society of the recipient country.

Key words: migration, digitalization, adaptation, integration, supervision.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.039

A.A. ELOVIK Postgraduate student, Faculty of History, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA IN MODERN MILITARY AND POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

This article analyzes the interpretation of the image of the Russian Federation in two main segments of the defense discourse of the Republic of Belarus. This discourse is segmented into pro-Russian and pro-Western. The main conclusion that allows us to draw a discourse analysis of these segments is that the image of Russia and its Armed Forces is modeled and transmitted to the Belarusian society depending on the geopolitical orientations of the actors of the Belarusian defense discourse. A separate emphasis in the article is placed on the fact that the widespread dichotomy “pro-Russian authorities/anti-Russian opposition” in relation to modern Belarus is not always politically correct. The palette of the Belarusian view of Russia is more complex, which is clearly demonstrated by the example of the defense discourse that exists today in Belarus.

Key words: Belarus, Byelorussia, Russia, Lukashenko, opposition, military cooperation, Union State, CSTO.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.040

E.T. ESIEV Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University, M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

GAMIFICATION AS AN ONLINE INSTRUMENT OF CONFLICT MOBILIZATION

The phenomenon of protest gamification is a new tool of conflict mobilization Internet technologies, the importance of studying which is determined by the fundamental legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring the internal security of the state. The actual use of this tool during the protests in Hong Kong in 2019 indicates the possibility of its use in Russia as well. The purpose of this article is to study the very phenomenon of protest gamification, identify the main risks from its use, and also propose methods to counter it. The authors of the article studied this phenomenon, revealed its evolution and distribution in various areas of public life, such as the learning process, information activities, public administration, as well as the political sphere of public life. In addition, the main risks from its use are identified, such as strengthening the “crowd effect”, reducing the possibilities for a rational analysis of what is happening by the protesters, attracting citizens who want to take part in the game, and not to protect their political rights and freedoms. Also, the authors of the article proposed mechanisms for leveling the threat from the use of the protest gamification phenomenon. Among them is the impact on the rules and goals of the game, the change of which will lead to a loss of interest in participating on the part of the protesters.

Key words: gamification, conflict mobilization, political mobilization, protest, internet, Hong Kong.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.041

O.N. BASOV Postgraduate student of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

LINK OF LOBBYING ACTIVITY OF NGOS WITH INTERESTS OF ELITE GROUPS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ENERGY AND CLIMATE POLICY IN THE MODERN USA)

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) over the past decades have become as important participants in the political and lobbying process as politicians, officials, official lobbying agencies and commercial companies. Elite groups actively use the activities of such organizations in order to influence the political course of the state. Due to the importance of civil society and public opinion in the electoral process, NGOs play a special role in the modern United States of America. At the same time, the activity of NGOs in one of the most pressing conflicts of the decade – between climate activists and oil and gas companies – is especially important. Understanding the links and private interests behind NGOs helps not only to identify lobbying efforts disguised as socially useful activities, but also to rethink the role of such organizations in general, including in Russia. The purpose of this study is to build a general model of the links between the interests of elite groups and the lobbying activity of NGOs on the example of energy and climate policy in the modern United States. The object of the study is the lobbying activity of NGOs. The subject of the study is the link between the lobbying activity of NGOs with the interests of elite groups on the example of energy and climate policy in the modern United States. As part of the study, the author analyzes the commercial, political and other ties of the most active pro-climate and pro-fossil NGOs in the modern United States, verifying the general model in which the lobbying activity of NGOs corresponds to the interests of the elite groups behind them.

Key words: lobbying, United States of America, non-profit organizations, NPOs.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.042

A.V. POPOV Graduate Student in Political Science at Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia

RELATIONS BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE EU ENERGY UNION IN THE FIELD OF ENSURING ENERGY SECURITY (POLITICAL ASPECT)

This article attempts to analyze the relationship between Turkey and the EU energy union in the field of energy security. The problem of conducting an energy dialogue with the aim of integrating Turkey's energy markets with the EU and focusing on the development of an interconnected electricity and gas market, the synchronization of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency policies and climate change was studied. It is concluded that Turkey today makes an important contribution to improving the energy security of the region and has acquired the status of a leading player in the energy supply market in the EU, which allows it to position itself as a significant political factor in the region. However, it lags behind in transposing EU energy legislation and implementing market liberalization reforms. It also points out that in an attempt to reduce its dependence on foreign energy imports, Turkey needs to further develop its renewable energy market, which is currently underinvested and limited by an ineffective regulatory framework for economic incentives. Partly for this and to define the relationship with the EU in the field of energy security, a new energy initiative is needed that meets the requirements of the energy security of the EU and Turkey. Such an initiative would require common diplomacy to open up new sources of energy in the Caspian Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East. In addition, a common political will be needed to integrate into regional markets through investment in cross-border energy infrastructure and synchronization of the regulatory framework.

Key words: energy security, energy efficiency, Turkey, energy union, energy goals.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.043

ZHAO LU PhD student at the department of comparative political science Faculty of Political Science of the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

IMPACT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER

The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is the biggest crisis in Europe in the 21st century. This is not just a conflict between Russia and Ukraine or between Russia and the West, it is also a major event that has influenced the transformation of the international order, changing the geopolitical model in Eurasia and rethinking key issues in world affairs in the 21st century.

The article describes the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and predicts its impact on the international political order, the security order and the international economic order. The decline of the international order led by the US and the West was also considered.

The results of the study allow us to assert that in the short term the Russian-Ukrainian conflict will not lead to the collapse of the post-war international order. In the long term, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine could have a significant impact on the global economy and political order. On the one hand, although a new international order has not yet been established, the global economic and political order is being restructured, which also makes it possible to rethink the process of globalization and deglobalization. On the other hand, in these years, confrontation and security issues continue to undermine peace and development, groups with different interests constantly compete for new dominant positions, and conflicts, rivalries and de-globalization trends become more and more evident.

Key words: russian-ukrainian conflict, international order, western sanctions, european security, international economic order, hemonism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.044

A.S. KIYANSKAYA Postgraduate student of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF THE IPC IN SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF RUSSIAN GERMANS

The proposed publication discusses the role of the Intergovernmental Russian-German Commission for a comprehensive solution of the accumulated issues of Russian Germans in ensuring a comfortable stay for representatives of the German ethnic group on the territory of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the original purpose of the existence of the IPC is the gradual restoration of the autonomy of the "Russian Germans", but in fact the Commission has become a body to ensure the most favorable return of ethnic Germans to their historical homeland. The author reveals the factors that became barriers to the creation of German autonomies: 1) the negative attitude of the Russian population towards isolated ethnic formations on the Volga; 2) deterioration of the socio-economic situation in Russia due to the collapse of the Soviet Union; 3) encouragement of repatriation sentiments on the part of the German government; 4) an incomparably higher standard of living in the historical homeland. According to the author, both the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany were not interested in creating autonomies, despite the goals of the IPC declared at the end of the last century, moreover, both sides legally and practically supported the return of ethnic Germans to their historical homeland. The current trend in solving the problem of “Russian Germans” is the reorientation of Russian-German activities towards joint business in densely populated areas in order to develop human capital among those ethnic Germans who do not intend to repatriate. At the end of the article, it is said that the IPC has now become an important tool for relieving social tension, coordinating and regulating the efforts of the two countries aimed at reviving and developing the socio-economic and cultural base of the German ethnos in Russia and the successful integration of immigrants in Germany.

Key words: "Russian Germans", MPK, Soviet Union, Russian Federation, Germany, autonomization, repatriation, Volga region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.045

YUE RUISHUANG PhD student, International Relations and World Politics Department, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

THE IMPACT OF THE BIDEN ADMINISTRATION ON THE STRATEGIC COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES

The Biden administration has inherited the Trump administration's notion that China is a major strategic competitor. Competition is the core concept of the Biden administration's view of China, the organizing principle of its China policy. However, in terms of competition methods, the Biden administration and the Trump administration have important differences, such as a greater focus on improving the competitiveness of the United States itself, greater use of the alliance system and multilateral mechanisms, an emphasis on "smart competition", and not excluding the necessary cooperation with China. The Biden administration's strategic competition with China will be tempered by a number of internal and external factors. In the new situation, China will better cope with the strategic competition from the United States, and guide and shape the increasingly competitive bilateral relationship. In the coming years, Sino-US relations will develop mainly in three interactive modes: competition and cooperation, competition and competition-conflict.

Key words: Biden administration, China-US relations, strategic competition, conflict resolution, sustainable development.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.85.4.046

A.YU. KOZHIEV Master of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

A.S. BABENKO Master of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

A.R. IAMALIEV Master of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

APPLICATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF METHODS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF PROTESTS IN KAZAKHSTAN

The paper provides a theoretical and practical justification for using an integrated approach that combines several quantitative and qualitative methods to solve foreign policy problems and analyze various political processes and phenomena. According to the authors of this research work, it is possible to combine several methods for the analysis of political, social, economic and other indicators to obtain reliable results. However, this work does not pretend to be an absolute completeness of the presentation, since it is only a review of the ideas and results of a relatively new interdisciplinary scientific direction.

Key words: protests in Kazakhstan, geopolitics, content analysis, situation analysis, information gathering, data structure.

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