Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 12. Issue 1 (82), 2022
CONTENTS
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
STUDENT SCIENCE
REFLECTIONS ON READING
Slizovskiy D.E., Medvedev N.P. Afterword by Reviewers to the Article by A.P. Tonkikh “Historical Patterns of the Consequences of a Long Stay in Power of the First Person of the Country”
CONFERENCE
Syzdykova Zh.S. International Scientific and Practical Conference Dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of the Battle of Moscow
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.001
T.N. IVANOVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia
E.A. OMELCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
ETHNIC DIVERSITY OF RUSSIA END XX – BEGINNING XXI CENTURY: TO ASPECTS OF THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
In the modern conditions of globalization and internationalization of culture, the problems of the development of ethnic groups and the preservation of their originality acquire special relevance. There is a need for an adequate response to the emerging challenges, which, on the one hand, are associated with threats of assimilation and Westernization, and on the other, with the danger of growing nationalist sentiments and a tendency towards isolationism. Therefore, it is important to study the historical experience of interaction between nationalities in the conditions of the centuries-old functioning of a multi-ethnic society that has formed within the framework of Russian statehood. It is rather difficult to study the peculiarities of the development of ethnic groups living on the territory of Russia in the late XX - early XXI centuries. For this, scientists turn to the theoretical and methodological base, which in recent years has often been interdisciplinary in nature. Nevertheless, when analyzing the ethnic diversity of Russia, one should, first of all, adhere to the fundamental principles of historical science (historicism, objectivity, etc.). The scientific and theoretical basis of the problem should also be based on special scientific methods of cognition, which are the main means of solving research problems. These include comparative historical, statistical and other methods. At the same time, the methods of sociocultural, ethnological, historical and anthropological analysis should also be used. The problem of ethnic diversity in Russia at the end of XX – beginning of XXI century is largely associated with migration processes, the formation of enclave groups that require separate study, taking into account the emerging ethno-confessional conflicts and processes of intercultural adaptation. When revealing the development of the diversity of ethnic groups, methodological approaches to key concepts and terms (acculturation, socio-cultural adaptation, integration) are also important. Any study of ethnic groups, their mutual influence and integration prompts the appeal to such a concept as "national mentality", which has different approaches to its definition. Without taking into account the national mentality, it is rather difficult to study the ethnic diversity of Russia, especially in the difficult period of social changes and active integration interaction at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. In the Conclusion of the article, the authors come to the conclusion that, when studying the diversity of ethnic groups living on the territory of Russia, first of all, it is important to determine the methodology, terminology and conceptual apparatus. The opinion of the scientific world can help the development and implementation of a competent national policy in the country, orienting towards the formulation of a list of necessary measures and an indication of the target audience to which these measures should be directed.
Key words: ethnic diversity, nationality policy, Russia in the late XX – early XXI century, theoretical and methodological analysis, terminology, concepts of apparatus.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.002
S.V. GALDOBINA Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor, Professor of department of history, At the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
D.N. PIMENOV Adjunct of department of history, At the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
CONCERNING THE QUESTION OF MUSLIM COMMANDING PERSONNEL TRAINING RELEVANCE IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN ARMY
The article discusses relevant military national commanding personnel training development aspects in the city of Kazan during the evolvement of the Soviet Army. It is shown that commanding courses played a significant role in the victory of the Red Army during the Civil War. The great contribution of the courses to the system of military education of the Soviet Republic was noted. Commanding personnel training experience at Muslim commanding courses, despite the relatively short functioning term, can be applied in modern conditions within training commanding personnel for the Russian Armed Forces and other security services.
Key words: national security, Russian Armed Forces, war in Syria, Muslim military personnel, national formations, commanding personnel, training, Kazan Muslim infantry commanding courses, Kazan Muslim cavalry commanding courses.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.003
K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, professor Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia
A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
ACTUAL FOLKLORE AND FOLK POETRY OF THE STAVROPOL COSSACKS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY
This article is devoted to the study of the most relevant forms of folklore, songs of the Cossacks of the Stavropol Territory, formed or adapted in the first half of the 20th on the basis of the materials of the State Archives of the Stavropol Territory. The relevance of the research topic lies in the need for a private study of the song tradition of the Stavropol Cossacks in the framework of expanding the understanding of the spiritual culture of the North Caucasian region (1918-1937s) and Ordzhonikidze region (1937-1943s). The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of using the materials of the work in the further study of the folklore of individual villages and cities of Stavropol during the formation of the USSR and the first five-year plans. The methodological component of the research allows using the main results when conducting classes on «History of Russia of the XX century» in a higher educational institution. During the study, we used the following methods. General scientific: interpretation, analysis and synthesis of data, inductive method, deductive method, comparison. Special-historical methods: the narrative method, the historical-comparative method, the historical-typological method, the structural method, the historical-systemic method, the method of historical periodization, the reconstructive method, the retrospective method, the historical-dynamic method, the method of diachronic analysis, the method of actualizing historical knowledge. Sociological methods: document analysis, ideal types method. Based on the totality of the methods used, we adhere to a sociocultural approach. The result of the study was to determine the role of the actual folklore and song culture of the Stavropol Cossacks in the formation of a new socio-cultural system in the 1920-1930s.
Key words: Stavropol, Cossacks, folklore, song, actualization, adaptation, theme.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.004
O.V. YAGUDINA PhD (Historical), Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
E.F. TOMINA PhD (Pedagogical), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
OLD BELIEVERS AND THE STATE: THE HISTORY OF RELATIONS IN THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER II
The basic principles of confessional policy were laid down throughout the XVIII century, when our state, which had grown significantly geographically, became a multinational and multi-confessional empire.
The purpose of this study is to trace how various laws adopted in the period of the 60-80s in the Russian Empire influenced the lives of Old Believers.
The task of the study is to determine how the legislative framework of the Russian Empire has changed in relation to the life of Old Believers.
The research is based on classical methods of historical science: comparative historical, retrospective.
It can be concluded that the results of the Era of "Great Reforms in the period 1855-1881 did not significantly change the social conditions among which millions of Old Believers had to live. For the schismatics, they still remained pre-reform. Persecution was no longer systematic, as under Nicholas I, but exile and arrest for religious crimes were quite common.
Persecution was no longer systematic, as under Nicholas I, but exile and arrest for religious crimes were quite common.
The determining factors in the evolution of religious movements in the second half of the XIX century were "the growth of capitalism and the bourgeoisie and the emancipation of the peasantry in 1861." The first factor contributed to the "final crystallization of the Old Believer bourgeois church," which began to compete successfully with the official church. The second factor, which accelerated social differentiation in the peasant world, led to the emergence of new religious systems and forms. The two main Old Believer organizations remained the main ones: the Rogozhsky Popovsky union and the Pomeranian Bespopov consent. The Old Believers of the Rogozhsky Cemetery possessed powerful economic resources. This organization, formed during the reign of Catherine II, eventually became the center of the Belokrinitsky Accord. Community ties were used for commercial purposes. The Popovtsy of the central and Volga chernozem provinces supported the grain trade, and the Don and Ural popovtsy engaged in the fish trade.
Key words: politics, legislation, church, orthodoxy, schismatics, old believers.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.005
V.F. POKASOV Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
I.A. ANUPRIENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
G.I. MALYAVINA Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
HISTORICAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL CONCEPTS OF THE FIVE HELINIST SCHOOLS
This article is devoted to the analysis of historicisms, historical concepts, theories and concepts in the Hellenistic philosophical tradition. The course of the research is based on establishing the peculiarities of understanding history, the historical process by representatives of the five classical schools of the Hellenistic era. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a private study of the historical concepts of cynicism, skepticism, epicureanism, stoicism and neoplatonism as a philosophical reflection on the specifics of the development of the Hellenistic world. The practical significance is due to the possibility of using the materials of the work in the further study of historical concepts that were formed in the Hellenistic period. In the methodological aspect, the materials of the work are of interest for analyzing the essence, features and main directions of understanding the Hellenistic society by popular writers and philosophers. Scientific novelty is expressed in a new look at historicisms in the categories of Hellenistic philosophy as independent concepts, the essence of which was an attempt to comprehend changes in the surrounding world, a synthesis of Eastern and European values. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the historical concepts of representatives of the classical Hellenistic schools of kinism, skepticism, epicureanism, stoicism and neoplatonism. The result of this research is a detailed study of all key historicisms, historical concepts that have formed and entrenched in the Hellenistic world.
Key words: history, concept, cynicism, skepticism, epicureanism, stoicism, neoplatonism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.006
S.A. SATSUTA Candidate of the Department of History of the Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia
THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE RED ARMY IN 1918-1920 (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)
The author of the article examines the regulatory framework and organizational structure of cultural and educational work in the Red Army in 1918-1920, analyzes the problems of eliminating illiteracy among the Red Army soldiers of military units stationed on the territory of the Middle Volga region, reveals the difficulties in solving the tasks. Realizing that the success of the political education of the Red Army depends on the educational and cultural level of the personnel, the political and military leadership has done a lot of work to eliminate illiteracy and improve the educational level of the Red Army. It is concluded that the leaders of the young Soviet republic understood that without the adoption of appropriate regulatory documents, it is impossible to create a system of cultural and educational work in the army, to consolidate in it the main areas of activity not only in the field of training, but also the education of personnel.
Key words: Red Army, Volga Military District, Simbirsk garrison, regulatory framework, cultural and educational work, literacy schools, Red Army soldiers, cultural level.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.007
L.M. ILIASOV Candidate of Philology, Doctoral student, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Science Moscow, Russia
ON INTERCONNECTION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS OF THE PEOPLE LIVED IN THE MOUNTAINOUS PART OF CHECHNYA IN THE MEDIEVAL CENTURIES
The article is devoted to the issues of the relationship between the architectural forms of medieval buildings in Chechnya with the religious and mythological ideas of its population. This interdependence was typical for many regions of the world and persisted for a long time, in some cases leading to the conservation of certain traditions of folk architecture. Since ancient times, a person has tried to protect his home not only from external danger, but also from hostile forces hidden in the natural element, which has always caused fear in him. For this, he used certain technologies and sacred symbols. Ancient agricultural cults of heaven and earth, four cardinal points, four elements, four seasons had a significant impact on the specifics of architectural structures, not only religious buildings, but also dwellings and fortifications.
Key words: medieval architecture, religious cults, magic, Chechen people, towers, cult buildings, tomb monuments, petrogliphs.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.008
K.V. VOSKOBOINIKOVA Graduate, Moscow City University Institute of Humanities, Department of Russian History, Moscow, Russia
INFLUENCE OF THE CIVIL WAR ON THE FATES AND VIEWS OF THE SCHENOVEKHOVSHIELD
The article examines the impact of the civil war on Russian political emigration taking “smenovekhovstvo” as an example. “Smenovehovstvo” is a unique phenomenon. Even though the main representatives of the trend have left their homeland and were forced to move to other countries, they did not join the anti-Bolshevik struggle. The impact of the civil war on the ideological and political foundations of the “smenovekhovstvo” is enormous, the civil war has become a turning point in the minds of the Smenovekhovites. Largely under the influence of the civil war, the Smenovekhovites became the exponents of all their ideas.
Key words: Civil War, smenovekhovstvo (translation: change of milestones), Smenovekhovites, N.V. Ustryalov, N.G. Dikoi, Russian political emigration, National Bolshevism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.009
I.A. SOSHKO Senior Lecturer at the Department of Financial Law, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia
HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC IN THE 1990S
Modern conditions of the economic life of the Russian state are inextricably linked with entrepreneurial activity. With the recognition of entrepreneurship as an important tool for social transformation, the number of publications on this issue has increased dramatically. But in order for small business to become a real strategic resource, it is necessary to correctly understand and adequately evaluate its essence and stages of formation. In this regard, it is very important to understand the history of the formation and development of small business, the roots of which go back to the late 1980s – 1990s. More clearly, this process can be traced within a particular region of the country, such as, in particular, the Chuvash Republic. During this period, there was a dynamic growth of small business in the Russian Federation and the Chuvash Republic. It should be noted that already in 1988, 3.4 thousand people in Chuvashia were engaged in self-employment. There was an active work on the modernization of the legislative base in the field of economic development of the country. In the 1990s legislative documents had a more systematic and accessible nature of presentation. Thus, in 1996, a new version of the Law of the Chechen Republic "On state support for small businesses in the Chuvash Republic" and the Law of the Chechen Republic "On the introduction in the Chuvash Republic of a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting for small businesses" were adopted. Also, in 1996, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic "On approval of measures for the development and revival of traditional arts and crafts of the Chuvash Republic for 1997-1999" was adopted. Along with individual labor activity, cooperation has become the main way to legalize entrepreneurial activity. By the spring of 1989, almost 400 cooperatives were operating in Chuvashia. From 1992 to 1995, the number of small enterprises in Chuvashia increased almost 1.8 times; the number of people employed in small business in 1995 amounted to about 41.5 thousand people. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that what in the 1990s. The contribution of small business to the economy of the Chuvash Republic has become more and more significant every year. This was manifested both in absolute terms – an increase in the total number of small businesses and the number of employees working in this area, and in relative terms – an increase in the share of employees of small enterprises in the total number of people employed in the economy of the republic.
Key words: economic history, small business, Chuvash Republic, public administration.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.010
E.A. OMELCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
ISSUES OF INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS INTO RUSSIAN SOCIETY BY MEANS OF EDUCATION: REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN THE EARLY 2000S
The versatility of the problem of adaptation and integration of migrants of other ethnicities by means of education encourages researchers to delve deeper into certain aspects of the topic. Migration processes that came to the post-Soviet period of Russia's development have taken a special place in publications of a historical and ethnographic orientation. A wide range of scientific papers and different points of view of scientists on the problem allows the author of the article to highlight a number of thematic blocks. The first block of historiography concerns the primary development of the methodology and conceptual apparatus within the framework of the chosen subject. The second one is devoted to the problem of the impact of migration on demographic development and political and legal aspects taking place in individual countries and in the world as a whole as a result of the influence of migration processes. The third block of studies is devoted to the problem of interaction between foreign migrants and the host society from the point of view of its potential for conflict. The fourth block of research is aimed at studying the issues of adaptation and integration of migrants depending on the purpose of their stay in a new place of residence. The fifth block of historiography includes studies that consider the adaptation strategies of migrants in the context of broader problems of the state's migration policy. The sixth block includes works centered on the issue of interethnic tolerance, the formation and correction of ethnic stereotypes and attitudes of civic identity, closely linked to the solution of issues of adaptation and integration of migrants of other ethnicities. The seventh block includes studies, the main purpose of which is the analysis and generalization of international experience in the field of integration of ethnic migrants. The eighth block includes the works of specialists in the field of pedagogy and highlights the problems of the so-called "migration pedagogy".
Key words: historiography, migration, integration of migrants, Russian society, educational means.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.011
K.G. MORGUNOV Graduate student, the Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia
FEATURES OF THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN SPACE BY THE BOLSHEVIKS IN 1918-1921 ON THE EXAMPLE OF MOSCOW
Right after October 1917, the Bolshevik party took up reforms that directly affected both the people themselves and the urban space. This period characterized by extraordinary energy in solving the assigned goals on the part of the authorities. However, this energy has not always contributed to the acceleration in the implementation of regulations. In this article, we tried to consider the process of the Bolsheviks' development of physical urban space using the example of Moscow, drawing on the archival documents of the district Soviets.
Key words: Moscow, everyday life, Civil war, physical space, municipalization.
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.012
L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia
HYMN TO THE LORD GOD (PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS RESEARCH IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) Article One
Starting from the content of the Constitutional norm about God (part 2 of Article 67' of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and analyzing the provisions of the Bible, religious-theological and philosophical literature, the author reveals the concepts of God, Hymn to the Lord God and forms of God glorification. Considering these concepts, the process of glorifying God is investigated.
Key words: God, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Bible, Hymn, thank the Lord God.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.013
A.B. ANANCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Director of the Institute of History and Politics of the Moscow Pedagogical State University, Head of the Department of Contemporary Russian History of the Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
A.P. GLUKHOV PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and methods of teaching economics, Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia
E.R. NIKULIN Master's student at the Institute of History and Politics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
FEATURES OF THE CIVIL WORLD VIEW OF THE YOUTH OF THE ROSTOV REGION: VALUE PROFILE AND THE SPECIFICITY OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
The article is devoted to the study of the features of value preferences and acceptable forms of political participation of the youth of the Rostov region. With the help of a hybrid model of methods of in-depth interviews and focus group surveys, we have identified the value attitudes of this age category in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the socio-political needs of young people, as well as the motives and scenarios of political participation that are acceptable to them. When implementing the developed methodology, the following features of the studied age group were revealed: its homogeneity, predominantly apolitical and conventional format of interaction within the framework of political activity.
Key words: age group, Rostov region, political behavior, value orientations, socio-political request, protest activity.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.014
A.P. TONKIKH Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Methods of Primary Education and Pedagogical Management, Bryansk State University named after Academician I.G. Petrovsky, Bryansk, Russia
HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF A LONG STAY IN POWER OF THE FIRST PERSON OF THE COUNTRY
The article studies the historical patterns of succession of the first person of the country. Special attention is paid to the situation in the country after a long reign of the first person (tsar, emperor, president, prime minister, general secretary of the party, etc.). Based on the analyzed historical facts, it is concluded that there is a law of historical development which can be entitled: “The law on the consequences of a long stay in power of the first person of the country.” The essence of the law is as follows. After a long reign of one person, there comes either a “leapfrog of power” (frequent change of top officials), an instability of the political system: mass popular unrests of a political or economic nature (strikes, armed riots, pogroms, and uprisings), or even a civil war. Some of the consequences of such a rule may manifest themselves in parallel, that is, simultaneously, and some sequentially one after the other.
Key words: historical facts, the first person of the country, stay in power, regularity.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.015
A.B. ANANCHENKO PhD in History, Director of the Institute of History and Politics Moscow Pedagogical State University, Head of the Department of Modern Russian History Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
A.P. GLUKHOV PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Methods of Teaching Economics, Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia
POLITICAL YOUTH TRACKS: IMAGES OF THE FUTURE, POLITICAL ACTIVISM, LOYALTY AND PROTEST (ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE WESTERN SIBERIAN REGION)
In recent years in Russia, young people have declared themselves as an independent political force, possessing a certain political subjectivity and showing visible political activism. The article is devoted to the description of value attitudes, political values and images of the political future in the minds of young people in their influence on political activism, political participation and political mobilization ranging from political loyalty to political protest in the region of Western Siberia. The moderators used “soft” methods of qualitative research, primarily focus groups, as well as in-depth interviews, allowing to hear the authentic “voice” of young people themselves. Young people living in Tomsk and Novosibirsk took part in focus groups and in-depth interviews. According to the results of the study, with a significant demand of young people for political change and transformation and potentially high political activism, limited participation was noted mainly in ceremonial forms of political involvement. The consensus characteristics of the supposed socio-political image of the future for young people is the symbiosis of Soviet and liberal projects, tradition and innovation, values of freedom and order, ideas of social justice and legal equality. Contrary to the media image of “protesting youth,” the segment of millennials dissatisfied with the government who are ready to take active protest actions is small. A significant increase in the ceremonial political involvement of young people does not automatically lead to an increase in real political activism in conventional forms. A serious barrier is the lack of any mass experience of social and civic activism and the scarcity of formats of legal political participation, as well as social lifts for young people offered by the elites of society. Ensuring the political loyalty of young people through great opportunities for political involvement and participation in significant decision-making as an alternative to unconventional political protest is an urgent strategic task of the authorities and political elites.
Key words: youth, political activism, political participation, images of the future, political loyalty, protest activity.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.016
E.G. KRYLOVA Graduate student, the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia
INTERVIEWS OF POLITICIANS WITH BLOGGERS
In modern Russia, bloggers and social networks have recently become perceived by politicians as a tool for promoting their political program and shaping the image of the party. The basis for the development of interest in social networks among politicians is the development of such a direction as influencers – bloggers who have a large number of subscribers and admirers who are committed to the opinion of the blogger himself and support him in his views and beliefs. At the same time, the most effective way of political propaganda through bloggers is to conduct open interviews with leaders of political parties. At the same time, one of the main features of using bloggers for politicians is that bloggers will interview only representatives of opposition parties and opposition politicians, since the ruling and dominant parties and their representatives are not ready for provocative questions that, as it turned out, come from bloggers in interviews, as well as questions that undermine the authority of the ruling party, which in turn is due to the unwillingness to engage in dialogue with the people on new platforms.
Key words: politics, public PR, influencers, influencer marketing, blogger, interview.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.017
D.D. TARASOCHKINA Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
E.S. ZRYAEVA Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
E.E. NECHAY Academic Advisor, Candidate of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
VOLUNTEERING IN POLITICAL PARTIES: THE EXAMPLE OF THE POLITICAL PARTY «NEW PEOPLE»
Volunteer activity is one of the forms of manifestation of civic activity, which can become an impulse for the development of civil society in modern Russia. Political volunteering is an important direction in the implementation of the youth policy of the Russian Federation, people with an active civic position, initiative, possessing certain internal characteristics (a positive outlook on life, orientation to social values, kindness, sociability, responsibility) realize themselves in it. That is why the question arises about the need to develop social activity of young people in the form of political volunteering. The purpose of the study is to examine the practice of volunteering in political parties on the example of the regional headquarters of the party "New People" in Primorsky Krai. In the course of the work, the following tasks were performed: the regulatory and legal regulation of volunteering in the Russian Federation was analyzed, the structure and practice of volunteering in the regional branch of the political party "New People" was considered. The authors used systemic and structural-functional approaches to determine the essence, functions and prospects of political volunteering. The analysis of volunteer activity in political parties carried out in the work showed that volunteers are becoming more and more in demand in politics, and the "New People" Party.
Key words: volunteer movement, political parties, principles of volunteering, civic participation, political socialization, youth, volunteering, social projects.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.018
A.A. MALAKHOV Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Potato Research Center named after A.G. Lorch", Moscow, Russia
THE CAUSES OF POVERTY AS A MORAL FOUNDATION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE STATE SOCIAL POLICY TO COMBAT POVERTY
Poverty is analyzed as an economic, social, moral and ethical phenomenon. It is shown that poverty and need in the modern world are understood and should be understood primarily as an attribute of the natural, pre-political state of a person. In the political state, in accordance with the social contract, a person has the right to be protected from poverty by the state. It is argued that the absence of poverty and the attention of society to poverty is a social norm. It is emphasized that the goals of the anti-poverty policy are determined by the moral and ethical aspect of poverty, but the content and objectives of the anti-poverty policy are related to how the state understands the nature and causes of poverty.
Key words: poverty, state policy, natural state, social contract, political condition, poverty criteria, social protection, democracy.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.019
ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia
LV. BELOVA Student Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia
YOUTH POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: STATE AND TRENDS
Currently, the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) is at the initial stage of demographic aging. There are also a number of challenges that exist among young people, first of all, we are talking about the blurring of values, the cult of consumption, distortion of the idea of the value of work, radicalization, lack of youth leaders. It is emphasized that it is necessary to develop a youth policy program. Modern youth of the Republic of Kazakhstan has a high level of literacy. It is observed that there is a noticeable search in the country for forms and methods adequate to the time and capabilities of the republic, taking into account world practice.
Key words: Kazakhstan, youth, politics, education.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.020
N.S. BARANOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Master of Jurisprudence, Associate Professor of International Law of the Buryat State University named after Dorzhi Banzarov, Ulan-Ude, Russia
A.O. SLIZOV Master's Student of the Department of International Law Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia
ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN-GERMAN RELATIONS
The article is devoted to the history of the formation and development of international relations between Russia and Germany. It analyzes the main stages of this cooperation, raises acute problems of our days.
Key words: Russia, Germany, political cooperation, foreign policy, international treaty, European Union.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.021
T.V. GONCHAROVA Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Berdyansk State Pedagogical University, Berdyansk, Ukraine
A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor Institution of Higher Education «Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute», Stavropol, Russia
EASTERN BELIEFS AND TEACHINGS’ MENTAL MODEL. EXPERIENCE IN HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO HISTOIRE DES MENTALITÉS TRADITION OF CARLO GINZBURG AND ROGER CHARTIER
This article is devoted to the study of the theoretical, methodological, conceptual and hermeneutic foundations of the study of the mental model of Eastern beliefs and teachings, their genesis and development. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing interest in the peculiarities of the mental complex of eastern countries in historical retrospect. The search for a unified mental model of the emergence of eastern beliefs can provide the historian with the opportunity for a more detailed analysis of the spiritual sphere of a particular eastern country in a specific historical period, taking into account the peculiarities of the methodology of the Annals school. The practical significance is due to the possibility of using research materials in the study of a specific oriental belief on the example of the emergence of new value attractors and social norms in the mentality of the people. The source base of the research is represented by a complex of scriptures and collection of the main sacred texts selected for the study of beliefs. The methodological apparatus includes the following special-historical methods: the narrative method, the ideographic method, the historical-genetic method, the historical-system method, the historical-typological method, the historical-comparative method, the method of historical modeling, the retrospective method, the reconstructive method, the structural method, functional method, historical-dynamic method, diachronic analysis method, method of actualizing historical knowledge. The result of the study was the discovery of common value attractors and social norms inherent in all Eastern beliefs and teachings, as well as the acquisition of a new (methodological) experience of historical reconstruction within the framework of the Annals school.
Key words: mentality, model, complex, norm, representation, system, reconstruction.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.022
V.M. MOROZOV PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Diplomacy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), Moscow, Russia
E.O. SHEBALINA PhD, Research fellow, Institute for International Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), Moscow, Russia
THE CURRENT STATE OF RUSSIAN-PAKISTANI RELATIONS
Despite the insufficient study of the issue, Russian-Pakistani relations occupy an important place in the system of international relations not only in the Eurasian space, but also in the global system of international relations: Russia uses ties with the country as a balance between China and India, as well as in opposition to American initiatives in the region. The purpose of the article is to determine the trajectory of the development of relations between Russia and Pakistan through the consideration of seven key events and initiatives identified by the author, which allow us to conclude that there will be a breakthrough in bilateral relations in 2021. Thus, through the analysis of documents and media and empirical analysis, the author identifies the following factors: Russian-Pakistani relations experienced a breakthrough in 2021 due to seven primary reasons which built upon the strategic insight that has been shared in the thesis up until this point. These are Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan signing a roadmap in February 2021 to build a railway between their countries (which can casually be referred to as PAKAFUZ for convenience's sake); Pakistan's political, diplomatic, and military leadership jointly unveiling their country's new geo-economic grand strategy during the inaugural Islamabad Security Dialogue in March 2021; Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov's visit to Islamabad in early April 2021; US President Biden's decision later that same month to fully withdraw US military forces from Afghanistan by September 11th; Russia and Pakistan finally reaching an agreement to construct the Pakistan Stream Gas Pipeline (formerly referred to as the North-South Gas Pipeline) in May 2021; Foreign Minister Lavrov endorsing Central Asian-South Asian connectivity as key to Russia's Greater Eurasian Partnership during his keynote speech at a topical regional conference in Tashkent in July 2021; and President Putin's phone call to Prime Minister Khan in August 2021 following Kabul's fall to the Taliban.
Key words: Pakistan, Russian-Pakistani relations, PAKAFUZ, CPEC, Afghanistan.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.023
RAN LING The Nizhny Novgorod state Linguistic University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
CHINESE EMIGRATION TO RUSSIA IN SOVIET-CHINESE RELATIONS 1917-1931
In 1917-1931, Chinese emigration was not a significant factor in Soviet-Chinese relations in any of the aspects: political, geopolitical, national-ethnic, economic and civilization. At the same time, the influence of Chinese immigration in Russia on the development of Soviet-Chinese relations in the article is derived from one-dimensionality. An emphasis is made on the problems of analyzing the topic, which consists in the fact that during these years there was no single central government in China, and the government of Soviet Russia was not recognized by the West, respectively, and interstate relations should be discussed conditionally.
In addition, it was revealed that the small number of Chinese migrants does not allow confirming their any significant influence on interstate relations. For the successive governments of the regions of China, the presence of migrants on Russian / Soviet territory, as a rule, did not have political significance, while for the Soviet government, Chinese migration became a significant factor not only in the traditional replenishment of the deficit of labor reserves, especially in the Far East, but also in the influx of fighters in the part of the Red Army during the civil war. After its end, with the loss of political relevance, and then, with the curtailment of the NEP, the Soviet leadership began to eliminate the Chinese migrants, now not in demand either politically or economically. This policy did not worsen interstate relations, since former Chinese migrants, both former soldiers of the Red Army, EC employees, and entrepreneurs, were in demand in China.
Key words: China, RSFSR, USSR, Russian Empire, migrants, labor migrants, Chinese diaspora, civil war, Red Army.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.024
VANGRAUA RITA Postgraduate student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
OBI SYLVESTER Postgraduate student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE AUTHORITIES IN NIGERIA, IVORY COAST AND BURKINA FASO
Despite the processes of globalization and integration that have reached the borders of developing countries, requiring tribalist traditional societies to respect natural human rights and freedoms regardless of race, gender, age and other factors, the African continent and, in particular, its western region South of the Sahara are only at the beginning of the implementation of the above-mentioned principles. In the societies of Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso, the problem of gender discrimination against women is particularly acute, which is being fought by both regional and national organizations and movements. Nevertheless, the condic ossification of vicious social practices, encouraged by reactionary strata, in every possible way hinders the formation of social justice.
This article presents an analysis of the situation in the countries of the West African region concerning the above issues. The trends and trends in the development of the issues of combating gender discrimination through women's movements, organizations and associations in Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso are considered. Statistics on such phenomena as genital mutilation, child marriage, discrimination in the provision of education, political, economic and socio-cultural rights, as well as problems of all types of violence are examined. In addition, the probable causes, prerequisites and forecasts in the development of the issues considered in the article are indicated.
Key words: Burkina Faso, women's movements, West Africa, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, human rights organizations, feminism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.025
K.A. VLASENKO Post-graduate student at the Chair of international relations, North-West Institute of management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
INTEGRATION PROCESSES ON POST-SOVIET SPACE AND THE CONCEPT OF NEW EURASIONISM
The concept of neo-Eurasianism is one of the most popular of all ideologies that appeared in the 1990s in Russia. The concept of Eurasianism itself can be defined as the idea of a special geographical position between Europe and Asia and as a geopolitical doctrine that is the basis for integration processes in this territory. Thus, the ideology of Eurasianism denies Russia's position on the outskirts of Europe and, on the contrary, interprets it as the basis of the “third way.” The formation of the EAEU took place during a difficult period of geopolitical instability, especially given the period of increasingly expanding sanctions policies of Western countries against some members of the union. Sanctions have become an integral tool of modern world politics. Today, the development of regional integration is one of the most important directions for the achievement of economic growth of the states in the post-Soviet space. Thus, the EAEU is one of the most priority ways for Russia to overcome fuel and energy dependence.
Key words: Integration, EAEU, Eurasianism, FTA, CU, geopolitics, regionalism, sanctions, anti-russian restrictions, Russia, USA, European Union.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.026
А.V. VLASOV Postgraduate student of the Institute of Law and National Security Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
IMPACT OF THE USE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY ON ENSURING THE INFORMATION SECURITY OF THE STATE
This article is devoted to the study of the use of public diplomacy for the purpose of ensuring the information security of the state. The phenomenon of public diplomacy, spheres and tasks of application are considered, the category of information security and measures of public diplomacy for its provision are also considered on the example of public diplomacy of the United States and Russia. To compile the article, various Russian and foreign documents, author's articles of theorists of international relations were studied, their experience was summarized and transformed in this text. As a result of the work carried out, it was revealed that in Russia public diplomacy is manifested rather narrowly and is focused on solving tactical problems, while a more comprehensive approach is needed to fully ensure information security within the digital society.
Key words: public diplomacy, information security, public opinion, foreign policy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.027
A.S. DOBROMYSLOV PHD student оf the Faculty of political sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
POLITICAL ASPECTS OF CHINA'S DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT
The article analyzes China's policy in the context of population aging. It identifies the features of aging under state birth control. The problems of relations with Hong Kong and Taiwan in the context of demographic changes are highlighted. The New Silk Road project is considered as a response to demographic challenges.
Key words: demography, ageing, China, New Silk Road.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.028
M.V. DRONOV Officer of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
NATO INFORMATION PREPARATION FOR THE INVASION OF LIBYA IN 2011
The article analyzes the information preparation of NATO for the invasion of Libya. The methods of spreading American control over the Libyan information space are considered. The role of the USA in the selection of personnel, their training and technical support, as well as financing is described. It is shown that in preparation for the intervention, the use of the entire spectrum of information technologies, with the main emphasis on Internet technology.
Key words: Libya, Gaddafi, "Arab Spring", information war.
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.029
F.ZH. AKHANOVA Master's student of Astana International University (MUA), Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
The current trends in the development of international trade in goods and services are analyzed. The following aspects are reflected: the place of international trade in the system of international economic relations, the state of international economic relations in the context of the global financial crisis, the growth rates of international trade in crisis conditions are determined, changes and prospects for development in the commodity and geographical structure of international trade in goods and services are analyzed.
Key words: international trade, current trends, development, international economic relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.030
Y.V. BARANOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
A.A. LEONOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
PHAM THI MINH HUEN Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN MARITIME POLICY OF THE USA, CHINA AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The oceans and, in particular, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean is of great importance for the United States, China and the Russian Federation. There are shipping routes that provide a base for the extraction of biological resources, huge reserves of minerals are stored in the bowels, etc. In this regard, the development of the World Ocean is becoming a priority in the political and economic development of the United States, China and Russia. However, the maritime policy in the countries of the North Pacific is primarily based on the national interests of a particular state, which are essentially different from each other, therefore, in this study, a comparative analysis of the maritime policy of the United States, China and the Russian Federation will be carried out according to criteria such as the ratification of the Convention on the law of the sea and the main vectors of the development of naval activities, since, according to the authors, these criteria are the most politicized and significantly affect the construction of national strategies in the maritime space.
Key words: maritime policy, Convention on the Law of the Sea, USA, China, Russia, naval activities.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.031
N.E. CHITAEV Student of the Social and Humanitarian Faculty of the P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute, branch of Tyumen State University, Ishim, Russia
V.V. ZIMINA Student of the Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute, branch of Tyumen State University, Ishim, Russia
HISTORY OF THE SUKLEM MONASTIC COMMUNITY
The article describes in detail the formation of the Suklem monastic community, its location, activities, relations with local residents, with the authorities at different times and the history of the closure of the community.
Key words: Kovrizhinskaya church, Suklem monastic community, Suklem, Suklem church.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.032
A.S. SEMOCHKINA Student, Department of History of the Far East Countries, Faculty of Asian and African Studies, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
SONG JIAOREN’S VIEW ON AGRICULTURAL ISSUES: THEORY AND PRACTICE
In the article author aims to reveal the key aspects of China’s agrarian policy at the beginning of the 20th century, proposed by Song Jiaoren (1882-1913), analyze the experience of implementing these ideas in practice, and draw a conclusion regarding the effectiveness of the proposed plan and the reasons for its failure within the initial period of the Republic of China.
Key words: Song Jiaoren, Guomindang, the Republic of China, agriculture, agrarian policy.
REFLECTIONS ON READING
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.033
D.E. SLIZOVSKIY Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor at the Chair of Russian history, RUDN, Moscow, Russia
N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Editor-in Chief, Scientific Journal “Political Science Issues”, Moscow, Russia
AFTERWORD BY REVIEWERS TO THE ARTICLE BY A.P. TONKIKH “HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF A LONG STAY IN POWER OF THE FIRST PERSON OF THE COUNTRY”
Twenty-two years ago, during the change of power from one president to another, an incredible political action took place in modern Russia: The Soviet-style autocrator with a powerful and high-quality democratic inoculation voluntarily announced his resignation from the post of president and the transfer of his powers to one of the closest supporters of the brightest democrat of the perestroika era. That precedent has not yet been sufficiently analyzed and evaluated. But in our opinion, that precedent could explain much, if not everything, for the understanding of consequences of “the long stay in power of the first person of the county.” We came to this verdict during the discussion and polemic with the main ideas of the article “Historical patterns of the consequences of the long stay in power of the first person of the country" by the Bryansk scientist A.P. Tonkikh. The article is vulnerable on theoretical grounds and methods of analysis, but its conclusions are well balanced. We also believe that a deep and balanced analysis of the consequences of a “long-term” (why only “long-term”?) stay in power of the first persons of countries is needed. Many citizens of our country support this view. There are more and more of them, as evidenced by the multiplying number of publications, hundreds of smart and not-so-smart responses in the networks received in one day after a simple message that there is a review procedure of the specified article related to the decision whether to publish it or not.
Key words: the Constitution, the Russian Empire, the USSR, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the first person of the country, presidents of the CIS countries, the President of Russia, presidential elections, term of office, long stay in power, change of power, historical patterns, tradition and political culture, personnel policy, political regime, political stability.
CONFERENCE
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.034
ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE DEDICATED TO THE 80TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BATTLE OF MOSCOW