Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 11. Issue 11 (80), 2021
CONTENTS
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.001
M.Y. VORONIN Doctor of Law, Professor, Director of the Institute of International Law and Justice of the Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russia
N.A. VOLODINA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Public Administration and Sociology of the Region, Penza State University, Penza, Russia
CHANGES TO SOVIET LEGISLATION IN THE PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTING POLITICAL CONTROL IN 1945-1955
The article examines the methods of political control used in the USSR during the first decade after the end of the Great Patriotic War. Analyzing two interrelated directions of political control – ideological and repressive, the authors come to the conclusion about the prevalence of the latter in the period under review. It is substantiated that the degree of repressiveness of methods of influencing society directly increases with the tightening of the political regime, and in the post-war years there were objective socio-economic and political reasons for this. The government's preferential choice of harsh methods of coercion was also a consequence of the experience that confirmed the consolidating potential of political control during the war. With the unchanged political and ideological principles of legislation, simultaneously with the tightening of the methods of political control, they were spreading to the sphere of the personal life of citizens. The criminal law was used as a tool to maintain and strengthen power.
Key words: political control, legislation, criminal law, legal norm, state, repression.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.002
R.O. BAHAUTDINOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History of RB, Archeology and Ethnology, Institute of History and Government, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
MUSIC VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
The purpose of this article is to specify the peculiarities of the development of musical vocational education in Russia in the second half of the XIX century. The author of publication on the basis of the analysis and generalization of numerous and diverse published works (dissertations, monographs, articles, essays) concretized the trends of the formation of a domestic system for training professional musicians after the opening of the first musical universities in Russia - a conservatorium. The results of this study may act as the basis for the subsequent study of the problem of the formation and development of the system of domestic professional musical education, which can contribute to the improvement of this industry in the Russian Federation at the present stage.
Key words: musical vocational education in Russia, training system of professional musicians.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.003
N.A. VOLODINA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Public Administration and Sociology of the Region, Penza State University, Penza, Russia
EDUCATIONAL POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATEIN 1917 – LATE 1930s: GOALS AND EFFICIENCY
The article is devoted to the study of the main directions of the implementation of the educational policy of the Soviet state in 1917 – early 1930s. The chronological framework is determined by the logic of the development of the education reform, the appearance of its results. The paper analyzes the concept of "educational policy", offers its author's interpretation from the standpoint of a systematic approach. The main sources for studying the object of research are the published legislative acts of the Soviet state of the period under study, the content of which testifies to its goals, methods and means of implementation. The axiological content of education is considered in the context of indoctrinated socialist ideology, the basis of which is the priority of the collective over the individual. At the same time, it is emphasized that school policy was aimed at increasing the objectively low level of literacy of people in order to solve the economic and economic problems facing the state. Analyzing the methods of implementing educational policy in the period under review, the author emphasizes their directive nature. The author considers the cultural and historical uniqueness of the Russian educational space to be a feature that largely determined the directions of Soviet policy in the field of education. The author argues the conclusion about the success of the government's actions aimed at unifying the content and organizational foundations of educational policy.
Key words: educational policy, the Soviet state, ideology, school, educational content, values, literacy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.004
L.B. GMYRYA Dr. Sci. (History), Leading Researcher Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography Dagestan Federal Research Center of RAS, Makhachkala, Russia
V.A. SAIDOV Researcher, Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, Dagestan Federal Research Center of RAS, Makhachkala, Russia
YU.A. MAGOMEDOV Junior Researcher, Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, Dagestan Federal Research Center of RAS, Makhachkala, Russia
THE RUBAS FORTIFICATION IN THE EAST CAUCASUS – 5 YEARS OF RESEARCH (2014, 2016-2018, 2020)
The Rubas fortification is a unique monumental defensive structure of the Early Medieval period. It is located in the lower reaches of the river Rubas, near the village of Kommuna, Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan, 20 km south-west of Derbent. This object of cultural heritage was accidentally discovered in 2014. The research on this site is conducted by the Rubas archeological expedition of DFRC RAS. The year of 2020 marked the anniversary of the studies – 5 field seasons. The paper concludes the results obtained, establishes the functional purpose of the structure and outlines some of the issues for further study.
Key words: Rubas fortification, East Caucasus, arched structure, wall 1, wall 2, wall 3, terraced construction 6, structure 5 (platform).
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.005
S.P. BATURIN Cand. of historical sciences, associate professor, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia
V.A. MIROSHNIK Cand. of historical sciences, associate professor, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia
ON THE QUESTION OF THE ORTHODOX ETHICS OF WORK AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The purpose of this article is to analyze the basic principles of Orthodox work ethics, the position of the Russian Orthodox Church (in the past and present) in relation to issues of property, entrepreneurship in order to more actively introduce spiritual and moral principles into the modern economic mechanism, which will significantly increase its effectiveness.
Key words: Russian Orthodox Church, Orthodox work ethic, labor, property, Orthodox consciousness.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.006
E.G. BELAYA Candidate of historical sciences, Senior Researcher, Institute of History, archeology and ethnography of peoples Far East FEB RAS; associate professor, School of Arts and Humanities Far East federal university, Vladivostok, Russia
FISHING AMONG THE NANAI PEOPLE OF THE VILLAGE OF BELGO
Due to the depletion of fish stocks and the aggravation of environmental situations in Russia, interest in the history of the development of fisheries has increased. The transformation of the traditional way of life of the Nanai people living in familiar conditions, engaged in their traditional occupation, like fishing, tried to take care of the surrounding nature. Certain social ideas, values, customs, rituals, and norms of behavior are important elements of national culture. Which are transmitted and assimilated through the transfer of experience and become part of the tradition. The cult played a great role in the spiritual culture of the Nanai people, in particular in the fishing rite. They attributed the failures in the fishery to the will of the spirits, which can be attracted to their side with the help of sacrifices at the places of their intended habitat. Fishing included a system of prohibitions, among the most important – humane treatment of live fish. The customs and rituals of the indigenous Far Eastern ethnic groups of the Lower Amur region are closely related to fishing activities, since fish was the main food. The field study in 2019, 2021 took place in the Belgovsky rural settlement, which is part of the Komsomolsk municipal district of the Khabarovsk Territory. On the left bank of the Amur River since 1862, its history begins. When choosing a place of settlement, the presence of rivers and lakes was of great importance for the Nanai people (nanai, nani – means "people of the earth"). On one side of the peninsula is the Amur – Mangbo River, on the other is the lake "Belgo", from the Nanai word "Belga", which means "throat".
Key words: traditions, Nanais, ritual, custom, craft, culture.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.007
A.V. KOMBAEV Cand.Sci. (Pol.Sci.), Associate Professor of the Chair of Political Science and Sociology, Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia
A.YU. MATSKEVICH Cand.Sci. (Soc.), Associate Professor of the Chair of Political Science and Sociology, Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia
WHERE THE TRAINS HAVE NO WAY: PROBLEMS OF THE BAIKAL AMUR MAINLINE CONSTRUCTION IN THE MIRROR OF FOLK HUMOR
The problems of the Baikal-Amur mainline construction have been studied quite well, but at the same time they still remain controversial. People's actual memories of the same events are radically different, and value judgments about the events of that time are full of contradictions and inconsistencies. It would seem that the data obtained by studying archival materials, analytical notes should show a more objective picture of the life of the builders of BAM, but even here we very often encounter populist slogans of Soviet propaganda.
In our opinion, folk humor, expressed in jokes, poems and prose, remains devoid of any subjectivism, as far as possible for this genre.
This article contains a small part of the well-known and popular poems and jokes about the construction of BAM in the 70s and 80s, which in our opinion illustrate the deep processes and problems of the most large-scale construction.
The authors did not aim to endow the Soviet government or, moreover, insult its achievements. The authors tried to tell simply about the difficult.
Key words: Baikal Amur Mainline, construction, social processes, Soviet power, political regime.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.008
S.А. ОRESHIN Candidate of Sciences (history), Researcher of the Caucasus Department of the Miklukho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN DAGESTAN DURING THE ANTIQUITY AND MIDDLE AGES
The article deals with the emergence and development of the Christian religion in Dagestan in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The preaching of Christianity in this region began in apostolic times. The mass Christianization of Southern Dagestan, which was part of Caucasian Albania, took place in the IV-VI centuries. Churches were being actively built during this period, Derbent became one of the main strongholds of the new religion, and the residence of the head of the Albanian Church located there for a long time. Christianity was established in the region in a stubborn struggle against paganism and Zoroastrianism. Along with the Miaphysites, who occupied a dominant position, there were Diaphysitic and Nestorian communities. The invasion of the Arabs in the VII-VIII centuries and the beginning of the expansion of Islam inflicted a heavy blow to Christianity. However, Christianity occupied a strong position in some areas of Dagestan, and in the X-XI centuries its revival begins. It was connected with the active missionary policy of the Georgian Orthodox Church. In the XIV century Catholic preachers appeared in Dagestan, who managed to achieve some success in their missionary activities. The decline of Christianity began after the invasion of Timur at the end of the XIV century. In the XV century Orthodoxy and Catholicism in the region were experiencing a crisis, increasing pressure from Islam. In the XVI century, due to a number of internal and external reasons, Christianity in Dagestan faded away, but its influence persisted for a long time in the everyday life, languages and rituals of the Dagestan peoples.
Key words: history, Caucasus, Dagestan, Middle Ages, Caucasian Albania, Georgia, Avaria, Derbent, Christianity, Orthodoxy, Catholicism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.009
YU.A. PEREBINOS PhD in History, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, the Chair of State Legal Disciplines, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia, Vologda, Russia
ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF CAMPS FORCED LABOR IN SOVIET RUSSIA IN 1919-1921: THE REGIONAL ASPECT
(BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE VOLOGDA PROVINCE)
The article is devoted to the formation and functioning of forced labor camps as prototypes of future key institutional elements of the Soviet penitentiary system – concentration and correctional labor camps. The study was conducted on the example of the Vologda province during the formation of Soviet power. The article is written on the basis of archival sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Vologda region. The article specifies the regulatory framework for the creation of such penitentiary institutions. It also describes in detail the composition of his prisoners on party grounds, social status, incriminated crimes. As a result, the author notes that the Vologda forced labor camp was a place of isolation mainly of those persons who were considered disloyal to the Soviets and the Bolsheviks. The article also pays attention to the regime of detention of prisoners and the labor impact on convicts in order to re-educate them in the spirit of communist ideology. In conclusion, it is concluded that in the activities of the Vologda forced labor camp, the implementation of two basic principles of the Soviet penal policy is clearly traced – the class approach and the thesis of labor as a way of re-education and correction of the criminal.
Key words: Soviet Russia, soviet penitentiary system, soviet penitentiary policy, forced labor camps, Vologda province, Vologda forced labor camp No. 1.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.010
O.B. STEPANOVA Candidate of Science in History, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia
ON ADAPTING MODERN THINGS IN THE TRADITIONAL FARM OF NORTHERN SELKUP
In the traditional farms of the modern northern Selkups, many new non-traditional things are recorded, which are reused, not for their intended purpose. The study of the reality of adaptation in agriculture of used material innovations made it possible to conclude that it not only facilitates the hard life of the Selkups, but in the adaptation of things there is a contradiction between the naturalness/isolation/autonomy that underlies the organization of the traditional economy and its modern openness and connections with the outside world.
Key words: northern Selkups, traditional economy, isolation, naturalness, autonomy, adapted material innovations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.012
A.A. SLEDNEVA Graduate student, Department of the history of the Russian state history, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
PROVINCIAL NOBILITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF THE LOCAL BUREAUCRACY AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY-THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE SMOLENSK PROVINCE
The article presents the problems of the state system of legislation in the Smolensk province of the late 18th century of the first half of the 19th century. The formation and strengthening of the bureaucratic apparatus at the local level in the Smolensk province is analyzed. The quantitative ratios of the positions held and the number of the privileged class in the bureaucratic apparatus are highlighted. The author considers the situation of the nobility after the abolition of serfdom as a measure of influence on local bureaucratization.
Key words: nobility, bureaucracy, abolition of serfdom, Smolensk province, state system, service, social groups.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.013
A.V. VERETENNIKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia
POLITICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE TERRITORY OF SIMBIRSK PROVINCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
In this article, the author has set a goal to analyze the methods of political investigation used in the territory of Simbirsk province at the beginning of the XX century. To achieve the result, the scientific works of specialists on this problem were investigated, previously unpublished archival documents of the Simbirsk Gendarmerie department were introduced into scientific circulation, ideographic (narrative) and historical-genetic methods were applied.
The results of the study indicate that among the methods of political investigation, the most important was internal surveillance, in which secret employees (agents of internal surveillance, auxiliary employees (informants) and shtuchniki) were involved. The greatest benefit to the management was provided by agents. Surveillance was implemented in the form of surveillance and was characterized by low efficiency even after the widespread use of detectives. Perlustration in its classical form was not used in the province, but its elements were used by gendarmerie ranks, which may indicate the existence of one of the varieties of this method.
Key words: agent of internal surveillance, gendarmerie department, informant, perlustration, political investigation, piece.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.014
А.А. PASECHNIKOV Postgraduate student at the Chair of history and social sciences, Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
FEATURES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF COLLECTIVE FARMS IN THE NORTH-WEST OF THE RSFSR IN 1941
The article analyzes the key features of the activities of collective farms as one of the most important parts of the economic and economic life of the North-West of the RSFSR. In a war, in turn, it is important to study all the circumstances that in one way or another affect the life of collective farmers. A comprehensive study of organizational and agrarian mistakes made during 1941 will make it possible to understand the subsequent actions of local authorities and collective farmers in particular.
Key words: collective farms, war, agricultural sector, North-West, occupation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.015
A.V. SHLYAKHOV Asprirant, Samara University, Samara, Russia
THE TRANSFORMATION OF HISTORICAL MEMORY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON THE PAGES OF “QUESTIONS OF HISTORY” JOURNAL IN 1945-1950
This article presents some results of one of the sections of the dissertation research, which is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of the historical memory of the First World War. Research object: World War I in Russia; subject of research: publications about the First World War on the pages of the journal "Problems of History"; chronological framework: 1945-1950; goal: consideration of the transformation of views on the First World War on the pages of the journal "Voprosy istorii" in the specified period. It is suggested that the First World War “was not forgotten” on the pages of the Voprosy istorii magazine in the period from 1945 to 1950; there was a gradual terminological, substantive and political transformation of the historical memory of the First World War. From a terminological point of view, there is a gradual consolidation of such variants of the name of the war, which emphasize its world character and chronological priority in relation to World War II, however, the "variants of the 1930s" are still used, in which ac – focus on the imperialist nature of the war. From a substantive point of view, there is no significant change in the interpretation of the reasons for the origin of the First World War. The political transformation of the First World War is characterized by historical parallels with past, current and future events. Conducting parallels with past events chronologically coincides with a number of important processes in international relations. Parallels with current events, as a rule, have a pronounced applied orientation – the formation through the prism of past events of public opinion regarding the current political agenda – diplomatic, economic and ideological confrontation between former allies in Europe, incl. in the German direction, on the atomic problem-tick. The parallels with the predicted future events are aimed at forming a negative image of the United States and England and the introduction of the ideologue-we "instigators of the third world war". Much attention was paid to the methodological side of the formation of the historical memory of the First World War.
Key words: historical memory, transformation of the historical memory, “Questions of History”.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.016
E.V. TETENKINA Postgraduate student, Department of History and Philosophy, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN THE PROCESS OF ESTABLISHMENT OF RUSSIAN COMMERCIAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
(THE LATE XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURIES)
This article is devoted to the establishment process of Russian commercial education and the development of a new type of educational institution – commercial schools, the creation of which was dictated by the challenges of the time and the formation of capitalist relations. The article analyzes the experience of higher commercial schools in European countries and its role in the establishment process of Russian commercial education.
Key words: commercial education, commercial schools, training of specialists, Regulation on commercial educational institutions, fundamental knowledge.
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.017
L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia
THE BIBLE AS A SOURCE OF LAW (PART FOURTEEN)
Based on the second part of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the author sets the task to show the convergence in the legal systems of the world divine and human principles, while keeping in mind that the beginning of a positive (human, artificial) rights was embedded in the theological stage of civilization. The implementation of this task requires an analysis of various legal concepts in their historical development; the content of the Bible in the context of the norms of human behavior, rules of life (commandments, parables of Jesus Christ, recommendations of the Holy Apostles); regulatory documents of various countries, including Russia, in their historical development.
The article is divided into several parts based on the volume of its content.
Key words: God, divine law, natural law, positive law, Bible, Commandments, philosophers, scientists, lawyers, normative documents, legal concepts.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.018
A.G. KUZMIN Candidate of Sciences in Politics, Assistant professor, Department of Social Work, Institute of Social Technologies, Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar, Russia
A.G. DUGIN'S POLITICAL THEORY: IN SEARCH OF AN IMPERIAL DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM
The paper explores the modern imperial political ideology of Russian nationalism. The purpose of the article is to analyze the political ideas of the theorist of modern Russian nationalism A. Dugin from the point of view of his understanding of the empire as an actual political phenomenon. Such tasks as a detailed analysis of the specific features of the orientation of the Dugin political philosophy, in particular the "fourth political theory", the concept of a "democratic empire", are being implemented. The application of neo-Eurasian ideas in the experience of building international associations with the participation of the Russian Federation is considered separately. The emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the attitude of the Russian authorities to the imperial connotations of Russian nationalists at the present stage.
The results of the impact of Dugin's ideas are the relative success of their partial implementation in the international activities of our state in the Asian region in the post-Soviet space (the concept of "neo-Eurasianism") and weak demand within the country, even in the national patriotic movement. In many ways, this situation was formed due to the coincidence of the vector of development of the country's foreign policy, especially after 2014 with a number of provisions of the theory of A. Dugin. Within the country, the spread of Dugin's ideas is hindered both by the complexity of the theorist's language and the terminology used by him, and by the lack of a request from the population for metaphysical political concepts that are incomprehensible to most. To achieve the objectives set in the study, institutional, historical and comparative methods were used.
The conclusions assess the prospects for the implementation of the model of government, formulated in the political ideas of A. Dugin.
Key words: russian nationalism, empire, modernization, “neo-Eurasian concept”, “democratic empire”, anti-modernism, political ideology, “fourth political theory”.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.019
I.YU. LEBEDEV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State Regulation of Economics, Faculty of MIGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
PROPERTY AS A DIALECTICAL UNITY OF PERSONALITY AND CONDITIONS OF ITS EXISTENCE
Property as a category of social philosophy can be considered as a dialectical unity of personality and the conditions of its existence, as a special subject-object relationship in which a thing-property acquires a specific ontological status arising based on the volitional attitude of a conscious being to the conditions of its existence.
Key words: Roman civil law, subjects of property rights, the dominant social role of property, subject-object relations, thing-property, "universal will".
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.020
K.S. GRIGOREVA Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Senior Researcher, Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia
(ANTI)RACISM, (DE)COLONIZATION, SYMBOLIC POWER AND THE NEW SCIENCE
Today it is increasingly possible to hear pessimistic predictions about the future of the social sciences. Reading articles published in international journals on racial and ethnic relations, cultural anthropology and archeology is indeed suggestive. A considerable proportion of such publications looks ideologically biased, methodologically untenable and empirically unfounded. Their authors, who postulate reliance on postmodern and poststructuralist theories, superficially assimilating the idea of deconstruction by Jacques Derrida, seek to deconstruct everything except their own activities and what meets their moral standards (although the poststructuralist impulse leads in the opposite direction). Why is left-wing discourse spreading so rapidly, especially in the social sciences? What are the new radical critical theorists striving for? And how does this relate to competition within the academic field? This article is devoted to these issues.
Key words: social sciences, emotive community, academic field, heretical scientific trajectory, symbolic capital.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.011
L.S. RUBAN Doctor of Sociology, Professor, Head of the Department of Research of International Cooperation Issues Institute of the Socio-Political Researches of FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia
O.N. ZABUZOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Research Department of the International Cooperation Issues Institute of Social-Political Studies of the Federal Center for Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
THE EVOLUTION OF CITIES: FROM FORTIFIED MILITARY SETTLEMENTS TO "SMART CITIES"
The relevance of the problem raised lies in the fact that more than half of the world's population currently lives in cities, therefore, using the method of historical comparison and the Sorbonne method of in-depth work with the text, the authors traces the gradual transition from urban settlements only as military fortifications (fortress cities) to repel the enemy, ensure the security of the territory and protect the population and urban infrastructure to the centers of economy and economy, logistics, science and culture, despite the fact that these settlement structures, evolving and being filled with new content and mastering new functions, they should at the same time continue to be outposts of security and defense, especially in times of crisis and during wars and armed conflicts. When conducting content analysis, the authors use both domestic and foreign sources in chronological order, including the works of military and civilian urban specialists. Special attention is paid to military operations in the urban environment and countering the threat of modern terrorism using the latest means of warfare, including cyber weapons and weapons of mass destruction, up to nuclear. A reasonable logical conclusion is the meaningful constructions that characterize the structure and functionality of "smart cities" as the highest type of urban settlements that meet all the requirements for the rational construction and effective functioning of cities during peaceful existence and in conditions of turbulence, both military and armed conflicts. The system-forming basis of "smart cities" ensuring sustainable development of society in the conditions of modern challenges, risks and threats is shown.
Key words: urban settlement, fortress cities, urban agglomeration, cities as a stronghold of security and defense, "smart cities".
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.021
M.A. ALTYBASAROVA PhD in Political Sciences, Professor at the Department of Social Sciences, Journalism and Information, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Republic of Kazakhstan
I.A. KALIYEV PhD in Political Sciences, Professor at the Department of Social Sciences, Journalism and Information, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Republic of Kazakhstan
POLITICAL SOCIALISATION OF THE YOUNG POPULATION OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE YOUTH POLICY
The relevance of the search for an effective model of political socialisation of Kazakhstani youth determines the role of the main factors on which depends the process of introducing young citizens into the modern political life of society. This is of particular importance for a society undergoing a transition to sociocultural transformation. The purpose of the study is to consider the specifics of the process of political socialisation of the young population of Kazakhstan in the context of state youth policy in transforming society. The main method was the analysis that allowed determining the specifics of the development of the process of political socialisation of youth in the Republic of Kazakhstan. To assess the prospects for the development of the younger generation and the political system, it is important to study the political preferences of young people. In the political and social sectors, there have been changes that have led to the revitalisation of society. By studying the preferences of young people in the political sector, it is possible to more effectively predict the degree of their involvement and analyse the sustainability of their behaviour. The issue of the political activity of young people and their political orientations is very disorganised and multifaceted. This study allowed determining the factors influencing the social mobility of young people and to streamline information about the state of young people as part of the socio-political structure of society. The practical significance of the study is due to the fact that the findings can be applied by local governments and state authorities, as well as youth organisations and the media.
Key words: political culture, state, youth policy, political consciousness, value orientations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.022
A.R. SALGIRIEV Ph.D. Political Science, Lead Researcher, Kh. Ibragimov Complex Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Lead Researcher, Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia
M.D. SOLTAMURADOV Ph.D. Philos., Head of the Department of National History, Chechen State University named after A.A. Kadyrov; Lead Researcher, Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia
S.S. GALBATSOV Director of the Center for Technological Education of the Faculty of Technology and Management in Education Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russia
CAUSES OF TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: POLITICAL SCIENCE ANALYSIS
The analysis of the causes of terrorism and extremism is an important scientific task both theoretically and practically. The problem is especially relevant for the North Caucasus, as one of the highest frequencies of terrorism and extremism is observed in its territories. In this article, the team of authors examines and identifies the main causes and factors of the society radicalization. The primary causes are socio-economic problems resulting in a high level of crime and terrorist danger. The paper considers clannishness, tribalism and etatization as conflictogenic factors. An important role in prevention is assigned to the clergy, and religious institutions supposed to explain to the society and especially young people Islamic ideas that are often distorted. At the same time, it is noted that this work can be effective only if clergy and religious institutions are independent and objective in their assessments. The main actor of political governance in the North Caucasus is the regional ethno-political elites that enjoy the necessary influence, including possibilities for ethno-mobilization and are capable of taking effective decisions on the ground. In conclusion, the authors make conclusions and recommendations aimed at normalization of the socio-political situation in the region.
Key words: Russia, North Caucasus, extremism, terrorism, political elites, security, civil identity, socio-economic problems.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.023
А.L. KRIVOVA Lecturer at the Faculty of humanities of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
N.V. CHERVYAKOV Postgraduate student at the Faculty of humanities of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
М.V. AFONIN Candidate of Sciences (law), Associate Professor at the Faculty of humanities of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
А.О. МASLAKOVA Lecturer at the Faculty of humanities of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
“DIRTY” TECHNOLOGIES OF POLITICAL MANIPULATION AND CONFRONTATION MECHANISMS
In the modern world, selective manipulation is a system of deliberate actions aimed directly at a subject in order to change the perception or behavior of others using covert, deceptive and violent tactics.
Key words: dirty technologies, political manipulation, public opinion.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.024
A.A. NIKOLENKO Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of International Relations and Law, Vladivostok State University of Economics and service, Vladivostok, Russia
DYNAMICS OF POLITICAL PROCESSES OF RUSSIAN LOCAL CIVILIZATION
This article is devoted to the analysis of dynamic processes in the space of Russian local civilization, as well as the current state of political institutions and power relations in Russia. The upcoming transit of power, as well as possible institutional changes, make the issue of dynamics and the presence of contradictions particularly relevant. The problem of the development of the Russian local civilization as such, and its unique features in particular, seems to be important. Often, the speed of certain processes in society, as well as the ability to change, is due not only to objective and calculable factors, but also to socio-cultural reasons, therefore, an attempt to address the socio-cultural basis of the processes taking place in the civilizational space seems justified.
Key words: «civilization», local civilization, social process, power, features of the political process, Western-oriented approach.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.025
А.К. RUZAVINA Senior Lecturer at the Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management, Novosibirsk, Russia
D.М. TABAREKOV Postgraduate student of the Siberian Institute of Management – Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (SIU RANEPA), Novosibirsk, Russia
RADICALIZATION OF THE YOUTH ENVIRONMENT AS A THREAT TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Today the topic of extremism among young people is becoming more and more relevant as new ways and methods are emerging to spread and develop it. This article discusses the problems of radicalization of the youth environment in the Russian Federation, as well as the main reasons for the emergence of destructive behavior among young people. It is noted the importance and significance of the study of this issue as well as the main problems which the state faces in combating extremism ideology. Based on the analysis of basic legal framework of Russian Federation on counteraction to extremism and also for conduction of qualitative analysis we provide statistical data on completed extremist crimes with participation of youth. The authors point out that persons under adult or mature age are more vulnerable to influence of different social, political, economic or religious factors due to psychological and moral peculiarities of the age group under consideration. The article touches upon the issue of types of attracting young people to committing extremist crimes and using them as a mobilization resource for different social and political projects including extremist ones. It mentions possible motives for committing extremist crimes. In this regard, the authors identify possible ways of solving the identified problems, giving priority to preventive measures and the need for systematic work against extremist propaganda in the country by state authorities and law enforcement officers. It is suggested to pay attention to issues of prevention of youth extremism through creation and development of youth mass media within the framework of complex approach focused on construction of correct psychological attitudes and consciousness of personality.
Key words: extremism, youth extremism, terrorism, state, mass media, Internet, Russia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.026
S.V. ANANKIN Graduate student, Central Russian Institute of management-branch, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Оrel, Russia
INSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA
The article analyzes institutional and political conditions for civic and public participation in Russian society. On the basis of neo-institutional approach it concludes that despite the high level of restrictiveness and political control existing in the current political regime, some space for public participation in Russian society remains.
Key words: public participation, citizen participation, citizen society, neo-institutional approach, russian political system.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.027
R.А. MALSAGOV Postgraduate student, Department of history of socio-political doctrines Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
MUSLIM ORGANIZATIONS AS A PART OF MODERN SOCIO-POLITICAL SPHERE
The article pays special attention to the role of Islamic organizations in the modern world political system. The Muslim community is more than 1.9 million people, approximately the fourth part of the world's population living on five continents, in 120 countries mainly in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in Central, South and Southeast Asia. At the same time, Islam is the state religion in 28 countries, where sharia norms operate on a par with secular legislation. The modern Islamic world is a set of states and transnational structures acting as a single subsystem within the globally global system of international relations. Based on this, it was decided to analyze the activities of Muslim organizations both at the local and regional levels, with reference to the global one.
Key words: umma, challenges of modernity, religious self-awareness.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.028
L.YA. ARAPKHANOVA Ph.D. (Political science), Head of the Department of Social and Political Research of the Ch. Akhriev Ingush Scientific Research Institute, Associate Professor of the Ingush State University, Magas, Russia
L.R. BARAKHOEVA Ph.D. (Economic Sciences), Senior Researcher Ch. Akhriev, Ingush Scientific Research Institute, Magas, Russia
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MESSAGES HEADS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INGUSHETIA TO THE PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY
The article presents the results of the analysis of the message of the Head of the Republic of Ingushetia, announced on June 16, 2021, as well as a content analysis of the previous messages (2012-1019) to the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia. The attention is especially focused on the last address of the Head of the Republic, Mahmud-Ali Maksharipovich Kalimatov, in which the goals and objectives are formulated to improve the social status of citizens, the quality of life and the development of society. The ranking of the words most often used in the messages of the heads of the region by years, which should have allowed the achievement of these goals, in the implementation of socio-economic, political, scientific and educational programs, is given. The study of the dynamics of the development of the budgetary sphere showed low efficiency and did not meet the modern needs of society. The conclusions are based on the results of calculating the indicators of the republic's consolidated budget revenues from 2005 to 2020. The study was carried out on the basis of a comparative approach, meaningful and content analysis of the addresses of the heads of the region.
Key words: Russia, Ingushetia, Message, Head of the Republic, appeal, economy, welfare, coronavirus.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.029
A.A. MALAKHOV Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Potato Research Center named after A.G. Lorkh"
THE IDEA OF WELFARE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IDEA OF PUBLIC WELFARE
In the context of the idea of welfare, the idea of state social security is considered, in which the public welfare is understood primarily as the welfare of citizens. The content of welfare and the role of the state in protecting economic and social welfare are revealed. It is emphasized that the right to well-being and a dignified life does not have an unambiguous interpretation, and in different political doctrines this right takes on a different meaning.
Key words: state, welfare, prosperity, charity, solidarity, human rights, private property.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.030
М.S. STEPANOV Candidate of Sciences (philology), Associate Professor of the Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russia
COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND GUATEMALA IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE AT THE PRESENT STAGE
The paper contains the description and analysis of the current stage of Russian-Guatemalan cooperation in the fields of education and research. The existing forms of bilateral humanitarian cooperation are analysed on a broad basis of different sources. It is concluded that this cooperation is mutually beneficial, while it does not have significant positive dynamics, despite its development in the 2010s. The main actors of bilateral cooperation are described, and the potential of their interaction is analysed. The article argues that it is needed to improve the regulatory framework of bilateral cooperation, diversify contacts between Russian educational and scientific institutions and their counterparts in Guatemala, and increase the study of the Spanish language in Russian universities.
Key words: Russian-Guatemalan relations, humanitarian cooperation, research cooperation, educational cooperation, Guatemala, soft power.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.031
YU.A. NIKITINA PhD in political science, Associate Professor of World Politics, MGIMO, Moscow, Russia
M.P. LAZAREV Master student in “International political consulting” programme, MGIMO, Moscow, Russia
HIERARCHICAL PATRON-CLIENT LINKS AS THE BASIS OF EURASIAN DE FACTO STATES’ FIGHT AGAINST THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CORONAVIRUS INFECTION
For de facto states, hierarchical patron-client ties are the only way to deal with external shocks. South Ossetia and Abkhazia turned out to be completely dependent on Russia in the fight against the pandemic, having refused the assistance offered by Georgia. Transnistria has a much higher rate of infected people, while due to Chisinau's border closure policy, Russia was unable to deliver the vaccine on time, as a result, Transnistria received the first batches of vaccine from the EU and WHO. Due to the geographical isolation from Russia and the established ties between Tiraspol and Chisinau, Transnistria has more opportunities to receive aid compared to South Ossetia and Abkhazia, however, active interaction at the population level between Transnistria and the rest of Moldova has led to much higher figures for infection.
Key words: De facto states, coronavirus, patron-client relations, hierarchy, international relations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.032
CHZHU DUNFA Postgraduate student of the History Department of Peking University; Researcher at the Korean Peninsula Research Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
MAO ZEDONG'S NATIONALIST SENTIMENTS AND THE PROBLEM OF THE RETURN OF PORT ARTHUR
On May 26, 1955, the Soviet Union was detachable in the Minar Port of Artur. In the past sixtered years, China has truly realized the actual control and jurisprudence of Arthur's military port.Before and after the Soviet and China relations entered their honeymoon, Nikita Khrushchev offered to return Port Arthur, Many scholars believe that the Soviet Union returned Port Arthur to China from its consideration of further strengthening the friendly alliance between the Soviet Union and China. As an obstacle to promoting the friendly alliance between the Soviet Union and China, the nationalist sentiment of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people represented by Mao Zedong around the issue of leased territory is also the factors affecting Khrushchev's decision.
Key words: MAO Zedong, Port Arthur, leased territory, nationalism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.033
T.R. BOZOYAN PhD Student of the Department of International Relations and Integration Processes, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
ASEAN POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 IN A CHANGING GLOBAL ORDER
The article analyzes the policy of the ASEAN member states in relation to countering the spread of the pandemic in the modern geopolitical conditions. The approaches and mechanisms of the Southeast Asia countries in the fight against new types of COVID-19 have been identified. The role of the organization's partners in the provision of vaccines against the new coronavirus infection has been determined. The author of the article concludes that due to “vaccine diplomacy” the region remains dependent on an external factor which significantly violates the principle of unity of the Association.
Key words: ASEAN, Asia-Pacific region, COVID-19, vaccine diplomacy, strategic partnership.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.034
JAVISH RAGIB Post-Graduate Student, Department of Socio-Political Research and Technology, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
ENGAGING A SYSTEM OF POLITICAL TECHNOLOGIES TO COUNTER THE TERRORIST THREAT: THE CASE OF SYRIA
The study is devoted to the topic of using political technologies to counter international terrorism. The experience of the Syrian official authorities and the Russian political leadership in suppressing hotbeds of terrorism in the Middle East serves as an empirical case study. The purpose of the study is to assess the corresponding model of countering terrorism. The methodology of the work combines elements of systemic and comparative analysis. It is concluded that the Russian model of combating terrorism today is an example at the international level, since it has proven its effectiveness and success and brought tangible results in the fight against terrorism in Syria, despite the great difficulties faced by Russia and its allies on the political, military and diplomatic levels.
Key words: political technologies, international terrorism, counteraction, Russia, Syria, the Middle East.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.035
Е.А. LEBEDEVA Postgraduate student at the Chair of comparative political science MGIMO MFA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
THE ORIGINS OF COOPERATION AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC
The article reveals the basic foundations of the relationship between the Russian Federation and the Italian Republic, which have been formed in recent decades. The development of economic and humanitarian cooperation between the two countries took place on a parity basis and in the nature of partnership. The author analyzes positive dynamics in cooperation between Russia and Italy in various industries and spheres until 2014, and notes the growth of relations in the agricultural sector and trade. In recent years, there has been a decline in trade and economic relations between the two countries, but the author notes new vectors of cooperation.
Key words: international cooperation, agricultural industry, partnership relations, foreign policy, Russian-Italian cooperation, educational projects, light industry, food and wine products.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.036
A.S. KIYANSKAYA Post-Graduate Student Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia
GLOBALIZATION AND MIGRATION: PROS AND CONS FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article considers the history of globalization, the study of various points of view on the globalization process, the formation of global studies, as a scientific discipline and the role of migration in the implementation of modern politics. As the world community develops, the very phenomenon of globalization, which initially arose in the economic field, gradually spread to other areas of human life (political, social and spiritual). The author considers the history of this issue, various points of view on the globalization process, which today is the dominant trend in world development. It also highlights the directions of the theory of globalization, which are important when considering the state and prospects of migration processes cooperation and the global economy, the pros and cons of joining the United Nations Global Compact on Safe Ordinary and legal migration, adopted in December 2018 at the UN conference in Marrakesh (Morocco). Practical recommendations are given for the possible improvement of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the sphere of using the international division of labor in order to increase its gross domestic product (GDP) and increase the population of the country.
Key words: globalization, migration processes, global problems, integration.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.037
OLUWAKAYODE OLUMIDE EMMANUEL PhD student, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (PFUR), Abuja, Nigeria
THE DYNAMICS OF ISLAMIC EXTREMISM IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
The prospect of turning sub-Saharan Africa into a springboard for a bitter rivalry between Islamist extremist groups, which looks vague in the past, is becoming a reality. The Islamic State (IS) is under increasing pressure from the international anti-terrorist coalition in the Middle East and is looking for new territories to continue extremist activities and maintain its position as the leader of the global jihad. The Sub-Saharan region remains vulnerable as threats to peace, security, human rights, and the rule of law are undermined, hiding stability, economic progress, and industrial development. Violent non-state actors such as terrorists and extreme violent groups continue to increase in different parts of the sub-region due to poverty, weak governance, inter-community tensions, inequality, youth unemployment, illicit activity, and the use of new technologies (social media) to enhance recruitment. However, it is necessary to understand each country and region's threats and priority needs, as there is no one-size-fits-all solution, which consolidates a solid partnership with Russia and its agenda to eradicate terrorism.
Key words: Sub-Saharan Africa, Islamist extremism, Russia, Terrorism, Conflict, SALWs.
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.038
MOHAMMAD ANWAR BAKTASH Master's student at the Chair of political analysis and management, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Kabul, Afghanistan
KAMWAR AHMAD JAVID Master's student at the Chair of theory and history of international relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Kabul, Afghanistan
AFGHANISTAN AND THE SCO: OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which emerged as a result of a serious rivalry for the Central Asian geopolitical region, was founded on April 26, 1996 as Shanghai 5 in Shanghai, China. At that meeting, the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan met to discuss border security issues. The agenda of the summit was also limited to developing confidence-building measures in the border areas until they were radically resolved. Therefore, the negotiations were successful.
Since its official formation in 2003, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has sought a serious presence in Afghanistan due to the terrorist security threats and drugs it faces. On the other hand, the Shanghai member states are concerned about the long-term presence of the United States and NATO in the region. On the contrary, Afghanistan, proceeding from its regionalist platform in foreign policy, especially after the transfer of all security functions from the foreign forces and the withdrawal of such forces, had a special desire to strengthen relations with Shanghai, and finally, in 2012 Afghanistan became an observer member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. But Shanghai's active presence in Afghanistan as well as Afghanistan's role in the Organization face some limitations, gaps and weaknesses.
Key words: Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Central Asia, extremism, separatism, terrorism, regional cooperation and NATO.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.039
LIU LU Graduate student Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarusian
AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND PROSPECTS FOR RUSSIAN SOFT POWER DIPLOMACY IN THE XXI CENTURY
Domestic diplomacy is increasingly adopting a soft power policy in diplomacy. A new department has been formed within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that will be responsible for soft power beyond the country's borders. The department is expected to oversee foreign policy beyond power and official diplomacy. In this article, we will analyze the development and future prospects of Russian soft power diplomacy in the 21st century. Admittedly, no one needs foreign policy and soft power in our country but the state. It is not a vast area, employing a couple of dozen NGOs. It is always a narrow segment, a specific topic; no NPO can replace the state task of strategic planning. This also applies to soft power and public diplomacy. A number of these issues will be analysed in the article. It will analyze the prospects for further development.
Key words: Russia, diplomacy, prospects, soft power, analysis.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.80.11.040
CHEN HONGYAN Student, Hebei Pedagogical University, China
MAINTAINING GLOBAL PUBLIC RELATIONS WITH THE PUBLIC AND TRENDS IN PUBLIC OPINION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE GAME OF BIG POWERS
This article examines in detail the changes in public relations with the public around the world caused by the game of the great powers, and on the example of Russian-Chinese relations and the construction of "One Belt, One Road" measures are introduced to maintain public relations. In addition, this article explains that the level of building trust between countries is low at this stage and will make appropriate predictions about the future development of the international public opinion environment in the context of global political changes. At the same time, we call on the Governments of all countries to pay attention to the important role of public relations and public opinion in the current global situation, it is necessary to strengthen the dissemination of news, maintain international relations through good, fair and legitimate public relations, use the opportunities for cooperation caused by the game of large countries, and overcome the difficulties associated with differences between countries. Then promote economic integration and strengthen the trend of global multipolarization, thereby creating an international environment and order for harmonious coexistence.
Key words: world society, public relations, China and Russia, public opinion, the game of great powers, One belt, One Way.