Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 11. Issue 12 (81), 2021
CONTENTS
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.001
M.G. SUSLOV Doctor of Historical Sciences (Advanced Doctor), Professor of the Department of State-Legal Disciplines, Perm Institute of the Federal Penal Correction Service of Russia, Perm, Russia
20TH CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION AS AN INOCULATION OF AN EXTREMELY DANGEROUS VIRUS TO THE WHOLE SOVIET SYSTEM
This article reviews the direct influence and the future impact of the 20th CPSU’s Congress’ decisions on the domestic and foreign policy in the Soviet Union. Particularly, the article shows the influence of the Congress on the rise of the criminal rate and the dissident movement, on the March 1956 Georgian demonstrations protesting the 20th Congress N. Khrushchev’s speech. Also, the two main reasons of the soviet system’s collapse are reviewed. One is the process of the dark economy formation the other is inability of the CPSU to perform the main functions of the ruling party: theoretical, organizing, political and ideologic. The solutions of this congress had a negative impact on the whole communist movement, on its weakening and splitting, and after it on the Soviet Union’s and worldwide communist system’s collapse. We can relate to the distant effects of the 20th Congress the opposition of the Congress’ proponents and opponents in the modern Russia.
Key words: 20th Congress of the CPSU and its influence on the domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet Union’s failure.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.002
M.R. HASANOV Doctor of historical Sciences, head of the Department of history of Dagestan state pedagogical University, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala
E.M. MAGOMEDOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History of Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala
FROM THE HISTORY OF FIGHTING HORSE DAGHESTAN AGAINST TURKISH INTERVENTION IN 1918
The article is devoted to the tragic events of 1918 in Dagestan, the struggle of the Dagestani highlanders against the Turkish invaders. Under the guise of confiscating the property of revolutionary elements, the Turks plundered the local population, ruined peasant farms, took away food, arbitrarily taxed the mountaineers, beat and arrested the disobedient. Deprived of the support of Muslims of the same faith, Turkish troops began to decay. The Turkish interventionists failed to achieve the separation of Dagestan from Russia. The article was written based on a variety of sources and literature.
Key words: Dagestan, Turks, Dagestan highlanders, intervention, Germany, Entente, Soviet Russia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.003
R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov , Ulyanovsk, Russia
K.V. KISILEV Post-graduate student of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia
STUDENT YOUTH OF THE ULYANOVSK PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE IN THE 1950S AND 60S: STUDY AND LABOR PARTICIPATION
The author of the article examines the activities of students and teachers of the Ulyanovsk Pedagogical Institute during the Great Patriotic War, which became a difficult and severe test for the whole people. The Ulyanovsk Pedagogical Institute, with the outbreak of the war, rebuilt its activities in a military manner, the priority areas in addition to studies were the mobilization of young people into the army, compulsory military training of young people, increased activity and mass ideological and political work. The student youth of the Ulyanovsk Pedagogical Institute as the whole country took an active part in all labor defensive measures. In the post-war years, the staff of the Institute took an active part in the restoration of the national economy not only of the Ulyanovsk region, but also took part in the development of virgin lands, as well as in all fateful decisions of the party and the government. On a voluntary basis, students, under the guidance of their teachers, organized extracurricular educational classes and various circles among schoolchildren. In the process of preparing the article, the author introduced the scientific circulation of archival sources from the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk region (GANI UO) and the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (GAO).
Key words: student, war, youth, virgin land, pedagogical institute, Ulyanovsk.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.004
M.I. ABDULAEVA PhD in History, Senior Researcher Daghestan Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia
STRATEGY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE EASTERN CAUCASUS IN THE XVI-XVII CENTURIES
Based on a comprehensive and multilateral analysis of the geopolitical aspirations of the Ottoman Empire in the 16 th – 17 th centuries, with the involvement of the works of Turkish authors, it is supposed to show the Caucasian orientation of the political doctrine of the Ottomans. The purpose of the study is to analyze the Turkish strategy and tactics in the Eastern Caucasus, which entailed changes in the geopolitical balance of power in the region. It is noted that the Eastern Caucasus and the peoples inhabiting it were not subjects of international law during the time period under study, at the same time, the region, due to its geopolitical attractiveness, served as an arena of clashes between many states.
Key words: Ottoman Empire, geopolitics, Eastern Caucasus, Iran, rivalry, war.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.005
M.H. ALISKHANOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Museology and Cultural Studies of the Kadyrov Chechen State Universitymsh, Grozny, Russia
THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHECHEN MUSICAL CULTURE
In the article, the author explores the question of the formation and development of Chechen musical culture – one of the most popular, accessible and in-demand types of arts in modern culture. Possessing a synthetic nature based on the interaction of musical and verbal principles, generalizing poetic images and socio-cultural processes, the content of historical epochs is vividly reflected in musical art. The author notes that the origins of Chechen musical culture go back centuries, when folk singers and musicians played a major role in social and family rituals, religious beliefs and rituals. No wedding, family or rural holiday, no joyful or sad event could do without music, songs, dances. Of course, the role of Russian composers, musicians and educators in the preservation and development of Chechen musical culture is great. The names of Soviet composers A.A. Dividenko, A.A. Rechmensky, G.H. Mepurnov are inscribed in the history of Chechen musical art. The author notes that the formation of professional Chechen music occurred only at the beginning of the twentieth century, but already in the 1960s a whole galaxy of talented Chechen composers and performers of musical works appeared. U. Dimaev, A. Shakhbulatov, U. Beksultanov and others were at the origins of the formation of the professional composer's Chechen school. Maryam Aidamirova, nicknamed the Chechen Edith Piaf, and Walid Dagaev, an unsurpassed illancha (singer) and composer, conquered the hearts of listeners with her performing skills. The modern musical life of Chechnya in the style and genre direction is diverse; from folk, pop to classical directions. However, despite the popularity of new styles, the preservation of national identity is one of the main directions of Chechen musical culture.
Key words: musical art, Chechen musical culture, composer, ritual songs, musical instruments, heroic songs-illi, dechig-pondara, adhoku-pondara, zurna, accordion.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.006
D.A. BAZHANOV PhD in History, associate professor, Department of Russian History (XIX-XXI centuries), Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia
GROUP SOLIDARITY OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE BALTIC FLEET DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN CASES OF VIOLATIONS OF DISCIPLINE (1914 – FEBRUARY 1917)
The proposed article is devoted to the consideration of the main groups of personnel of the Baltic Fleet through their behavioral stereotypes. This approach is based on the idea of military sailors as a specific group with a special structure and patterns of functioning. The author aims to reconstruct intra-group informal relationships reflected in behavior stereotypes. The source is the investigative materials of court cases and orders on violations of discipline, i.e. formal behavior. As a result of the analysis on a number of certain examples, the article shows the role of feelings of solidarity in behavioral models, i.e. readiness to support a representative of the group to which the participant himself belongs. This makes it possible to characterize subordinate groups of personnel, ordinary sailors and non-commissioned officers as having a significant readiness for support and self-organization.
Key words: the Baltic Fleet, sailors, discipline, officers, World War I.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.007
I.A. BULATOV Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Department of History and Cultural Studies Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russia
THE CULT OF "HEROES" AS AN ELEMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AMONG RUSSIAN SCOUTS IN EMIGRATION
Russian emigrants of the "first wave" believed in a speedy return to Russia. However, despite this optimistic attitude, the emigrant pedagogues immediately thought about the need to preserve the Russian identity of children living in a foreign environment. And all the people who care about this work, including Russian scouts and related organizations, have taken up this work. There are many different methods of national education, and one of them was education on the example of national heroes. At the same time, along with historical and folklore characters, cults of modern heroes who died in the civil War began to take shape. This allowed strengthening not only the Russian, but also the White immigrant identity, based, among other things, on uncompromising anti-Bolshevism. Among the Russian Scouts there were also people who suffered at the hands of the Reds. Preserving the memory of them and their work for the benefit of the Motherland and the scout movement, has already strengthened three levels of identity: Russian, emigrant and scout. The article uses the example of the Day of Remembrance of the Faithful, common among Scouts, and perpetuating the memory of Mstislav Rudyh in the National Organization of Russian Pathfinders (NORR) to consider the method of using the image of heroes to construct identity.
Key words: scouting, NORR, Pantyuhov, Memorial Day of the Faithful, M.I. Rudyh.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.008
O.B. STEPANOVA Candidate of Science in History, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia
REFRIGERATORS IN THE TRADITION OF NORTHERN SELKUP
The article is devoted to the study of refrigerators as an element of the modern culture of the northern Selkups, preserving their traditional way of life. Currently, the nomadic Selkups use several types of refrigerators: the original Selkup swamp refrigerators, glaciers and cellars borrowed from the Russians, industrial refrigeration and freezing units, which are equipped with fishing agricultural enterprises, and household refrigeration and freezing units available to nomadic Selkups when visiting villages. The study concluded that all types of refrigerators improve the quality of life of their users. The appearance of glaciers and cellars in the Selkup life is correlated with a decrease in the Selkup nomadic mobility. Industrial refrigerators, which today support the industrial fishing industry, affect the ability of the Selkups to maintain their traditional way of life, work and have a good income.
Key words: northern Selkups, traditional economy, natural refrigerators, glaciers, household and industrial refrigerators, nomadic mobility, industrial fishing.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.009
D.V. PIKALOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
V.S. PIKALOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor Institution of Higher Education, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
DAILY LABOR OF THE COSSACKS AND PEASANTRY DURING THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY IN SOUTHERN RUSSIAN STANITSAS AND VILLAGES (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF STAVROPOL)
This article is devoted to the study of the daily working life of Cossack farmers and peasants during the period of the New Economic Policy. The relevance of the research topic lies in the need for a more detailed study of the peculiarities of everyday life, work, life and worldview of Cossack farmers and peasants on the example of villages and villages of the Stavropol province – Stavropol District of the North Caucasus Region. The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of using the materials of the work to clarify information about the socio-economic situation of the Cossacks and peasantry in the south of the USSR during the implementation of the New Economic Policy, as well as to expand information about the Cossack-peasant mental complex, taking into account the territorial boundaries of Stavropol District of the North Caucasus Region. The socio-cultural approach as the leading methodological paradigm of research and a complex of general scientific and special historical methods allowed to identify the relationship of the working life of farmers with their mentality and to determine the features of the worldview and the main cultural features of the lower stratum of the Cossacks and peasantry of Stavropol during the years of the New Economic Policy.
Key words: Cossacks, peasantry, everyday life, labor, North Caucasus, picture of the world, agriculture, inventory.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.010
B.M. KHADZHIEVA Assistant of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History A.A. Kadyrov Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia
T.I. GATSIEVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History, Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russia
SYRIAN CRISIS: POSITION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE USA
The article touches on the issue of determining the positions of the United States and Russia in relation to the Syrian conflict. The author gives a consistent description and reasons for the emergence of the conflict in Syria, as well as the role of influence on its development on the part of these countries, including through the use of military force. Based on the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the positions of the United States and Russia on the settlement of the Syrian conflict are opposite, but not confrontational. However, it becomes obvious that the further confrontation of the named countries on this issue is due to completely different goals – assistance in the fight against terrorism and protection of the legal regime on the part of Russia, the formation of a controlled social environment on the part of the Americans.
Key words: Syria, USA, Russia, armed conflict, international community, UN, counteraction.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.011
A.M. RUTKOVSKAYA Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the Institute of Humanities, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
FALSIFICATION OF THE PRICE OF THE VICTORY OF THE SOVIET PEOPLE IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AND THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN FIGURES AND FACTS
This article provides a detailed analysis of statistical data, starting from the Soviet period of the late 1940s and ending with the modern Russian Federation, regarding the price of Victory that the people of the Soviet Union had to pay during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. As a result of the analysis of documentary sources and historiography on this problem, revealed general and specific tendencies in attempts to falsify the figures of military losses of the Soviet Union in domestic and foreign scientific research, as well as in some publicistic works.
Key words: World War II, Great Patriotic War, price of victory, statistical data, falsification of history.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.012
Z.YU. STRAKHOVA Graduate student of the Department of History of Foreign Countries and Oriental Studies, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF THE SENATE COUNCIL (SENATUS CONSILIA) OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY
The article is devoted to the Council of the Senate, an advisory body of the Kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, formed in 1573. This institution played a particularly important role under King Władysław IV Vasa. The article discusses the reasons for the strengthening of the role of the Senate Council and outlines the range of issues that the Senate has dealt with: foreign policy, internal security of the State, the treasury, and the personal affairs of the King or the royal family. It also concludes that, as a result of Władysław IV’s policy, which was not popular especially among the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate Council became perceived as being detrimental to the interests of the State. Szlachta, remembering Władysław IV of Sandomierz Rokosh, forced the king and senators to read the reports of the decisions of the Senate Council at meetings of the Sejm, many of which were subsequently either ignored or challenged. Consequently, the position of the Senate was weakened, which further contributed to the destruction of the political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Key words: Senate of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Senate Council, Sigismund III Vasa, Władysław IV Vasa.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.013
R.M. URAZGALIEV Postgraduate student of the University-wide Department of General and Russian History, Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia
CONFESSIONAL POLICY ON CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY: HISTORIOGRAPHIC REVIEW
The article is devoted to the main studies that consider the centuries-old history of the relationship between the authorities and non-Orthodox Christians on the territory of the Lower Volga region. The active colonization of sparsely populated territories, initiated by the manifesto of Catherine II, led to the emergence of Catholic and Protestant populations in the Lower Volga region, whose numbers grew rapidly. The study of the problem is mainly limited to the period of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, which was very significant for the process of formation of a new style of relations between church and state. A small number of special studies on confessional politics is presented in the region of interest to us. Most of the publications related to this issue in one way or another are generalizing in nature and use the experience mainly of central authorities, forgetting about regional ones. However, even with a rigid vertical of power, religious policy on the ground was carried out taking into account the national, cultural and social characteristics of their regions. According to the author, the politicized approach, considering the existence of Western Christian confessions in Russia as a violation of order and a threat to the security of the state and society, did not contribute to its objective scientific consideration.
Key words: baptism, legislation, Catholicism, German colonists, Lower Volga region, Protestantism, sectarianism, church.
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.014
L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia
THE BIBLE AS A SOURCE OF LAW (PART FIFTEEN, FINAL)
Based on the second part of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the author sets the task to show the convergence in the legal systems of the world divine and human principles, while keeping in mind that the beginning of a positive (human, artificial) rights was embedded in the theological stage of civilization. The implementation of this task requires an analysis of various legal concepts in their historical development; the content of the Bible in the context of the norms of human behavior, rules of life (commandments, parables of Jesus Christ, recommendations of the Holy Apostles); regulatory documents of various countries, including Russia, in their historical development.
The article is divided into several parts based on the volume of its content.
Key words: God, divine law, natural law, positive law, Bible, Commandments, philosophers, scientists, lawyers, normative documents, legal concepts.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.015
I.YU. LEBEDEV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State Regulation of Economics, Faculty of MIGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
SOCIO-ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO THE CONTENT OF THE ESSENCE OF PROPERTY AS A CATEGORY OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
Property, its origin, essence, change of forms in the historical development of mankind is one of the "eternal" themes of social philosophy. Recently, there have been many studies devoted to the transformation of forms of ownership, studies that would consider the essence of property in socio-philosophical terms are not enough.
Key words: property, social philosophy, patterns of development, anthropic principle, transpersonal nature of realization, property right, bundle of property rights.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.016
E.N. KARATUEVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Management of Socio-Political Processes and History of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, St. Petersburg, Russia
ANARCHISM AS THE BASIS OF THE IDEOLOGY OF RADICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTSTHE
Anarchism as an ideological trend is very popular among the most radical supporters of the environmental movement. In addition, the ecological views of decentralized local communities provide ideological support for the "extra-parliamentary" activities of the "green" movement. What unites anarchists with radical ecological movements is the preferred use in their activities of tactics of autonomous and direct action, sabotage and the desire to return to pristine nature for the sake of constructive changes in society.
The article is devoted to the study of the anarchist trend in the ideology of ecoterrorist organizations, comparing their activity and structure with existing anarchist organizations. The philosophy of ecoanarchism deserves special attention in the article as one of the ideological foundations of emerging radical environmental protection movements.
Key words: anarchism, eco-anarchism, environmentalism, "direct action", ecoterrorist organizations.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.017
A.А. NIKOLENKO Graduate Institute of law and administration of the Vladivostok State University of Economics and service, Vladivostok, Russia
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICAL AUTHORITIES AT THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CIVILIZATION
Changing the characteristics of political power over time within the framework of a local civilization is one of the little-studied problems in modern Russian political science. The relevance of this topic is also indicated by the fact that often local specifics do not allow us to build not only competent lines of interaction in the foreign policy space, but also does not allow us to assess the presence of internal contradictions, as well as their sources. The study of the characteristics of political power and the basic models of power in a country where strong political traditions influence the entire complex of civilizational phenomena, one way or another interconnected and conditioned by previous stages of development, become necessary foundations for developments in the field of political science, as well as the theory of international relations.
Key words: «civilization», local civilization, social process, power, features of the political process, Western-oriented approach.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.018
A.V. OSIPOV Candidate of Political Science, Judge of the Leninsky District Court of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
THE MAIN TRENDS, DYNAMICS AND CONTRADICTIONS OF THE PROCESSES OF CONSOLIDATION OF POLITICAL POWER IN MODERN RUSSIA (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF SOCIAL MONITORING 1998-2021)
The article presents the results of the current analysis of the main trends, dynamics and contradictions of the processes of consolidation of political power in modern Russia (based on the materials of social monitoring 1998-2021). In the context of the negative impact of the pandemic, the combination of factors of foreign policy and domestic political pressure, the development of the socio-political crisis, the author reveals the existing split of society and power, the polarization of public consciousness on key political issues, outlines ways to overcome the negative trends in the development of the main clusters of political power consolidation. The article focuses on the analysis of the results of actual monitoring of social and political orientations of young people, contradictions of the use of political technologies in the electronic media environment.
Key words: political power, political clusters, consolidation of political power, socio-political monitoring, political technologies, socio-political management, socio-political trends and contradictions, all-Russian civic identity.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.019
A.V. BOGAPOVA Postgraduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
K.M. MAKARENKO Senior lecturer, Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia
POPULIST RHETORIC OF MODERN PROTESTS: ON THE EXAMPLE OF PROTEST MOVEMENTS IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA IN THE SECOND DECADE OF THE XXI CENTURY
Populist rhetoric, which is a characteristic feature of public politics, finds its application not only during the period of conventional political actions, such as elections, but also manifests itself in the practice of unconventional participation: within the framework of protest actions of both local, regional and federal significance. At the same time, the use of both oppositional and pro-government populist rhetoric is recorded at protest actions. In this regard, it seems important to analyze the slogans of the protest movements in various regions of Russia during the period of active growth in the number of protest actions in modern period. The authors made an attempt to determine the nature and attribution of populist slogans that took place at public protest actions. The conclusion is drawn about the binary nature of populist rhetoric. Taking into account the “competitiveness” in the framework of public policy, the practice of political mobilization dictates the need to concentrate resources, which is expressed in the use of slogans of a unifying nature to mobilize “insiders”. There is also the formation of community identity through the definition of “others” guilty of injustice, which is expressed in the use of an anti-elite message. The formation of strong horizontal ties within a community is possible only in conditions of the creation of a visible disposition: solidarity within and a feeling of pressure from the outside, which explains the prevailing nature of the use of populism in protest rhetoric.
Key words: populism, populist discourse, political mobilization, protest activity, Russian political process.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.020
I.I. NALEDIN PhD student, Department of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
CRIMEAN TATAR ETHNOS IN INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS ON THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD: FROM CONFRONTATION TO HARMONISATION
The article discusses the history of the development of the Crimean Tatar ethnos in modern Crimea, a unique region with the experience of Ukrainian and Russian national policies. The analysis of interethnic relations on the peninsula and the activity of authorities in the ethno-cultural sphere is presented. During the Ukrainian period, the authorities often took advantage of the historical contradictions between the peoples of the region, trying to aggravate the socio-political situation in Crimea. Since 2014 Russia has been pursuing a policy of harmonizing interethnic relations, paying attention to all the peoples of the peninsula.
Key words: Crimea, interethnic relations, Crimean Tatars, national minorities.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.021
D.M. HUSEINOVA Postgraduate student at the Chair of history of social movements and political parties, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE PROBLEM OF TERRORISM AS ASSESSED BY MODERN RESEARCHERS
In the modern era, terrorist organizations pose a great threat. Although an active struggle is being waged against them, they are improving their methods and expanding their activities from year to year. As practice shows, the fight against terrorists should be carried out by the entire world community, since these organizations have a network structure. Their cells are located in different parts of the world and have large stocks of weapons in their arsenal. Terrorism has become one of the global problems of our time, in the resolution of which researchers: political scientists, sociologists, historians and lawyers could play a very important role. Qualitative methods of combating terrorism, work on the identification and prevention of terrorist acts depend on the depth of the developed theoretical base and analysis of accumulated data on terrorism. One of the urgent tasks is to develop clear definitions and adequate typologies of modern terrorism on the resolution of which a significant number of domestic and foreign authors are presently working. The purpose of the paper is to identify the degree and nature of the study of the designated issue in the modern scientific literature and assess the available definitions and classifications.
Key words: security, terrorism, ideology, research.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.022
R.А. MALSAGOV Postgraduate student, Department of History of Social and Political Studies Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
FUNDAMENTALISM IN MODERN MUSLIM SOCIETY: NEOTRADIONALISM AND RADICALISM
Islam is a world religion, and the number of its followers is growing every year. And, like any other religion, it combines many strains and movements. Modern Islamic fundamentalism is an umbrella term for a reactionary ideology that actively advocates for a return to the origins of faith and the rejection of all sorts of innovations, both in theology and in the public consciousness. In scientific literature, various definitions of this concept can be found. However, one thing remains the same – a return to the fundamentals or the times of the "righteous ancestors" of the salaf. That is why fundamentalist Muslims themselves prefer to call themselves Salafis. At various times in history, they opposed innovations and qualified them as bid'a. The extreme degree of fundamentalism raises great concerns, especially given the rise in international terrorism. The study aims to analyze fundamentalism and its main trends, in particular neotraditionalism and radicalism, using the works of domestic and foreign Islamic scholars and theologians, as well as modern and medieval theologians.
Key words: fundamentalism, radicalism, traditionalism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.023
N.A. SITDIKOVA Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
M.A. FALALEEV Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
E.E. NECHAY Academic Advisor, Candidate of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FACTORS ON THE ELECTORAL ACTIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL CASES
The article analyzes the degree of influence of natural factors on the electoral activity of the Russian population during the elections to the State Duma of the VIII convocation. The aim of the research is to study the correlations between natural phenomena and the level of voter participation during voting. The article uses such methods as: typologization of material, systematization, case study method. The result of the work is a description of the relationship between the types of natural factors of various origins (infectious, anthropogenic, natural) and electoral activity. The conclusion of the study states that the natural factor mainly has an indirect effect on the voting results, but nevertheless it is significant in assessing the dynamics of citizens' participation in the electoral process.
Key words: electoral activity, electoral process, elections to the State Duma of the VIII convocation, natural factors, political participation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.024
G.F. BELOUSOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
DEPUTIES OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA-ALANIA OF 1-6 CONVOCATIONS: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, PARTY AFFILIATION AND SYMBOLIC CAPITAL
The purpose of the article is the analysis of socio-demographic characteristics, party affiliation and symbolic capital of deputies of the 1-6 convocations of the Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The empirical basis of the study is the biographies of the deputies from the official website of the parliament, the research method is the biographical method. The study showed the presence of stable gender asymmetry in parliament, its mono-ethnic nature, the presence of a significant number of namesake deputies in the deputy corps, a stable average age of deputies from convocation to convocation and a tendency to change from one predominant age cohort to another after 2-3 convocations. Most of the deputies are natives of the North Ossetian ASSR or the Georgian SSR. Deputies from the Liberal Democratic Party and independent deputies are not represented in the parliament of the region, deputies from Just Russia and the Communist Party are almost not represented, and there is a significant number of members of the Patriots of Russia party, whose number has increased in the 5th convocation. The symbolic capital of deputies is associated with membership in public organizations and posession of awards and honorary titles, the analysis of which shows a clear logic of the award policy of the region.
Key words: political elites, national republics, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, ethnocratic elite, symbolic capital.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.025
M.M. IMAMOV PhD in Law, Center for Advanced Economic Research in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia
N.B. SEMENIKHINA PhD in Economics, Associate Professor at the Department of Accounting, Analysis and Audit, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
BUDGET CRITERIA FOR THE FORMATION AND CONTROL OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITY NATIONAL PROJECTS AND FEDERAL TARGET DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
The purpose of this publication is to study the features and main financial and budgetary criteria for assessing the results of the implementation of national projects and targeted programs in Russia and the Republic of Tatarstan. Based on the use of formal legal and regulatory research methods, an analysis was made of the existing regulatory design and program framework on the topic under consideration. When writing the article, a systemic-structural approach was also used, which made it possible to identify and highlight the most important elements and components of program-target planning in Russia and other countries, as well as criteria for monitoring the implementation of national projects in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the example of Tatarstan. The presented article is an up-to-date study of a socio-political, economic and financial nature, which has unconditional scientific and practical significance, the novelty of clarifying the most significant problematic issues, and is aimed at attempts to in-depth study of individual elements of the development of the program-target planning system in Russia related to the budgeting process. and financing of project and program activities. At the same time, the topics considered in the work are, of course, promising for further scientific deepening and detailing of certain points that are superficially touched on in the publication, including taking into account the regional specifics of individual subjects of the Russian Federation.
Key words: Republic of Tatarstan, national projects, regional programs, budget resources, program documents, federal budget.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.026
A.R. LAGAI Master of the Department of Public and Municipal Administration, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
S.I. POPOV Ph.D. in Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF LAND USE AND LANDSCAPING IN THE LOMONOSOVSKY DISTRICT OF MOSCOW
The article presents the author's research of the phenomenon of the Lomonosovsky district of Moscow in terms of innovative solutions in the field of land use and landscaping. The most significant factors of using the software and hardware complex of the multifunctional landscaping management system are highlighted. The analysis of the prospects of applying the experience of the Lomonosovsky district on the scale of the federal city of Moscow and in the Russian Federation as a whole is given.
Key words: landscaping, comfortable environment, automation of processes, elements of landscaping, Lomonosovsky district, Moscow city, multifunctional landscaping system.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.027
I.A. SOSHKO Senior Lecturer at the Department of Financial Law, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia
STATE POLICY AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FIELD OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC IN THE 1990S – EARLY 2000S: ANALYSIS OF SOURCES
The article reveals the problem of studying such an urgent and important issue as the state policy of supporting small and medium-sized businesses in the 1990s – early 2000s. and the results of its implementation on the territory of the Chuvash Republic. The author characterizes the main sources on this issue, which include both published and archival materials. In disclosing the topic, the funds of the State Archives of the Russian Federation, the State Archives of the Modern History of the Chuvash Republic, and the State Historical Archives of the Chuvash Republic are of great importance. The author comes to the conclusion that the most important source for characterizing the state policy in the field of small business development was the normative legal acts adopted during the period under review. Of great importance for the disclosure of the topic are also statistical publications, among which I would especially like to highlight the collections "Small Business in Chuvashia", published by Chuvashstat in 2003-2008. The next valuable source of information are federal and republican newspapers and magazines: Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Kommersant, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Sovetskaya Chuvashia, Delovaya Chuvashia, Chăvash En and many others. Thus, the aggregate source base of the problem, dedicated to the state policy in the field of small business in the Chuvash Republic in the 1990s – early 2000s, allows us to speak about the sufficiency or representativeness of the coverage of this scientific topic. The entire set of archival and published data for the first time from the standpoint of historical science provides an opportunity to comprehensively study the state policy in the field of small business on the territory of Chuvashia.
Key words: small and medium business, state economic policy, Chuvash Republic, analysis of sources.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.028
I.F. TALIPOV Master of Petroleum Engineering, Master of Business Administration, Master's, Faculty of International Relations and International Law, Department of International Relations, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia
O.V. MATVEEV Academic Supervisor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of International Relations, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ARCTIC DEVELOPMENT
This article examines the characteristics of legislation on the use of natural resources in the Arctic in different countries and the main directions of state policy in this area. The paper analyzes the various national and international laws and regulations formalizing the development of resources and protecting the environment in the Arctic, as well as evaluating the provisions. Given the global importance of achieving this goal, the Russian Federation, as the largest polar state, should ensure the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework. In addition to general issues of Russian sovereignty, jurisdiction and management guidelines in the Arctic, the law should include provisions on the specifics of environmental management in the Arctic region, taking into account the needs of the Russian Federation. development of natural resources and protection of the Arctic environment from negativity. impacts. Another option is the adoption of a special law aimed at protecting the environment and preventing pollution of the Arctic seas and lands of the Russian Federation.
Key words: Arctic, legal regulation of subsoil use, international law, international legal regulation, federal legislation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.029
R.N. SHANGARAEV Ph.D. (Economic Sciences), Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in Foreign Policy of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia
TURKEY-US CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIC INTERACTION ISSUES
Turkey has always differed from most NATO member countries with respect to alliance steps at the regional level. Attempts by Ankara to carry out the national interests above block solidarity have already led to conflicts with its traditional allies, first of all with the USA.
Key words: Russia, Turkey, USA, NATO, strategic interests.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.030
A.A. MACHINA Associate Professor, Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
INFORMATION POLICY OF TURKEY FOR A PLACE IN A NEW WORLD ORDER
The article analyzes the information policy of Turkey aimed at internal and external audiences. The country's desire to become a world power and to play a decisive role in the system of international relations mobilized not only economic resources and political forces, but also set an appropriate information agenda. For this purpose, the author analyzed the materials of popular news agencies, speeches of leading political players and the country's President R. Erdogan. The author makes a special emphasis on the reasons for the formation of a "emasculated information field", which allows broadcasting an exclusively uncontested information agenda to an internal audience and narrowing information messages to an external audience exclusively to the position of President Erdogan, who monopolized the goals and objectives of the country's foreign policy.
The author outlined the main themes and ideas implanted in the internal audience, as well as highlighted the country's aspirations declared to the external audience. As a result, conclusions were drawn about a systematic, consistent and effective information policy of Turkey and progressive progress towards the cherished goal – the formation of a new center of power in the international arena.
Key words: Turkey, information policy, new world order, world powers, propaganda, legacy of Ataturk, Turkic world, R. Erdogan.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.031
V.M. PESHKOVA Candidate of historical sciences, senior researcher, Institute of Sociology Federal research sociological center Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTEGRATION OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the main science and policy-applied approaches to the relationship between the entrepreneurial activity of international migrants and their integration on the example of the of European and Northern America countries. Both in policy and in migration studies the entrepreneurial activity of international migrants, as well as migration in general, is assessed ambiguously. The prevailing opinion is that they make a positive contribution to the socio-economic development of both receiving and sending countries, as well as to the socio-economic situation of the immigrants themselves and their integration. At the same time a lot of evidence has been collected that self-employment in itself does not guarantee successful integration in all spheres of life in a new state for immigrants.
Key words: international migrants, international migration integration, entrepreneurship, North America, Europe.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.032
G.S. SMIDOVICH PhD Economics, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
NATIONAL SECURITY, INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS AND INDIVIDUAL APPROACH
In July 2021, the National Security Strategy was adopted. And in September 2021 The President of the Russian Federation set a task: to achieve positive dynamics of the population of the Russian Federation by the end of 2024, in connection with which the tasks of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation were adjusted by order of the Government of the Russian Federation. What is the relationship between the national security of the Russian Federation and the integration of interstate migrants for permanent residence?
There is an urgent need for a theoretical understanding of the tasks of the migration policy of the Russian Federation in the previously adopted Concepts of migration policy, raising the question of the practical tasks of integrating interstate migrants into permanent residence, who are directly involved in the formation of the Russian population, and, accordingly, the main hopes are placed on them for the real fulfillment of the task set before the Government of the Russian Federation by President Vladimir Putin.
The strategy actually approved the inseparable dependence of the state and national security of the Russian Federation on the processes of interstate migration of the population, as an integral part of the socio-economic development of the country.
What is necessary to solve the task of achieving a positive trend in the number of Russians by the end of 2024? Can temporary labor migration become a resource for replenishing the number of citizens of the country?
What should be done by the state so that a simple quantitative approach to solving such an important issue as admission to citizenship does not become a threat to national security? What integration measures on the part of the state are necessary for this? Here are the main research questions of this article.
The shortage of labor resources and their qualifications are the main challenges for the economy of modern developed world economies. Migration of labor and human resources is the only resource for its replenishment. That is why the integration of migrants is a determining factor for the preservation and growth of developed world economies, including the Russian Federation. The author suggests and justifies the need for an individual approach to solving the problem of management, legislative regulation and control over the course of integration – the introduction of an instrument of integration contracts based on social contracts already introduced in the Russian Federation, as the only way to effective integration of migrants locally with the participation of municipal authorities, where both the state level of management and self-government are combined, and where it directly occurs.
Key words: national security, population, integration of migrants, individual approach, integration contracts.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.033
L.M. RESHETNIKOVA PhD, computer lab assistant Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia
INTERSTATE MILITARY COOPERATION IN THE CASPIAN SEA IN THE 2000s
The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of international military cooperation in the Caspian. The Caspian Sea has not only economic but also military-strategic importance, especially for the littoral states. Despite the process of building up national armaments that took place fast in the period under review in the 2000s, at the present the military possible conflict in the Caspian is minimized. By the problem-chronological method, methods of content and event analysis, we can conclude that in the 2000s the states of the “Caspian five” had to able to reach the new level of international military cooperation in order to ensure the safety of navigation and eliminate any threats to the objects of international economic activity in the Caspian Sea.
Key words: Caspian Sea, cooperation, international security, naval forces, navy drills.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.034
A.V. DAVIDCHENKO Coordinator of the Social Engineering Agency, Moscow, Russia
N.L. TYUKOV PhD, Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of Socio-Political Research and Technology, Institute of History and Politics, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
N.A. PONOMAREV PhD, expert of ANO "Center for Applied Research and Programs", Moscow, Russia
V.L. SHAPOVALOV PhD, Associate Professor, Deputy Director of the Institute of History and Politics, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
TECHNOLOGIES FOR COUNTERING PROTEST ACTIONS IN BELARUS IN 2020-2021
This article examines the issue of the effectiveness of technologies to counter protest actions used by the Belarusian authorities in countering the opposition during the "slipper revolution" 2020-2021. The methodology of the work is formed by combining elements of structural, comparative and cybermetric analysis. The authors come to the conclusion that the official authorities of Belarus have made a choice in favor of predominantly forceful methods of stopping the “color revolution”. As a result, the political leadership was able to stabilize the existing regime in the medium term. However, at the same time, the authorities completely lost on the media platform, including losing the loyalty of journalists of many state media. The authorities also neglected the use of smart crowd technology. The figure of Alexander Lukashenko has become "super toxic" in the international arena. The methods of struggle he chose turned out to be absolutely unacceptable in the eyes of the international community. The country actually found itself isolated in the international space, Lukashenko was not recognized by the presidents of many countries. The introduction of sanctions against Belarus puts it in complete economic dependence on the Russian Federation. At the same time, Moscow also suffers political costs due to the support of a ruler unacceptable either for Belarusians or for the world community. Alexander Lukashenko's continued stay in power raises a serious question about the possibility of implementing an integration case between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. The President of Belarus transfers his reputational costs to the “Union State” project, which pushes away most of the Belarusian society from it. This may soon provoke a new "color revolution". Oppositional public forces of Belarus, suppressed by force, were only temporarily neutralized. Protest sentiments in the Belarusian society dominate, people have the legal consequences of protest, but if the necessary trigger is created, another surge in street activity will occur.
Key words: protests, Belarus, "slipper revolution", "color revolution", non-violent struggle, counteraction.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.035
MOHAMMED ALMUALLEM Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
S.A. BOKERIYA PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
THE ARAB LEAGUE'S FRAMEWORK FOR COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED NATIONS
The article analyses the progress made between the organisations of the United Nations system and the League of Arab States (LAS). Its emergence coincided with the establishment of the United Nations, the only international organization of a universal character and the institutional guarantor of the modern system of international relations. The emergence of the LAS in 1945 was a significant international event that influenced the dynamics of regional relations by giving practical expression to the idea of Arab unity, which was institutionalized region-wide. At the same time, the region was marked by centrifugal tendencies and ethnic and religious contradictions. In this context, the fledgling regional institution was faced with the question of its political survival in the new bipolar system of international relations that was taking shape. Engagement with the UN on a range of issues has become a priority tool to address these needs. This engagement has a rich history, which has allowed us to analyse trends and vectors of cooperation. The research article is based on a historical-chronological approach and institutional analysis of the UN and the LAS activities, using statistical methods to assess the interaction of the two organisations. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude that the dynamics of the UN and the LAS cooperation do not correspond to their full potential. For many United Nations agencies, there is a wide field of interaction within which the United Nations can take steps to improve and expand cooperation with the League of Arab States.
Key words: cooperation, LAS, UN, agreements, economy, security, education and culture.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.036
DOUMBIA AMARA Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
EU PEACEKEEPING STRATEGIES IN MALI: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
This article examines EU peacekeeping strategies and approaches to resolve the multi-dimensional crisis in Mali following the Algiers Peace Agreement in 2015.
The conflict is exacerbated by a deep political crisis, the Islamic terrorist threat and the claims of ethnic minorities, the Tuaregs, in particular. In this context, it is relevant to analyze the EU's approaches and mechanisms to stabilize the situation on the African continent, particularly in Mali, in the conditions of the drawdown of the French military presence, the end of Operation Barkhane and the unpredictable trajectory of the multidimensional crisis.
The aim of this article is to analyze EU peacekeeping strategies in Mali from 2012 until 2021. The research methodology is based on a system-historical approach, which helps to evaluate the EU's contribution to resolving the Malian crisis. The analysis of political discourse and key documents has also been used.
The authors conclude that the EU peacekeeping strategy is characterized by a multi-actor approach, shifting the focus from initiatives aimed at developing the socio-economic situation to projects in peace and security in the Sahel region, which is conditioned not only by the availability of valuable resources on its territory, but also by the exacerbation of problems of illegal migration, the spread of organized crime, drug trafficking and COVID-19.
Key words: Africa, EU, Mali, Sahara-Sahel sub-region, Mali crisis, terrorist threat, security.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.037
A.G. KUZYAKIN Ph.D., Humanities Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
INTERACTION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND WHO AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
The purpose of the article is to consider the main components of the interaction between the WHO and the Russian Federation, which determine the health care system of the Eurasian space. The methodological basis of the research was formed by such approaches as the systemic approach and the non-liberalism approach of the theory of international relations. The first made it possible to define the health care system of the Eurasian region as a system in which one of the key functions is performed by such subjects as the Russian Federation and the WHO. The second allows us to talk about the importance of the processes of humanization of the system of international relations, in particular the development of cooperation of international actors in the field of health care. Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization is due to decades of interaction that has been implemented since the inception of WHO. Today, the directions of their joint work are determined in strategic documents and public practice. An important area of such work is the development of the health care system in the Eurasian region, in relation to which the Russian Federation performs the function of a donor country and, with the participation of WHO, provides assistance to neighboring states and sub-regions of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Key words: World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Eurasian region, Russian Federation, health system.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.038
NDONGO NLATE JEAN MARTIAL Assistant lecturer at the department of Theory and History of International Relations People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
THE ONLY CAMEROONIANS: CAMEROON’S FRENCH AND THE BRITISH CONNECTION
The Anglophone crisis broke out in the North West and South West regions of Cameroon in the early 2016 as a result of the longstanding and everlasting ‘Anglophone Problem’ in the country. This crisis that is seriously affecting the economy, politics and society dates as far back as the Independence period and the proclamation of the Independence of the so-called “Ambazonian” state which marked the escalation of the crisis was just the last straw that broke the camel’s back. Measures have been taken to resolve the crisis but these appear to be simple giants with feet-clay without any significant positive impact. This research paper which adopted a qualitative research method with data collected from reports, focus groups discussions and interviews, seeks to demonstrate that, the serious implication of the British Government in the conflict resolution process could have a significant impact.
Key words: Cameroon crisis ,Anglophone , Human Rights , language rights, Regional studies.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.039
Ch.G. SAFAROVA PhD student, Ganja State University, Ganja, Azerbaijan
FACTORS DETERMINING GEORGIAN POLICY OF TURKEY (1991-2019)
Georgia has been one of the most important countries in Turkey's policy in the South Caucasus since the 1990s. The country, which Russia regards as a close security ally, has historically been a geopolitical neighbour for NATO member Turkey, but for 70 years relations have been completely limited. The main purpose of the article is to identify the factors that influenced the formation of Turkey's policy in Georgia in 1991-2019. Given the changing nature of regional geopolitical processes in the studied chronological framework, the factors influencing bilateral relations have also changed. Of course, in order to clarify Turkey's attitude to Georgia, which is part of the Caucasian geopolitical space, first of all, attention was paid to the main directions and principles of Turkey's regional policy. Historical, geopolitical and economic factors were specially analyzed. At the same time, the principles of relations between Georgia and Turkey were discussed.
Comparative analysis, content and event analysis, sociological methods were used during the research.
The conclusion of the article is that the most important factors influencing Turkey's policy in Georgia are economic and geopolitical competition. In addition, the development of these relations is influenced by historical, ethno-demographic factors.
Key words: Turkey, South Caucasus, geopolitics, Georgia, factors.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.040
X. JUN Graduate student, Tomsk State University; Graduate student, Cangzhou Normal University, China
Q. QIURUN Graduate student, Tomsk State University, China
CHINA'S "SOFT POWER" IN CENTRAL ASIA IN 2010-2020
Central Asia is an important link for the implementation of the Chinese overland route of the Silk Road Economic Belt, including because it shares a border with China. In turn, the Silk Road Economic Belt is an important part of China's One Belt, One Road initiative. One of the mechanisms by which China conducts and corrects policy in the region is the so-called "soft power" policy. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that since the adoption of the new OPOP initiative, China has begun to expand all types of ties with the states of Central Asia, trade turnover has increased, as well as a previously unobserved presence in the media space of the region.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the phenomenon of China's "soft power" in Central Asia during the decade 2010-2020. To achieve this goal, several tasks were solved: a description of the history of the development of China's "soft power", the process of the formation of China's "soft power" in Central Asia was considered, difficulties with "soft power" diplomacy in the region were identified. Five main components are identified, proposals and difficulties in implementing larger regional initiatives are presented. As a result of this study, practical recommendations for the development of China's "soft power" in the Central Asian region are proposed.
Key words: Soft power, Central Asia, China, initiative, policy, "One Belt, One Road" (OBOR).
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.041
JIANG JUNJING Postgraduate student of the Department of International relations of the St. Petersburg state University, China
FEATURE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADING RELATIONS WITH TRUMP
The article examines the trade and economic relations between the United States and China. The author gives possible reasons for the difficult situation that is developing between the two countries in this area, noting their political nature. A brief historical excursion to the relationship between the United States and China is carried out, it is concluded that earlier these relationships were more favorable than at the present stage of development. It identifies the methods used by the United States to destabilize the Chinese economy and the measures that were taken by China in response. In particular, it reveals the content and essence of the sanctions adopted by the United States against China, as well as the accusations made against China in the cultural and trade spheres, in foreign policy. The conclusion is drawn that the aggressive US policy towards China was initiated by Donald Trump, and was subsequently supported by Joe Biden. Despite this, China still has strong economic indicators, which clearly follows from the statistics provided in the article. At the same time, the article reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese economy, which can have a certain impact on the further outcome of the analyzed trade war. Also in this article, the author formulates the conclusion that the United States may subsequently use other means of influencing China and waging a trade war with it, but so far its consequences have not been characterized as disastrous for the country, despite all the losses caused to China.
Key words: USA, China, trade war, sanctions, goods, economy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.042
QU QUAN Postgraduate student at the Chair of world politics, Tomsk State University, China
XU JUN Postgraduate student at the Chair of world politics, Tomsk State University, China
POST-EPIDEMIC ERA: THE CHANGING ROLE OF CHINA AND RUSSIA IN KAZAKHSTAN
After the war in Afghanistan, the strategic presence and policy of China and Russia in Kazakhstan have undergone major changes, but the strategic presence of China and Russia continues to grow. Especially after the epidemic, the country advocates a new concept of economic globalization and implements a mutually beneficial and win-win opening strategy, which is also attractive for Kazakhstan. The article highlights the issues of military security, energy, human relations, national image and economic trends after the epidemic. The authors analyze current state of affairs and changes in the two above-mentioned countries in various fields are, and a comparison of their strengths and weaknesses is also provided. The authors note that after the epidemic, China and Russia advocated the "One Belt, One Road" program so that Central Asia could avoid difficulties in choosing sides and permanent teams and could also provide strong support for the development of China and Russia. However, due to the unified industry structure, the coordinated development of industries within the alliance is limited and the problem of building a reasonable and efficient production chain in Eurasia is still not solved.
Key words: China, Russia, Kazakhstan, politics, change.
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.043
Y.V. BARANOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
A.A. LEONOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
PHAM THI MINH HUEN Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NORTH PACIFIC
Excessive pollution of the marine environment is currently being observed, which negatively affects both the marine ecosystem and the entire planet. Realizing the scale of the problem, most states have joined international organizations whose activities are aimed at preventing ocean pollution. Visually, the entire body of water on Earth seems to be one continuous body of water, but the ecosystems of each of the developed oceans are colossally different from each other, ranging from biological diversity to the density and salinity of water. This article examines the activities of transboundary organizations involved in the protection of the marine environment, considering the characteristics of a particular marine ecosystem, namely, the region of the North Pacific Ocean (North Pacific). The work includes a characterization of the activities of organizations such as the Northwest Pacific Action Plan, the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, the Forum of State Border Authorities North Pacific, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of cross-border organizations.
Key words: transboundary organizations, North Pacific, protection of the marine environment, supranationality.