Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 10. Issue 5 (62), 2020.

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL HISTORY

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

POLITICAL CONFLICTOLOGY

POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY

STUDENT SCIENCE

REFLECTIONS ON READ

Slizovskiy D.E. Review of the Article by K.D. Gusev “Socio-Political Activity N.I. Kondratenko: Historiographic Aspect”

Our authors № 5-2020

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.001

R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor, Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

A.YU. PICHUGIN Graduate student of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE POLICY TO SUPPORT SOCIALLY VULNERABLE CATEGORIES OF CITIZENS BETWEEN 1941 AND 1945 (ON MATERIALS OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION)

The article discusses examples of social assistance and protection of disabled people and families of military personnel during the Great Patriotic War on the example of the Ulyanovsk region. The history of social support for the participants of the Great Patriotic War dates back to the first days of the war, when “money certificates” were introduced, on the basis of which family members of military personnel received wages for them. This allowed the families of front-line soldiers to survive in the starving rear. Those who became disabled as a result of participation in hostilities, the state assigned a pension. Social assistance and protection during the Great Patriotic War was associated with problems of assistance to families of war veterans, sick and wounded, incapable of employment of disabled people, issues of care for orphans and other wartime problems. The article examines a number of regulatory documents related to the implementation of social protection of the population of that period, for example, it was monitored by the reports of City and district military registration and enlistment offices on the frequency of visits to disabled World War II, families of victims and families of war veterans. Social assistance and social rehabilitation of the wounded and disabled had a number of deep problems in this period. Since the theme of the war is very multifaceted, the subject of analysis of this article is the activity of central and local social security agencies from June 1941 to May 1945, using the example of the Ulyanovsk Region.

Key words: World War II, war invalids, military families, pensions, material support.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.002

А.А. SEMYONOV Doctor of historical sciences, professor the head of the department of humanitarian disciplines Armavir mekhaniko-Institute of Technology in "The Kuban state technological university", Armavir, Russia

A.I. AKIMOVA Post-graduate student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova Ulyanovsk, Russia

SCHOOLS OF FZO AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS IN THE SYSTEM OF LABOR RESERVES IN THE USSR IN THE 1950-s (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGIONS)

The article is devoted to the system of vocational education of labor reserves of the USSR, based on materials from the Middle Volga. On the basis of archival materials introduced for the first time into scientific circulation, the general condition of the network of schools of factory and factory training (FZO) and vocational schools (RU), their material and technical base and living conditions of students and teaching staff are analyzed, as well as the features of theoretical and industrial learning. The created new system – ”Labor reserves”, was engaged in the training of professional workers, starting with voluntary recruitment and mobilization of young people in educational institutions, the organization of training, provided accommodation, created living conditions for students and after employment employed. The main contingent of mobilized youth to study in the Labor Reserves system was rural youth. It seems appropriate to note that some educational institutions were reorganized, underwent structural changes, in particular in connection with the formation of the Ulyanovsk Region on January 19, 1943. So, for example, in the Ulyanovsk region, in all schools of the Federal Law School and the Republic of Uzbekistan there were training programs sent by the Office of Labor Reserves. On their basis, the leadership of educational institutions at the initial level of technical orientation made up monthly production schedules based on current realities at the place of practice and the material and technical state of the facility. A special feature of the formation of the new system, the training of professional personnel, is large-scale industrialization and the critical situation in terms of the security of existing industrial enterprises and new workers on the basis of evacuated factories and factories.

Key words: USSR, Mordovian ASSR, Ulyanovsk region, manpower reserves, inservice training, vocational schools, FZO schools, personnel.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.003

R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of History, Professor, Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

A.V. FILATOV Post-graduate student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

A.Y. PICHUGIN Post-graduate student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

MATERIAL AND HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS OF LIFE OF CHILDREN OF CHILDREN'S HOUSES IN THE 1950S (ON MATERIALS OF ULLYANOVSK REGION)

The authors' article presents data on the presence of common structural problems associated with homelessness on the territory of the Ulyanovsk Region during the Great Patriotic War. It was revealed that children from the occupied territories were evacuated from the occupied territories. As a result, a detailed retrospective analysis of the evacuation of children was carried out, the condition of the buildings of orphanages, their material and technical base, as well as the personnel situation were examined. The authors showed the role of local party structures in solving the problem of creating conditions for the functioning of orphanages. It was established that to ensure the admission of orphans to the financial department of the Ulyanovsk City Executive Committee, systematic financial calculations of the costs of taking and placing children in institutions were carried out. Along with this, it was revealed that the orphanages located in the district administrative units of the region were in more difficult conditions than urban ones. In many respects, this was caused by a considerable distance from the evacuated enterprises, factories, factories, which did not allow us to fully provide patronage assistance. In conclusion, the authors came to the conclusion that the functioning system of social protection of orphaned young citizens successfully coped with their main task - in a short time it leveled children's homelessness in the Ulyanovsk Region. In orphanages, despite problems with the provision of food, clothing, electricity, fuel, as well as teaching staff, management created tolerant living conditions for orphans.

Key words: Great Patriotic War, Ulyanovsk region, children, an orphanage, homelessness, evacuation, rear, village.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.004

N.V. ZANOZIN PhD in Historical sciences, associate Professor Institute of food technology and design – branch of the in Nizhny Novgorod state engineering and economic University, Department of Humanities, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

ORGANIZATION OF THE HEALTH SYSTEM OF THE GORKY REGION IN 1945-1953

The article is devoted to the development of health care in the Gorky region after the end of World War II. It reveals the contradictions and complexity of the process of post-war restoration of the medical care system. The article summarizes the available material on the topic under study, introduces new archival sources into scientific circulation. The author on the material of the Gorky region reveals the process of reforming the healthcare system of the entire Soviet Union.

Key words: health care system, post-war development, Gorky region, birth rate, mortality, morbidity, Ministry of Health, outpatient clinic, people with disabilities.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.005

V.I. KОVALEV Candidate of Sciences (history), Associate Professor at Gubkin branch of Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Gubkin, Russia

FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINANCIAL-MONETARY SYSTEM OF STARY OSKOL DISTRICT DURING THE OCCUPATION

The article deals with the formation and development of the financial system of the occupation authorities at the regional level, i.e. Stary Oskol district of the Kursk region. The author analyzed academic writings, archival materials and came to the conclusion that the system, formed from the number of collaborators, was an important and necessary element of the existence of the German-Hungarian military power in the occupied territory. The cash registers were the lowest level of the financial and monetary system of the occupation authorities and served as a guide to the policy of the German and Hungarian authorities among the population. However, the activities of branches of the KhozBank, Agricultural Bank and cash registers did not lead to the formation of a sufficiently effective financial and monetary system in the Stary Oskol district during the occupation, which was one of the reasons for the short-lived nature of this regime. A significant part of the documents used in the article is being introduced into the academic circulation for the first time. The article significantly expands the traditional views of the occupation regime.

Key words: Stary Oskol district, KhozBank, cash diary, parish, expenditure, district council, village council, poll tax, revenue, wages.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.006

M.V. SOBOLEV Ph.D. (historical sciences), Department of vocational training and socio-pedagogical disciplines of the Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorina, Belgorod, Russia

A.A. KRISANOV Ph.D. (philosophical sciences), Department of vocational training and socio-pedagogical disciplines of the Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorina, Belgorod, Russia

SOVIET PERIODIC PRINTING OF THE END OF THE 1980S AS A FACTOR FOR THE FORMATION OF SOCIETY'S REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT THE TERMS AND PROPERTY SYSTEM AND PRIVATE PROPERTY ON LAND

In the article, the authors set the task, based on the analysis of periodical materials, to identify the features of public discussion in the period 1988-1990 on the search for the causes of crisis phenomena in the agricultural sector. The authors come to the conclusion that it was the radical democratic press that contributed to the discrediting of the collective-farm state farm organization of agricultural production, formed in the public mind inadequate idealized ideas about farming and private ownership of land as the only possible development path. However, the authors also believe that the widespread use of these assessments of the causes, the nature of the crisis in the agro-industrial complex and the prospects for overcoming it was due to the previous long period of ideological dictatorship and the actual isolation of the country, which did not allow society to form more objective ideas as the most important specificity of their own agrarian historical path, and how agriculture is organized in the West, and how and thanks to which Western agribusiness achieved a much higher effect wills.

Key words: perestroika policy, periodicals, the formation of representations of society, the collective farm and state farm system, private ownership of land.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.007

A.A. PETROV Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Altaic languages, folklore and literature of the Institute of peoples of the North, Herzen Russian state pedagogical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

RESEARCHERS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN PHILOLOGICAL TUNGUSO-MANCHU STUDIES

Introduction. In the history of Russian tunguso-Manchu studies, there are many names of remarkable scientists and researchers. These are the first travelers who explored the vast territories of the North, Siberia and the Far East in the XVII-XVIII centuries, and encyclopedia scientists of the XIX century, Soviet scientists of the XX century, and young researchers of the first quarter of the XXI century. Many of them are classics of Tunguso-Manchu studies: N.K. Vitsen, V.G. Bogoraz, V.L. Kotvich, M.A. Kastren, G.M. Vasilevich, N.N. Poppe, V.I. Tsintsius, V.A. Avrorin, V.A. Robbek, A.N. Myreeva, G.I. Varlamova, and others, many successfully work today: A.M. Pevnov, A.A. Burykin, N.Ya. Bulatova, B.V. Boldyrev, A.L. Malchukov, I.V. Nedyalkov, I.N. Novgorodov... At the beginning of the new century, new works of young researchers appeared: S.I. Sharina, I.I. Sadovnikova, K.N. Struchkov, R.P. Kuzmin, E.V. Nesterova, N.M. Stoynova, S.A. Oskolskaya, S.N. Savvinova, etc.

Purpose and objectives of the article: To study the history of scientists-researchers in the field of themes and literature of ethnic groups. The relevance of the research is determined by the lack of research on the topic and the lack of special works in this field of scientific knowledge. The object of research is Russian philological Tunguso-Manchu studies. The subject of the study was the languages of the Northern subgroup-Evenk (Tungusic), Lamut (Even), Negidal and Solon; the southern subgroup is Manchu, Jurchen, Nanai, Ulch, Orok (Wilta), Oroch, Udege, and the younger written literature of the Tunguso-Manchu peoples.

Research methods: observation, synchronous and diachronic analysis, classification, comparative-historical. The material was our own long-term teaching experience (40 years)at the Institute of the peoples of the North of the Herzen state University, as well as published works of domestic scientists.

Results: The Institute of peoples of the North of the Russian state University named after A.I. Herzen and the Institute of linguistic research of the Russian Academy of Sciences became the Leading scientific and educational centers for the study of Tungus-Manchu languages (Saint Petersburg), Institute of Philology SB RAS (Novosibirsk), Institute of humanitarian research and problems of small indigenous peoples of the North SB RAS (Yakutsk), Institute of languages and culture of the peoples of the North-East of the Russian Federation of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov (Yakutsk), Buryat state University named after Dorji Banzarov (Ulan-Ude), etc. Tunguso-Manchu scholars study languages and literatures of indigenous peoples of the Arctic, North, Siberia and the Far East in synchronous and diachronic aspects. At the same time, linguists study different levels of languages: phonetics (sound system), vocabulary (vocabulary), morphology (changes in word forms), syntax (phrases and sentences), and semantics. Literary scholars study the artistic originality and genre-stylistic features of the literature of the younger written peoples.

Conclusions: For more than three centuries, Russia has been conducting fundamental and applied research on the following languages: Evenk, Even, Negidal, Solon, Nanai, Ulch, Orok, Oroch, Udege, Manchu and Jurchen. Scientists of different generations of our country have made a huge contribution to the formation and development of scientific research of different sections of these languages (phonetics, vocabulary, morphology, syntax), as well as created unique scientific schools. The collection, processing, systematization, classification and analysis of language material involved travelers - navigators, pioneers of the North, Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic, scientists-encyclopedists of various branches of scientific knowledge (geologists, zoologists, meteorologists, botanists, physicians, astronomers, geophysicists...), as well as political exiles who were part of academic scientific expeditions in the areas where the Tunguso-Manchu peoples live. The scientific intelligentsia of scientists-researchers of languages, folklore and literature of these ethnic groups was formed from the representatives of the peoples of the North themselves. An invaluable role in this process was played by the ins created in 1930 in Leningrad, the tradition of which continues today by the ins at the RSPU named after A.I. Herzen. Currently, the study of the name is concentrated in scientific and educational centers of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Yakutsk, Ulan-Ude, Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk.

Key words: history, Russian philological Tunguso-Manchu studies, language and literature of indigenous peoples of the North, the Arctic, Siberia and the Far East.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.008

E.K. TABEYKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Department of History and Pedagogy Associate Professor, Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

REFORMS OF PETER I IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE AND EVERYDAY LIFE

The article is devoted to a historical analysis of the transformations of Peter I in the field of culture and life in the first quarter of the 16th century. Various assessments of the patterns, progressiveness, and appropriateness of these reforms are given. The essence of changes in the field of education, art, life, science and the introduction of the ideas of rationalism in many areas of Russian culture are revealed. Their influence on the life of Russian society in the studied period is shown.

Key words: Peter I, Europeanization, culture, traditions, values, education, art.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.009

V.I. KONOVA Candidate of historical Sciences, associate Professor Bryansk state University of engineering and technology, Bryansk, Russia

O.V. APTEKMAN – REVOLUTIONARY AND HISTORIAN

In March of 2019 celebrated 170 years since the birth of Osip V. Aptekman – active participant "going to the people", one of the founders "Land and freedom", editorial staff of the magazine "Black redistribution", the author of a number of historical studies on the history of revolutionary populism and a famous polemical article, "former comrades".

The article attempts to analyze the place and role of Osip Aptekman in the process of the emergence, development and collapse of the revolutionary populism, in the transformation of the utopian idea of "going to the people" into the concept of creating an organization of revolutionaries. The Study of the revolutionary activity of O.V. Aptekman is of undoubted interest for understanding the problems of the revolutionary movement of the 70s of the XIX century.

Key words: narodnichestvo, zemlevoltsy, chernoperedeltsy, political struggle", going to the people", society" Land and will", revolutionary movement, terror.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.010

E.G. BELAYA Сandidate of historical sciences, associate professor School of Arts and Humanities, Far East federal university; Senior Researcher, Institute of History, archeology and ethnography of peoples, Far East FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia

ETHNIC DANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF PRESERVING TRADITIONAL CULTURE ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NANAI PEOPLE

The article considers Nanai dance as an element of preserving traditional culture and an important source of creativity. Modern Nanai dance has become a consequence of the transformations of cultural space that have taken place over the past decades.

The first information about Nanai dances is found in descriptions of shamanic rituals, but without the use of the term "dance".

With the game on percussion, song and dance, which are called the ritual, the shamans came into contact with the spirits. The reason for kamlaniya could be: sending the soul of the deceased to the land of the dead, the rite of sacrifice, treatment, etc. Dances were improvised by shamans, and preserved traditional ways of reflecting stories in the conduct of rituals.

Nanai dances and traditional rites were formed under the influence of social, political, economic, and other factors, and were transformed over a long period of time. As a result of the reforms carried out in the Soviet period, regardless of the national identity of culture, significant changes were made to introduce new symbols and rituals, changing the values of the Nanai people. The form, composition, and content of the Nanai dance have changed.

Since the late 1990s, there has been a resurgence of interest in ethnic roots. According to many scientists, the partial loss of elements of traditional Nanai culture, including dance, was influenced by the rapprochement of the indigenous population with the Russians.

We paid our attention to the peculiarities of the development and study of dance culture of the Nanai ensembles of the Amur region on the material collected by us in the village of Belgo, Condon and the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, known for their active work on the preservation and development of song and dance art. Dance is the most important source of creativity, a means of preserving ethnic identity.

Key words: dance, Nanai, ritual, custom, folklore, culture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.011

I.V. RYBAK Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia

GOTHS: ORIGIN AND ROLE IN THE HISTORY OF THE CRIMEA

The article deals with the formation of ethnic and cultural identity of the Crimean Goths and their multicultural and historical aspects. The ways of settlement of the Goths in the Crimea are indicated. Influence of the Peninsula's geopolitical features on the life of the Goths as a social group.

Key words: ethnos, Goths, identification, Crimea, geopolitics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.012

K.B. SADYM Candidate of Sciences (history), Associate Professor at the Chair of philosophy, psychology and pedagogy, Kuban State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Krasnodar, Russia

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE ADYGHE PEOPLE IN KUBAN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTUR

The article describes the cultural and educational activities of the Adyghe in Kuban at the beginning of the 20th century. Non-governmental organizations of various ethnic minorities, including the Adyghe, existed in the region before the Revolution of 1917. Their field of interest centered on study of the native language, traditions, and culture. Charity played an essential role in their activity. Upon the establishment of the Soviet power in Kuban this type of activities started to change. Charity and ethnic organizations became prohibited, and the native language could be learned only at “Natsmen” Club (National Minorities Center). The establishment of national minority districts in 1920s, like the Shapsug National District, had a positive effect on development of education and cultural awareness among the Adyghe people. The USSR National Policy of 1930s closed the door on the established methods of awareness-raising efforts of the ethnic minorities of the Kuban region.

Key words: the Adyghe, ethnic organizations, cultural and educational activity, charity, “Natsmen” Club (National Minorities Center), public initiative, enlightener.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.013

V.N. SEMENOV Candidate of Technical Sciences, head of laboratory Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

PACIFIC FLEET OF THE USSR DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The activity of the Pacific fleet during the great Patriotic war is almost not reflected in the works of our historians. In the article, the author analyzed the activities of the Pacific fleet during this period, and showed that the main task it faced was to prevent the landing of enemy sea troops on our coast. Combat training of the fleet was aimed at repelling a sudden attack by the Japanese armed forces, maintaining the fleet forces in constant combat readiness, while the Pacific fleet transferred 147,663 people to the Red Army, and as part of the Northern and black sea fleets, ships, submarines and boats of the Pacific fleet took part in combat operations.

Key words: Pacific fleet of the USSR, composition, tasks to be solved, combat training, Pacific troops on the Western fronts, preparation for war with Japan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.014

T.T. DAVYDOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF VITICULTURE AND WINEMAKING IN DAGESTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The article deals with the development of viticulture and winemaking in Dagestan in the second half XIX – early XX centuries which was associated with the Armenian businessmen. Breeding of new orchards engaged exclusively Armenian and the Jewish population of the city, which gradually bought them from an impoverished local population, which resulted in the concentration of the gardens in the hands of a relatively large sadovladeltsev Armenians. In addition, at their sites Armenians enjoyed improved methods of farming, so their plantations harvest was many times higher. Do not forget about the fact that winemaking local Muslim population was not engaged because of religious customs. Basically grapes sold at a low price-buyers-Armenians who themselves then pressed out of him wine. Products exported wine growing far beyond Dagestan.

Key words: Armenians, Jewry, Armenians gardeners, winemaking, viticulture, Dagestan, Derbent.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.015

А.V. RODIONOV Director of the Zaraisk branch of the State Social and Humanitarian University – Zaraisk Pedagogical College, postgraduate student at the Chair of national and universal history of the State Social and Humanitarian University, Zaraisk, Russia

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF ZARAYSK (FROM THE FOUNDATION TO THE END OF THE XVII CENTURY): PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

Zaraysk (Moscow region) concerns to the most ancient towns in the Central Russia.

Only after the construction of the Kremlin in 1531 Zaraysk became a town. Since that time Zaraysk became an important center of defense of the Russian lands in the southern direction. Crafts and trade were developing at this moment.

The construction of fortifications had a clear practical goal – the defense of the borders of the state, in which Zaraysk played a considerable role. The Zaraisk Kremlin has survived to the present day in its entirety, which is a rarity for pre-existing fortresses.

The article contains a summary and analysis of the materials of the history of Zaraysk. They have been published for recent two centuries and devoted to the issues of its foundation and development till the end of the XVII century.

The researchers’ most interesting problems are the date of the city's foundation, the historicity of the cycle of stories about Nikola Zarazskiy, Zaraysk in the time of Troubles.

Key words: Zaraysk, Nikola Zaraisky, Osetr, a series of Stories about Nikola Zarazsky, local history, historiography.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.016

S.N. YAKOVENKO Postgraduate student, Department of History, Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN THE USSR IN THE CONDITIONS OF RESTORATION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY IN 1922-1930

In this article, the author examines the state and development of railway transport in the USSR during the recovery period and at the beginning of the first five-year plan of the national economy modernization. Special attention is also paid to the development of the Russian transportation system, and in particular, railroad communication before the October Revolution of 1917 and in the conditions of the First World and Civil Wars, various factors that led to the development of transport.

Key words: transport system, railway transport, recovery period, national economy, five-year plan, GOERLO.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.017

K.D. GUSEV Graduate student, Department of Russian History, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia

SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTIVITY N.I. KONDRATENKO: HISTORIOGRAPHIC ASPECT

The article is dedicated to N.I. Kondratenko’s socio-political activity historiographic aspect genesis and evolution. It is worth mentioning that research of the various elements of a politician’s work is fragmented and is but at primary stage of scientific development. Due to the polarity of the author’s assessments, a three thematic blocks logical division of publications is proposed: apologetic, liberal-negative and political science. The substantial transformation features and stages of works have been identified in the chronological context of the last decade of the XX century and the first two decades of the XXI century. The process of their transition from journalistic and media to the popular-scientific and scientific levels is being analyzed. Despite the heuristic restrictions and ideological divergence of existing publications, it is stressed that the cumulative effect preconditions are generated by means of the formulation of complex structural work on N.I. Kondratenko’s activity. The noted historiographic tendencies, in conjunction with the proper archives use, substantiate the real prospect of the imminent appearance of a politician personal biography based on the principles of historical science and not the political one.

Key words: N.I. Kondratenko, historiography, socio-political activity, scientific articles, popular science works, journalistic publications, theme-oriented division, scientific perspectives, transformation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.018

Т.S. LINNIK Рostgraduate student at the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

THE MULTI-VECTOR NATURE OF LEFT-BANK GEOPOLITICS UKRAINE IN THE PERIOD XVII-XVIII CENTURIES

In this article, the author examines the multidimensionality of the Left-Bank Ukraine geopolitical vectors. Special attention is paid to domestic and foreign policy of the Left-Bank Ukraine during the reign of Hetman B. Khmelnitsky. The article takes an excursion into the history of military clashes with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their results for the Left-Bank Ukraine. The author also considers the period of accession of the Left-Bank Ukraine to Russia, its causes and results.

Key words: Ukraine, Russia, Rzecz Pospolita, Crimean Khanate, Ottoman Empire, B. Khmelnitsky, Zaporizhzhya Sich, Zaporizhzhya Army, May articles, Armistice of Belotserkov, peace treaty of Zbor, Pereyaslav Rada.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.019

A.A. TLYACHEV Рostgraduate student of the Department of General and national history Armavir state pedagogical University, Armavir, Russia

EMIGRATION OF WESTERN ADYGS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY, CAUSES, CHARACTER AND FEATURES

The article aims to study the features, causes and nature of the process of migration of Western Adygs from the Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the XIX century. This is primarily due to the scale of this process, its impact on changing the ethnic appearance of the peoples of the North-West Caucasus and their attitude to Russia.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set and are being solved:

– determine the role of Russia, Turkey and Mongolia in the process of resettlement and show the attitude of Circassians to the policy of these powers in the Caucasus;

– to study the features of migration of Western Adygs from various regions of the North Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire.

The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, complex system analysis and objectivity, which make it possible to study the process in its entirety and diversity. The difference in the quantitative assessment of Muhajirs is explained by the fact that the Adygs were transported not only from Anapa, Novorossiysk, and Tuapse, as planned by the tsarist administration, but actually from the entire Eastern coast of the Black sea. In this regard, it became possible to collect only approximate statistics on the number of migrants. Turkey also underestimated this indicator for a number of reasons. The migration of Circassians continued until the beginning of the XX century, which peaked in 1863-1864. It was During this period that about a million mountaineers were resettled in Turkey. The author studies the issue of mass migration of Western Adygs from indigenous lands, considering this process in the context of external and internal political activity of Russia, as well as the influence of foreign countries on it.

Key word: Circassians, the relocation, the Caucasus, the muhajirun, the Caucasian war, Turkey, the mountaineers, the Ottoman Empire.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.020

I.I. KHRAMTSOV Postgraduate student at Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN FAR EAST: GEOGRAPHICAL AND CIVILIZATION ASPECTS OF FORMATION OF THE FAR EASTERN FRONTIER

This article is devoted to the problem of the formation of the Far Eastern frontier. The role of the Far East in the history of Russian colonization of the eastern part of the continent is shown. The author concludes that, from the second half of the 19th century, a special space of the frontier has been formed on the territory of the Far East. This space is considered by the author from the geographical and civilizational directions of the frontier concept. The author concludes that the crucial role of intercultural contacts in the formation of a special border identity and culture.

Key words: Far East, frontier, settlers, cultural space, mentality, identity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.021

E.V. KRAVCHENKO Postgraduate student of the Department of national and foreign history South Ural state University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

WHAT DO I THINK ABOUT THE WAR OR THE FIRST WORLDWAR THE EYES OF CHILDREN (BASED ON CHILDREN'S PERIODICALS IN RUSSIA 1914-1917)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the daily life of children during the First world war, in the study of the internal content of some publications of children's periodicals published in the appropriate period of time. The source for the present study was both journalistic articles by adult authors, which accumulated different "images of war" for children's perception, and authentic, narrative children's texts, which were placed on the pages of magazines in wartime. The focus is on the attempts of editors of children's publications to adapt the new thematic field. The pages of children's publications clearly highlighted the contrast between the palette of exaltation articles of journalists relating to military stories and narratives of young readers, in which the war was not the first place. The limited number of narrative texts of young readers about the war indicates that during the First world children continued to live in their own world: with their needs, problems and interests.

Key words: children's periodical press, First world war, children's daily life, children's letters.

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL HISTORY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.022

P.V. AGAPOV Candidate of Sociology, Associate Professor, Department of History and Theory of Sociology at the Faculty of Sociology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

SOCIAL FORECASTING IN HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological problems of social forecasting in historical knowledge. It analyzes the proposed various approaches of prognostic knowledge in historical science, in the humanities, in general.

Key words: social forecasting, historical knowledge, levels of knowledge, theoretical and methodological approach, conceptual and categorical analysis.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.023

R.N. SHANGARAEV PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration in Foreign Policy, Diplomatic Academy of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

A.V. AMELINA Master student, Diplomatic Academy of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

SOCIAL NETWORKS IN CONTEXT OF STATE INFORMATION SECURITY

Ensuring information security in modern Russia is a complex process that is directly affected by most internal and external factors. The political conditions in which this process takes place determine its specifics. This article will examine social networks in the context of Russia's national security. The author will present mechanisms for manipulating society through social networks and methods for preventing and countering threats to information security.

Key words: information technologies, information security, national security, social networks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.024

S.V. VENTSEL Рostgraduate student at the Chair of theoretical and applied political science of the Institute of philosophy and socio-political sciences, Southern Federal University; analyst of the National Center for information counteraction to terrorism and extremism in the educational environment and the Internet (NCTI), Rostov-on-Don, Russia

POLITICAL RADICALIZATION OF SOCIAL NETWORK USERS: FACTORS AND FEATURES

This article discusses the problems and specific features of political radicalization in social media through a set of mechanisms. Using system-functional, process-dynamic and behavioral methods based on previously developed theoretical concepts, we analyzed the characteristic features of political radicalization, which is a process inherent in social media, which is characterized by the polarization of opinions and the division of users into different communities to meet their needs for comfort and search for like-minded people. The necessity of considering political radicalization as a process occurring in social networks under the influence of communicative practices of "echo chambers" is identified and justified.

Key words: social media, echo chamber, political radicalization, Internet communications, network communities.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.025

A.S. GOMELAURI Рostgraduate student of Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

THE FEDERAL SUBJECTS AS ACTORS OF THE STATE POLICY OF “SOFT POWER” (ON EXAMPLE OF THE RUSSIA FEDERATION)

This article is devoted to the study of the potential of administrative-territorial units in the field of the production of “soft power”. During the study, a number of significant results were obtained. So, in spite of the fact that in Russia the “center-regions” system assumes a rigid power vertical, the subjects have sufficient powers and capabilities to build relations with international organizations, sub-state units, and, in some cases, with the heads of other countries. Nevertheless, the possibilities of the regions are uneven, which is determined both by the conditions of historical development and the geopolitical position (i.e., given characteristics), and, for example, by the interests and activity of regional elites (i.e., varying circumstances). In general, the above factors form the resource capital of the subject of the federation, which serves as the basis for the production of “soft power”. Thus, we can conclude that the potential of each region is individual, which allows the state to use “soft power” of regions in accordance with its specifics.

Key words: soft power, external policy, federal subject, region, federal power, state.

POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.026

N.YA. BIBAKOVA Candidate of historical Sciences, associate Professor of the Department of philosophy and history Ufa state aviation University technical University, Ufa, Russia

APPLICATION OF THE PROBLEMATIC APPROACH TO TEACHING THE THEME OF "PROTESTANTISM AND LIBERALISM" IN THE DISCIPLINE "POLITICAL SCIENCE"

The author notes that in the modern world the Western Church, and especially Protestantism, is actively politicized. For a long time competing in the struggle for ideological and spiritual leadership, Catholicism and Protestantism, they now advocate a united front for tolerance and religious pluralism aimed at eroding Christianity in other religions.

The article notes that Catholic teaching has long become blurred, drawing closer to the Protestant vision of the world, reforming the liturgy so that it almost coincides with the Protestant, Calvinist mass. The propaganda of Protestantism in Russian society today acts as an effective instrument of “soft power” aimed at restructuring the basic values of Orthodoxy and Russian society as a whole.

The author of the article presents an analysis of the interconnected historical processes that occurred during the collapse of feudal relations and the emergence of capitalism in Western civilization. For students to understand the complexity of this process, it is necessary to apply, first of all, research and problem, to widely use sources and literature in which Protestantism and liberalism act as a whole in the formation of a new socio-economic formation.

Key words: religion, church, Christianity, Catholicism, Reformation, Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Liberalism.

POLITICAL CONFLICTOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.027

E.B. ALTAYEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of philosophy and sociology of OUP “Atiso”, Moscow, Russia

THE EXTREMISM: THE EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN THREAT

The purpose of the research is to identify and reveal the main manifestations of extremism in the Russian Federation and around the world at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-FIRST centuries. Extremism is considered by the author from the point of view of a political phenomenon, as a commitment to extreme views and actions, and the danger of its spread is analyzed through the description of specific historical examples of extremist activity. The article examines and describes the extremist activity of football, music and religious fans, as well as cyber-extremism, and substantiates the need for legal consolidation of emerging new forms of extremism. Trends in the evolution of extremism from extreme radical manifestations (terrorist acts) to ideological and information warfare in modern conditions are indicated. The scientific novelty of the work is the need for a systematic approach, including using methods of historical and comparative legal analysis, to the study of the phenomenon of extremism in order to develop the most effective means of combating it. As a result, the article identifies the characteristic features of extremism at the present stage, and also substantiates the need for international cooperation to improve modern policies to counter extremism. Considering the topic in the article will be of interest to specialists in the field of political science and law.

Key words: extremism, extremist groups and organizations, sports, religious and informational extremism, extremist activities, counter-extremism policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.028

S.V. RYAZANTSEV Dr.Sc. (Econ.), Prof., RAS Corresponding Member, Director, Institute of Socio-Political Research FCTAS RAS, of the Department of Demographic and Migration Policy, MGIMO-University, Moscow, Russia

E.E. PISMENNAYA Dr.Sc. (Sociology), Associate Professor, Department of sociology, history and philosophy at Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; Сhief researcher, Сenter of social demography, Institute of Socio-Political Research FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia

S.N. PEREMYSHLIN Ph Student of the Center for Social Demography, Institute of Socio-Political Research FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia

SITUATION OF LABOR MIGRANTS FROM CENTRAL ASIA COUNTRIES IN THE RUSSIAN LABOR MARKET

The aim of the study is to identify the key problems of the situation of migrant workers from Central Asia in the Russian labor market. The article discusses the trends and characteristics of labor migration from Central Asian countries to Russia. It is noted that labor migration provides an opportunity to increase employment, reduce unemployment and poverty of families and households in Central Asia. A significant contribution of labor migration to the development of the Russian economy is noted. Based on various sources of Russian statistics, estimates are given of flows of labor migration to Russia from five countries of the region. Based on the author's method, estimates are given for the number of undocumented labor migrants from Central Asia in Russia. The key problems of labor migrants in the Russian labor market are highlighted, including the issues of obtaining registration, permits for work, and housing. It has been established that despite integration within the EAEU and the creation of a common labor market, the problems of perception of labor migrants from Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan by the local population remain in Russia. The key problems of the situation of migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic were identified, including loss of work and income, the inability to leave the country, life in a confined space, and the risks of the spread of the coronovirus. The necessity of measures on the part of the Russian state in questions of supporting the population and migrants is indicated.

Key words: labor migration, Central Asia, Russia, labor market, patent, work permit, pandemic, COVID-19.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.029

E.S. KARSANOVA Doctor of Science (Political Science), Institute of Public Administration and Law, of the State University of Management, Department of Public Administration and Political Technologies; Department of the Financial University of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

O.S. VOLGIN Doctor of Science (Philosophy), Department of Public Administration, MGIMO University of the RF Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow, Russia

ETHNOPOLITICAL CONTOUR OF BREXIT

International and geopolitical consequences of referendum on Brexit admonished British people about their inherited strong eurosсepticism and showed that Britain experiences deep cleavage between political elite and the rest of the electorate. That is why the deep study of different factors and social shifts that caused Brexit have made cordial influence on political choice of British people to say farewell to European Union is itself of great impotence for political and academic discourse.

For explanation of the genesis of English eurosсepticism there were made the huge number of historical and political investigations based on different points of methodology and ideological approaches, including analysis of British political history, its social and party’s aspects. In this article English nationalism and its influence on Brexit is analyzed from integral point of view: authors try to find correlations between the politics of preserving identity with cultural, economic and political consequences of immigration flow. We examine these appearances through the prism of long lasting social structural changes of British society and the competition of its elites. This kind of approach is important for posing hypothesis that English nationalistic frame of mind of the majority of Englishmen is directly correlated with their decision to leave the European Union. Authors assert that the growth of eurosсepticism in United Kingdom goes hand in hand with the growth of populism and both tightly connected with English nationalism, immigration policy and party competition.

Key words: eurosсepticism, nationalism, Brexit, immigration, party competition.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.030

E.V. ERMAKOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of French Language, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

REFLEX OF THE POLICY OF NATIONAL RECONCILIATION IN BELGIUM IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS (1967-1971)

From the very beginning of the birth of the independent state of Belgium in 1830 the country came across new interethnic conflicts. That problem was not new for the Belgian society because the territory on which had been created Belgium was known for centuries for the endless interethnic conflicts. The confrontation of different peoples who spoke different languages passed through cultural factors and the alternate domination of the languages. For decades Belgian politicians searched for the method to pull down the tension in the society based on the concurrence within different linguistic communities – Flemish, French and German-speaking, the only way to .conciliate these communities passed through a large autonomy. It was the beginning of the transformation of Belgium from a unitary state to a federal one. To make that process irreversible the Belgian leaders decided to start four constitutional reforms to fix legislatively the unprecedented regional rights.

Key words: Belgium, Wallonia, Flanders, reform of the constitution of Belgium, Belgian regions, language communities.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.031

I.S. BEREZINA Master, lecturer of The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the department of history and region studies, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

A.B. GEKHT PhD, Associate professor/docent, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the department of history and region studies, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

I.A. TSVERIANASHVIL Senior lecturer of The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, the department of history and region studies, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

D.V. SHUTMAN PhD, Dean of faculty of humanities, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

THE GREEN PARTY OF GERMANY: PROGNOSIS AND FUTERE PROSPECTS

Today, the Green party occupies a special place in the social and political life of Germany. Having started as an initiative group of citizens, today «the Greens» are one of the main driving forces in this country. It is obvious that their role in German society will grow, and the prospects for further development will increase. The traditional German political parties are unable to solve environmental problems, as well as maintain their support among German voters. Like the nationalist forces, «the Greens» are potential favorites for the next elections in Germany.

Key words: ecology, environmental movement, the greens, Green party, Union 90/Greens, Germany.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.032

Sh.D. SODIKOV Candidate of Sciences (law), research fellow at the Institute of International Studies of MGIMO, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF RUSSIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING

The article considers the analysis of international drug trafficking and the role of Russia in the fight against it. Most of the world's heroin production comes from opium produced in Afghanistan, which is distributed through illegal channels around the world. According to the author, drug smuggling through Central Asia poses a serious threat to security for the entire world community, including Russia, the USA and Europe, which are the priority points for drug trafficking by Afghan smugglers. The article presents the history of the formation of the anti-drug policy of Russia, its dynamics and development prospects.

Key words: Russia, drug trafficking, drug smuggling, psychotropic substances smuggling, anti-drug policy, international security, criminal law, Afghanistan, Central Asia, CSTO, SCO, NATO.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.033

I.S. PARFEYNIKOV Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Pyatigorsk branch of North-Caucasian Federal University, Pyatigorsk, Russia

V.I. PARFEYNIKOV Second-year undergraduate, Institute of International Relations Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk, Russia

EVOLUTION OF HISTORICAL TRENDS IN THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN AT THE END OF THE XXI CENTURY

In these circumstances, one of the most important tasks for Russia's foreign policy is to build relationships with the newly independent States that were formed as a result of the collapse of the USSR. Azerbaijan and Russia share a common historical past, political, economic and cultural relations. Based on this, the author analyzes the evolution of the current Russian-Azerbaijani relations.

Key words: Russian-Azerbaijani relations, strategic partnership, Declaration of Friendship, cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.034

R.E. SHUPANOVA Working for the Doctorate’s Degree at the Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan

K.T. GABDULLIN Senior lecturer at the Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan

INFLUENCE OF GLOBAL PROCESSES ON KAZAKHSTAN'S ENERGY POLICY

This article examines the impact of global processes on the Kazakhstan's energy policy. The aim of this work was to reveal not only positive but also negative aspects of the influence of globalization, the impact on the energy sector of Kazakhstan of such global processes as the beginning of the recession in the global economy, the proliferation of coronavirus, the fight against global warming, as well as the current mutual dependence of countries participating in the international treaties. One of the most important principles for reducing the negative impact of these global processes is the transition to the use of renewable energy sources. The author considers Kazakhstan’s state policy in this direction.

Key words: globalization, Kazakhstan's energy policy, the coronavirus pandemic, global warming, greenhouse emissions, sources of renewable energy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.035

OGUZ SHAHBAZ Researcher at the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Turkey; Рostgraduate student at the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of RF, Moscow, Russia

AIRPLANE CRISIS AND RUSSIAN-TURKISH RELATIONS

The article discusses the crisis period in Russian-Turkish relations, which went down in history as the “airplane crisis”. The author analyzes the policy of Turkey during the crisis period based on the neo-Marxist concepts of “relative autonomy” and “power blocs”. Author sets out in detail the role and influence of the components of the power blocs in foreign policy of state in the example of Turkey, in particular with regard to Russia.

Key words: plane crisis, Russian-turkish relations, Turkish foreign policy, Poulantzas, Gramsci, sanctions, Erdogan, Davutoglu, Turkish economy, SU-24.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.036

LI YINAN Post-graduate student of the School of World Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

WHY IS RUSSIAN-CHINESE FRIENDSHIP BETTER THAN SOVIET-CHINESE FRIENDSHIP?: ARGUMENTS OF CHINESE

The new joint statement signed by Russia and China during Xi Jinping’s visit to Russia in June 2019, claimed that both countries now have brought Sino-Russian relations to the highest level since the establishment of diplomatic relations. Comparing with the Sino-Soviet relations in 1950s (In China it is popular to name it as "honeymoon period"), the current relations between Russia and China have the following characteristics: First, there is no historical burden, particularly territorial disputes. Second, in the opinion of Chinese in the 1950s there was violation of sovereignty of one side over the other (for example, Soviet Union controlled railways and military ports in northeast China in the early 1950s), while there is no such kind of violation nowadays. Third, the Sino-Soviet alliance was primarily built on ideological basis, and it portended the future break of the alliance between the two countries due to ideological divergences. At present, Sino-Russian relations are completely de-ideological, so the posibility of intervention in each other's internal affairs due to this factor doesn't exist. Fourth, there is personal friendship and mutual respect between the current heads of the two countries. Personal relations between leaders have a positive impact on relations between the two countries, which is contrary to 60 years ago. Fifth, unlike military cooperation, in which unilateral military assistance was the main content 60 years ago, the current Sino-Russian military cooperation is comprehensive. In particular, joint military operations have been transformed from conventional military exercises into strategic military exercises, and then upgraded to joint strategic deterrence patrols. The current Sino-Russian relations are better than the Sino-Soviet relations in the 1950s, such an evaluation was firstly raised by Chinese government, and now Russian goverment also agrees with it. The reason why relations between Russia and China can reach a historical peak is precisely because both sides have learned the historical lessons from the collapse of the Sino-Soviet alliance.

Key words: Sino-Russian relations, Sino-Soviet split, Sino-Soviet relations, Xi Jinping, Mao Zedong, Putin.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.037

М.I. АMANOVA Postgraduate student at the Ural Federal University (Urfu) named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia

ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

The article discusses the features of the formation of the legal framework of Kazakh-Azerbaijani relations during their formation and development from 1992 to 2019. Based on the analysis of the dynamics and content of the legal framework, the author identifies the periods of formation of Kazakh-Azerbaijani relations, gives them a detailed description, and identifies priority areas of cooperation between the two countries. The author focuses on the characteristics of the signing and ratification of bilateral agreements. Based on the study of the legal framework, the author also identifies those areas of cooperation, the legal support of which is insufficient and needs to be developed and improved.

Key words: Kazakh-Azerbaijani relations, legal framework, agreement, treaty, bilateral cooperation, area of cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.038

E.Sh. SABITOVA Post-graduate student at the Faculty of global processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

NORTHERN SEA ROUTE IN THE ARCTIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The subject of this article is the Northern Sea Route as one of the strategic priorities of the Arctic policy of the Russian Federation. Currently, transport highways play a key role in the socio-economic development of the state, as well as in the ensuring of the country security. Moreover, the presence of a promising transport artery directly affects the geopolitical status of the country. Thus, the article examines the role of the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic policy of Russia, its importance in the development of the resources of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, socio-economic development of the Northern regions of the country and the state security. The author also considers the problems of the international legal status of the sea artery, which is being reviewed due to the increasing interest of both Arctic countries and non-regional players in the Arctic.

Key words: Northern Sea Route, transport communications, Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, legal status, Arctic strategies.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.039

О.V. DZAVAD Рostgraduate student, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of RF, Moscow, Russia

LANGUAGE POLICY IN THE GERMANY’S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

The article provides an overview of the historical development of the education and language policy in Germany since the end of World War II. During that time, certain changes have been taking place, and many new ideas have been put forward to improve the education system. The article focuses on the general principles of the German education and makes it possible to trace changes in the Germany’s higher education system during certain historical epochs and in their development of. The main focus is on the time periods during which changes took place in the language and educational systems.

Key words: education, post-war reconstruction, language policy, educational system, Germany.

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.040

S.P. KOSTRIKOV Doctor of historical Sciences, Professor, head of the Department of history and political science, State University of management, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN PRESS ON BULGARIA'S ENTRY INTO WORLD WAR I

The article considers the materials of leading Russian Newspapers that covered Bulgaria's entry into the world war. This issue could not be ignored by any press, because Russian public opinion has long been a stereotype of fraternal friendship and gratitude of the Bulgarian people to Russia for the help that our country has provided in the struggle of Bulgarians for national liberation and state sovereignty. The greater was the indignation that Sofia was on the side of the enemies of the Entente, and, therefore, of Russia. But the press expressed not only indignation at the treachery of one of the Slavic peoples, but also gave an analysis of why this happened, what intricacies of international politics and conflicts of aggressive interests allowed this to happen. Nevertheless, there were voices in the press that separated the Bulgarian people themselves from the policies of their foreign monarchs and corrupt government.

Key words: Russian press, Russian Newspapers, world war I, Bulgaria, the Balkans.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.041

A.M. PETRUKHIN Graduate Student of State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

REACTION OF THE BRITISH PRESS TO THE SPEECH OF PRIME MINISTER OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IVAN GOREMYKIN IN THE FIRST DUMA

The article considers the reaction of British periodicals of various political orientations to the speech of Prime Minister Ivan Goremykin in the First State Duma of the Russian Empire on May 13 (May 26), 1906, in which he rejected all the demands (so-called "response to the throne speech"), which were put forward to the government by the Duma majority. This event generated increased interest in the British political environment and was perceived as one of the first open clashes between the Duma and the government. As a result of the research, it was revealed that correspondents of various British publications had different ideas about the consequences of this conflict. Some saw it as the beginning of the fall of the "Russian Parliament", while others saw it as the first major victory of the representatives of the people. Nevertheless, materials from the British press are important sources to complement the overall historical picture.

Key words: British press, State Duma, parliament, Prime Minister, throne speech, expropriation, bureaucracy, Council of Ministers.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.042

D.I. DMITRIEV Research expert at the Center for European studies, educational services and consulting, Department of political science and mass communications, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

OPEC POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGES IN WORLD OIL PRICES: FROM THE HEYDAY OF THE 1970S TO THE DEGRADATION OF THE LATE 1990S

The Effectiveness of production quotas by OPEC countries is now in doubt, since the cartel's limits do not significantly affect the price level. But this was not always the case. The main purpose of the article is a historical analysis of world pricing and the role of OPEC in this process. The author, first, identified the reasons for the low efficiency of quotas of the organization, and second, identified the main factors of pricing in the oil market, since 1970 and ending in 2000, third, author traced the relationship between the cost of a barrel of oil and OPEC measures over the same period, and fourth, studied the process of changing the cartel's position in the world oil market. The article suggests that the influence of OPEC on pricing, as well as the factors that shape the price, changed over time, and by the end of the twentieth century, the organization's decisions became only one of the factors, whereas during the 1970s, the cartel actually solely controlled the market. The reasons for this process are also analyzed in the article, and finally the author comes to the conclusion that the turning point occurred in the early 1980s, and in the future, the OPEC countries continued to aggravate the situation around it, not adhering to a common energy policy and not responding to external threats and challenges.

Key words: OPEC, oil prices, oil market pricing, oil in the 20th century, oil market, Saudi Arabia, oil quotas.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.043

A.V. MESTNIKOVA Student, M.K. Ammosov North- Eastern Federal University, Department of History, Social studies and Politology, Yakutsk, Russia

YAKUTYAN WARRIORS FALLEN ON CAPTURES ON THE FRONTS OF THE WAR (TO STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION AND RESEARCH METHODS)

The article focuses on a comprehensive study of the prisoners of war of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 from Yakutia poorly understood. Particular attention is paid to the formulation of the question and the research methodology. The author reveals the state policy towards Soviet prisoners of war, the conditions that led to the capture. The results of the search work on the compilation of lists of prisoners of war – Yakutians are given. The scientific novelty lies in the use of open Internet data to search for the burial of a prisoner of war and to identify the military course of war participants.

Key words: soviet prisoners of war, Yakutia, World War II, search work, missing.

REFLECTIONS ON READ

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.62.5.044

D.Е. SLIZOVSKIY Doctor of sciences (history), Professor, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

REVIEW

OF THE ARTICLE BY K.D. GUSEV “SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTIVITY N.I. KONDRATENKO: HISTORIOGRAPHIC ASPECT”

The article under review analyzes the historical and methodological approaches of the author of the article K. A. Gusev “Socio-political activity of N. I. Kondratenko: historiographical aspect.” The conclusion is made about the significance of this type of historical research.

Key words: socio-political activity, Governor Kondratenko N. I., Krasnodar Territory.