Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 12. Issue 5 (86), 2022
CONTENTS
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGIES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.001
M.I. LEONOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Samara National Research University named after Academician S.P. Korolev, Samara, Russia
YU.A. ZINOVIEVA Postgraduate student, Samara National Research University named after Academician S.P. Korolev, Samara, Russia
SAMARA WOMEN IN THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT OF THE EARLY XX CENTURY
The article is devoted to the participation of women in the social and political life of the Russian Empire during the First Russian Revolution (1905-1907). For the first time, an attempt to create in Samara a branch of the All-Russian Union for Equal Rights of Women (VSRJ) – the first organization in the province, which sought to expand the civil and political rights of women, is considered. The authors address the problematic aspects of the organization of the department's work, analyze its social basis.
Key words: women's movement, feminism, equality, Volga region, social activity, revolution, regional history.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.002
R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of historical sciences, professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia
А.G. PASHKIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Director State Archive of Contemporary History Ulyanovsk region; doctoral student of Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University them I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia
THE ROLE OF NKVD AND PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE EMPLOYEES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KUIBYSHEV-ULYANOVSK DEFENSIVE LINE
The article examines the experience of the NKVD and Prosecutor's office personnel aimed at ensuring defensive construction in the extreme realities of military operations, which is an indispensable source for military engineers of the Russian Federation. The authors, based on the introduction into scientific circulation of previously secret archival documents from the funds of the RGASPI, SOGASPI and GANI UO, paid attention to the process of building a defensive line, the situation of the mobilized and analyzed the problems of the activities of the NKVD and the prosecutor's office. It was revealed that employees of the internal affairs bodies and the prosecutor's office, in order to prevent desertions, first of all sought to normalize the supply of workers with food, clothing and equipment, establish accurate production standards based on the gender and age characteristics of builders.
Key words: Middle Volga region, military field construction, NKVD, prosecutor's office, desertion.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.003
T.V. ERSHOVA Doctor of History, professor, professor of the department of History of Russia, Moscow City University, Institute of Humanities, Department of Russian History, Moscow, Russia
S.V. SEDOV Graduate, Moscow City University Institute of Humanities, Department of Russian History, Moscow, Russia
LABOUR FORCE DYNAMICS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR
The article is devoted to the evolution of the number and structure of labor in the textile industry and its sub-sectors (cotton, wool, linen and silk) in Russia during the First World War. The authors systematized and analyzed data from the Central Statistical Office and the Central Military Industrial Committee collected and published during the war and the first years after it. Special attention is paid to changes in the gender and age composition of employees. The question is raised of how successfully it was possible to compensate for the outflow of male textile workers due to military draft. The authors note that there has been no significant decrease in the labour force as a whole in the textile industry (the reduction was about 5% compared to the pre-war time). However, the situation of sub-sectors was different. The reduction in the number of employees is observed in the silk industry (up to 15%), which is little related to production for defense needs, while the number of people employed in linen factories is significantly increasing (by 20%) due to the growing demand for linen products from the army. After analyzing sex and age statistics, the authors came to the conclusion that the decline in male labor was compensated by female and child labor, the use of which was removed many of the restrictions in force in peacetime. Thus, the growth in the number of workers in the linen industry was ensured precisely by female and child labor, and in the wool industry, the war led to changes in the proportion of female and male labor: the first began to prevail compared to the dual situation.
Key words: textile industry, labour force, First World War, mobilisation, militarization, labour demographics.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.004
I.K. SHERBAKOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Political Science, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia
REFORMS OF ALEXANDER II AND COUNTER-REFORMS OF ALEXANDER III: AN INTERRUPTED THREAD
The article discusses and compares the reforms and counter-reforms of the Russian state in the second half of the 19th century, identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the domestic policy of Alexander II and Alexander III, studies the motives for their actions in order to abandon the usual assessments and debunk many myths that dominated the journalistic literature of the 20th century. The use of both general scientific (analysis, synthesis of information) and particular scientific (logical analysis of didactic sources, historical-typological, historical-comparative) methods ensures the scientific validity and reliability of the study. Facts are given that were not previously the subject of research in Russian historiography, and a conclusion is made about the need for a deeper assessment of the counter-reforms of Alexander III.
Key words: reforms of the second half of the 19th century in Russia, abolition of serfdom, counter-reforms of Alexander III, education reform, zemstvo reform, judicial reform, liberal reforms, liberalism, conservatism, autocracy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.005
A.I. AKIMOVA PhD student, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE POLICY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE 1950S-70S.
The article examines in detail the social policy of the CPSU on the development of agriculture in the Ulyanovsk region in the 1950s – early 1970s, plans and their implementation, ideas and results of their implementation. The solution of the housing problem, the issues of communication between the districts of the region and the cultural modernization of the city and the region in the specified period is analyzed.
Key words: USSR, economy, economic and organizational forms, state policy, village, agriculture, technical and economic progress, social reforms.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.006
V.N. EGOGRYSHEV Postgraduate student of the Department of National History of the XX-XXI centuries, Institute of History and International Relations, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
THE RUSSIAN WAR OF 1812 IN DOCUMENTS AND MEMOIRS OF CONTEMPORARIES: PROBLEM ASPECTS OF FOOD SUPPLIES FOR THE RUSSIAN ARMY
The Imperial Russian Army throughout its history had a diverse experience of interaction with the food supply system, acquired, among others, in military confrontations with the Grand Army of Napoleon in the early 19th century. The Patriotic War of 1812 left an unforgettable mark not only in Russian history and culture – the war against Napoleonic France is a rich source of knowledge, which later formed the basis of the provision system of the Soviet and then Russian armies. Critical underestimation of this experience led to serious problems with the supply system of the Red Army in the first period of the Great Patriotic War as a result of the rapid capture by the enemy of some strategic stocks. Despite the fact that the Russian Ministry of Defense has now almost completely completed the process of transferring the functions of organizing food for servicemen, giving priority to third-party organizations, the questions of the effective functioning of the system of food provision for soldiers during military conflicts still remain open. The provision of food to servicemen in the Russian army is one of the most important military factors that is still relevant today. In order to identify trends in improving the process of food supply of the army and to avoid critical errors in the future, it is necessary to refer to the multidimensional, including negative experience of supplying the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812. The study of this scientific problem will make it possible to generalize knowledge in the field of solving food issues during crisis, politically difficult periods of existence of the Russian state. The relevance of the article also finds its confirmation in the light of preparations for the celebration of the 210th anniversary of the events of the Patriotic War of 1812.
Key words: Patriotic War of 1812, supply system, memoirs, Russian army, soldier's food, officer's ration, ration norm, transport, food supply, Commissariat.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.007
A.R. KAMILYANOV Postgraduate student of the Surgut State University, Surgut, Russia
THE PERSONNEL PROBLEM OF THE HUNTING ECONOMY ON THE TERRITORY OF THE KHANTY-MANSIYSK AUTONOMOUS OKRUG-YUGRA IN THE 1930S-1950S.
This article discusses the personnel problem that the Soviet government faced during the socialist reconstruction of the hunting economy on the territory of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra in the 1930s-1950s. The author highlights the characteristic features of the shortage of fishermen in the pre-war decade, during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period, including the 1950s.
Key words: hunting, hunting economy, personnel policy, Far North, Western Siberia.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.008
R.R. KRASNOVA Post-graduate student of Chair of History, Ulyanovsk State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia
NATIONAL POLICY IN THE SOVIET SCHOOL OF THE 1930s
This article considers the situation in the field of education of the non-Russian population in the pre-war years in the Volga region. The author analyzes archival sources of the future Ulyanovsk region and legislative acts of various levels in order to trace how the government's national policy was implemented in a particular region. Ulyanovsk and its territory were chosen because of its geographical position: territorially it was in the center, surrounded by the Tatar, Chuvash and Mordovian republics. This fact significantly influenced the ethnic composition of the inhabitants, which affected the education system. While developing a network of schools, it was necessary to take into account the interests of several nationalities. The pre-war years were chosen intentionally: during this period, there was a change in the course of the national policy of the ruling party, which was also reflected in the education system, especially in schools, since the main educational process took place in them. Back in the early 1930s, when universal primary education was introduced, it was clear that the Ulyanovsk territory would face a number of difficulties in implementing general education. These included the multinational composition of the population, the low level of education and culture of citizens (compared to other regions), the huge diversity in the lifestyles of different segments of the population and nationalities. These features entailed significant problems in the introduction of general education for the national population. Throughout the entire Soviet pre-war period, the issue of financing educational institutions, logistics and staffing remained unsolved. The conducted research shows that until the beginning of the war, the national policy in the field of education was not fully implemented on the territory of Ulyanovsk and its regions. In the prewar years, new reasons appeared that provoked a slowdown and even degradation in the system of national education.
Key words: soviet system of education, national policy, national schools, pre-war period.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.009
A.V. CHEREVKO Graduate student of the historical and philological faculty of Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia
CREATION OF OSOAVIAHIM SUMMER SCHOOL IN ULYANOVSK REGION IN 1927
The article attempted to study the peculiarities of the formation and activities of the Osoaviakhim defense society in the Ulyanovsk Territory in 1927-1935. The need to constantly replenish aviation personnel served as a factor that led the USSR to the creation of a public organization for military training of the population. In recent years, the Russian Federation has noted an increase in the prerequisites for building up the country's military potential. The reform process, launched in the early 2000s to date, has already brought an effective result, but for the implementation of the transformations, one should turn to the historical experience of state public organizations that carried out both sports and combat training of Soviet citizens in the period from 1927-1948.
Key words: Ulyanovsk Krai, OSOAVIAHIM, aviation, Osoaviahim summer school, pilot training.
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.010
L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia
HYMN TO THE LORD GOD (PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS RESEARCH IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) PART FIVE
Starting from the content of the Constitutional norm about God (part 2 of Article 67.1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and analyzing the provisions of the Bible, religious-theological and philosophical literature, the author reveals the concepts of God, Hymn to the Lord God and forms of God glorification. Considering these concepts, the process of glorifying God is investigated.
Key words: God, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Bible, Hymn, thank the Lord God.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.011
M.A. MAYSTAT Ph.D. (Candidate of Political Sciences), Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science of Institute of History and Policy of Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
DENNIS GITAU MWANGI Fourth-year student at the Department of Political Science of Institute of history and policy of Moscow State Pedagogical University the Republic of Kenya
FROM THE ORIGINS OF THE POLITICAL THEORY OF FEMINISM TO THE RESULTS OF PRACTICE
The article is devoted to the analysis of the history of the development of the feminist movement, the identification of the features of philosophical political theory, as well as the assessment of practical achievements in the development of gender justice in the public and political life of various states.
The authors analyze various feminist trends, features of the development of gender parity in states based on the gender gap indices of the World Economic Forum, identify factors contributing to gender equality, and consider the practice of national initiatives in the United States.
The authors conclude that in order to achieve gender justice, it is not enough to attract women or increase the "net number" ("critical mass") in public positions, more significant changes are needed in both practical and theoretical policies.
Key words: feminism, women in politics, gender equality index, gender justice, waves of feminism.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.012
G.O. BAKHTIN Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and Philosophy, Faculty of Political Science, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
SOME ASPECTS OF UNDERSTANDING DEATH IN THE POLITICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT OF THE MIDDLE AGES
The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of a number of political and philosophical connotations associated with the understanding of death in the medieval Western tradition. The paper attempts to trace how the religiously predetermined transformation of attitudes towards death and the monopolization of funeral rites undertaken by the church could potentially influence the political and social processes of the medieval world.
Key words: death, Middle Ages, political philosophy, political Augustinism, memento mori.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.013
E.I. AVZALOVA Candidate of Sc. (Pol.), Associate Professor, Department of Political Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
THE ROLE OF THE INTERNET IN THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
The development of Internet communications has an impact on all spheres of society, including politics. The participation and the influence of society on the political and administrative decision-making process are the most important attribute of a democratic society and a guarantee of taking into account the interests of citizens. One of the most relevant for the modern world methods of political influence on the decision-making process is the influence mediated by the Internet communications. The introduction of Internet communications contributes to the transformation of all elements and stages of the political and administrative decision-making process: decision-making agents; communication networks, direct and feedback channels between individual agents, which are formed at the preparatory stage, at the stage of making and implementing the decision.
Key words: Internet, Internet communications, political and administrative decision-making process, political process, political influence, Internet participation of citizens in politics.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.014
O.A. SEMENOVA Candidate of economic sciences, associate professor of the Department of Management and Economics education, Mordovian State Pedagogical University, Saransk, Russia
A.S. SEMENOV Student of the Ogarev National Research Mordovian State University, Saransk, Russia
COMMUNICATION IN POLITICS AND EDUCATION
The article discusses communications both in the political environment and in the educational environment. The description of the promotion of this direction in the modern environment is given. The principles and directions of communication development in various spheres are revealed.
Key words: communication, education, communication, politics, direction.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.015
A.A. DILMUKHAMETOVA Assistant of the Department of Public Relations and Applied Political Science Kazan (Privolzhsky) federal university, Kazan, Russia
FEATURES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIGITALIZATION POLICY IN THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article is devoted to the problematics of the features of the use of computer platforms for information support in the system of higher education. The purpose of the article is to consider the features of the processes of implementing the digitalization policy in the higher education system of the Russian Federation. The object of the study is the process of functioning of the sphere of higher education in the context of the implementation of the digitalization policy. The subject of the study is the impact of digitalization policy in higher education on educational trends, on the processes of transformation of the educational space, the choice of means and teaching methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the dialectical principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness of the study, systematization, with the help of which the problems and content of the problems under consideration, the processes of implementing the policy of digitalization of higher education are revealed. Issues related to the functioning of the higher education system in the context of the implementation of this policy are considered. It is shown how digital technologies radically change the educational space, create conditions for the formation of an educational environment that meets the requirements of modernity. The special importance of educational programs in the practice of applying traditional and modern models of education, in the formation of "digital literacy" and digital competencies that correspond to the realities of a changing social and economic environment is emphasized.
Key words: higher education, public policy, educational policy, digitalization policy, transformation of higher education, digital technologies in education.
POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.016
L.A. GADZHIEVA Graduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE MODEL OF INTERACTION OF MODERN RUSSIAN THEATERS WITH THE STATE
The problems and role of GR-management in the promotion and popularization of “theatrical art” are dealt with in article. There was an attempt to highlight the features of GR-management, which are defined as a connection with government authorities. There were identified necessary conditions for the priority directions in the “theatrical art” field, which are determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. There was analyzed and identified the structure of GR-management in the Russia “theatrical sphere” in the person of representatives of the theatrical industry and public authorities. There were described main functional tasks of public authorities in the theatrical art field. There was revealed the GR-manager’s role in the structure of relations between the theater and public authorities. The examples of the theatrical GR model application specificity and the peculiarities of interaction between the state and theatrical organizations in Russia are presented. As a result, it was found that the Russian professional theater has been developing under conditions of state protectionism since its inception. This gives rise to the need to establish a dialogue with government officials. Although the principles for allocating state funds to theaters have changed several times over the past few decades, the state remains the guarantor of financial stability and the main source of funding for most theaters in the country. Maintaining the stability of material support or even increasing it is a task that GR-management specialists can solve. The second area of GR communications is legislative. The lack of a law “On theater in the Russian Federation” is still an unresolved problem. It is equally important to establish communication on personnel issues. Thus, GR in the Russian theater should be systemic and regular. Communication with the authorities should become permanent, and not only arise in moments of crisis.
Key words: relationship between theater and government, theater GR-management, theater industry, model of cooperation between theater and government, theater management, theatrical art development.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.017
M.I. KOLYKHALOV Candidate of political sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State and Municipal, SIU RANEPA, Novosibirsk, Russia
MAIN RESEARCH APPROACHES, TRENDS AND MODERN PHENOMENA OF THE GLOBAL CITY CONCEPT
Large cities – megacities have long played a special role in world politics, concentrating significant economic, financial, and political influence resources. In modern scientific discourse, a number of concepts of “global cities” are developing, focusing on certain aspects of the international activities of megacities, highlighting their various features and classifications. The purpose of the article is to explore the modern concepts of “global cities”, to determine the key concepts that describe this phenomenon – “International city”, “global city”, “global information city”, “world city”, to identify key differences, signs and trends.
Key words: metropolis, global city, world city, international city, political phenomenon.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.018
P.N. BELYUSOV Postgraduate, Faculty of Global studies Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
FORMATION OF THE MODEL OF THE STATE AS A DIGITAL PLATFORM: EXAMPLES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Introduction. Today, states face a number of unresolved challenges. Due to aggravating problems of legitimisation of political decisions, distrust of the population towards the state, the gap between the state, citizens and business, it has become necessary to develop a qualitatively new model of the state. One option is the model of the state as a digital platform.
Materials and methods. Critical analysis of the state model as a digital platform, based on legislation of Russia and the US, as well as literature and research results by non-profit organisations. We have used the methods of competitive analysis, system analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, as well as technical-legal and comparative-legal methods.
Results of the study. Digital platforms (as a business model inherent to GAFAM companies) are actively used in public administration of the Russian Federation and the US in the context of globalisation and digitalization.
Discussion. The model of the state as a digital platform in Russia and the US may be a solution to make policy decisions legitimate and reduce costs. However, it will increase inequality and weaken the role of the state.
Conclusion. We foresee the development of the model of the state as a digital platform. However, during future development of this model the following accompanying risks should be considered: inequality, hacking of electronic systems, weakening of the role of the state, inefficiency of the state model as a digital platform in case of low levels of citizen involvement in the political process.
Key words: state, digital platform, open government, electronic government, democracy.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.019
S.P. KOSTRIKOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Sociology, Psychology of Management and History, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia
THE MAGAZINE "RUSSIAN ECONOMIC REVIEW" ABOUT THE ENSLAVEMENT AND PARTITION OF CHINA. THE BOXER REBELLION
The article examines publications in the journal of the Ministry of Finance of Tsarist Russia "Russian Economic Review", which covered the struggle of European powers for the partition of China. The position of the group headed by S.Y. Witte on this acute issue of international politics of the late XIX – early XX centuries is presented, and the contradictions within the tsarist government around the events in the Far East are also considered. Witte's supporters and representatives of the great powers have different ideas about the principles and practices of interaction with China. The authors of the publications included the problem of the boxer rebellion in China against foreign enslavement and other problems of the mutual influence of international processes on the economy in the global situation of the unfolding economic crisis, noting the beginning of the process that will later be called globalization.
Key words: Russian Economic Review magazine, S.Y. Witte, the boxer rebellion in China, contradictions between the great powers in the Far East, the world economic crisis of 1900-1903.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.020
A.S. ERGASHEV Postgraduate Student, Department of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
M.YU. MARTYNOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Faculty of Humanities of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
M.V. AFONIN PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Humanities of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
RUSSIA-TURKEY: SEARCHING FOR A BALANCE OF POWER
In the era of globalization between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey – two rival states for influence in a number of territories of Central Asia and the countries of the Caucasus – quite promising cooperation has developed in almost all sectors. Accordingly, this scientific article is devoted to the consideration of the entire spectrum of Russian-Turkish interaction from the moment diplomatic relations were established at the end of the 15th century to the end of 2021. The purpose of the scientific research by the author is to identify periods of crisis in the bilateral interaction between Russia and Turkey, their causes and ways out of crisis situations. To achieve the goal, the author used the historical method of scientific knowledge, in accordance with which a retrospective analysis of certain time periods of Russian-Turkish interaction was conducted. To measure the "acuteness" or vice versa of the favorableness of cooperation, the author used the criterion for assessing the intensity of economic interaction, through the collection, analysis and comparison of statistical data. The study is built through the prism of a systematic approach to reflect all political, economic and cultural realities. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the main stumbling block in Russian-Turkish relations is the rivalry in establishing regional hegemony. Such rivalry over the centuries resulted either in wars or in periods of extreme deterioration of diplomatic relations. In modern realities, the military aspect of confrontation has fallen out of the context of foreign policy interaction, and, accordingly, rivalry is increasingly of an economic and political nature. The authors proved that trade, economic, energy cooperation and the rapid development of tourism are the engines and factors for improving Russian-Turkish relations. Today we see that countries are not stopping dialogue on various fronts to improve bilateral relations, but they are also looking for new opportunities and industries in which they could start cooperation. The key to a successful format of interaction between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey is the constant search for a balance of power in the region of influence and dialogue.
Key words: Russia, Turkey, cooperation, crisis, trade and economic cooperation, tourism, rivalry, cooperation, influence.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.021
V.A. RAKUNOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Siberian State University geosystems and technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN, FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE
Inclusive education has become one of the most promising areas in the development of education in the Russian Federation. Thanks to inclusion, children with special educational needs get the chance to become full members of society. Inclusive education is rapidly developing both in Russia and in the world. However, in our country it is still at the initial stages of its development, and there are still many problems that need to be addressed as quickly as possible. That is why it is so important to talk about inclusive education, explore it and look for ways to eliminate the shortcomings associated with its functioning in our country. Based on the analysis of scientific and theoretical approaches, the article highlights and characterizes the history of the formation of foreign and Russian experience in the implementation of inclusive education for students with psychophysical disabilities.
Key words: inclusion, inclusive education, foreign experience, students with psychophysical disabilities.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.022
V.N. KALITA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University), Department of Public Administration and Social Technologies, Moscow, Russia
N.V. OSIPOVA Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University), Department of Public Administration and Social Technologies, Moscow, Russia
THE ROLE AND PLACE OF UKRAINE IN THE DIALOGUE ON STRATEGIC STABILITY BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE WEST
The main purpose of the study is to analyze the situation around Ukraine after the events of 2014 and its impact on strategic stability. Main tasks: to analyze the Donbass conflict and its significance for strategic stability; to determine the role and place of Ukraine in maintaining strategic stability for Russia and for the West; to assess the significance of Russia's special military operation launched in February 2022 on the territory of Ukraine.
Conclusions: ukraine's role in maintaining strategic stability is much more critical for Russia than for the West. Therefore, in the fight for Ukraine, Russia has demonstrated its readiness to "raise the stakes" to a high level. And now the future of strategic stability depends on the outcome of a special military operation.
Key words: Russia, the West, Ukraine, strategic stability, the Donbass conflict.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.023
T.N. SHALDUNOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Russian State Agrarian Correspondence University, Balashikha, Moscow region, Russia
SECURITY POLICY: RUSSIA IN THE MODERN WORLD
In today's international situation, when they seek to expose the Russian Federation as an aggressor and the culprit in the destruction of international security, it is difficult to draw any conclusions. Six years ago, the issue of the development of the security policy of the European Union was actively discussed. It is believed that the foundation of modern international relations continues to be the Westphalian system, one of the main principles of which are defined: national sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and priority of the interests of the state. XXI century it poses new realities to international security. New challenges and threats lead to the understanding that only joint actions can effectively ensure security. The problem lies in the approach of identifying new challenges and threats. Foreign independent analysts today assign Russia the role of a kind of counterbalance to the international political picture of the world.
Key words: European Union, international security, Russian Federation, multipolar world, United Nations, NATO.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.024
HAO LONG Candidate of Political Sciences (Moscow State University), Doctor of Political Sciences (Peking University), Researcher at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Harbin University of Engineering, Harbin, China
POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTIONS TO THE STATE DUMA OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2021: A CHINESE VIEW PART I
Being an important federal legislative and constitutional body, the State Duma has had a huge influence on the political life of Russia since its creation. After the July 2020 "referendum", amendments to the Constitution were approved, expanding presidential powers and presidential term. In this regard, the question of whether Putin will be able to "successfully be re-elected president" in 2024 is actively debated in the scientific and expert field, by the domestic and foreign public. And the elections to the State Duma that took place are positioned in the outside world as an important "preliminary exam" before the "exam of 2024" of President Putin. Studying the features of the previous elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation after Putin came to power, the political background of the 2021 elections and their final results, allow us to analyze and evaluate the current policy of the Russian Government regarding the Elections to the State Duma, methods of adjustment and potential problems that they broadcast.
Key words: political analysis, elections, to the State Duma of the Russian Federation, political course, political and legal consequences.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.025
K.R. GABBASOVA Senior Lecturer, Department of Philosophy and History, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia
MUSLIMS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 1949-1976
The article deals with the national policy in Republican China during the period of Mao Zedong's power. The proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 by a part of the country's population, including Muslims, was greeted ambiguously. The reputation of the CPC, the ruling party, as anti-God, prompted believers to perceive the new government with caution, if not hostility. This was expressed in mass demonstrations of Muslims in the province of Gansu, as well as in northwestern China. One of the consequences of the spread of PRC power in the region was the exodus of thousands of Kazakhs from their pastures.
Despite the fact that the Constitution adopted in 1954 guaranteed the citizens of the PRC freedom of religion, this right was limited by the condition of "non-counterrevolutionary". To control religious activities on the part of the state, the Department of Religious Affairs was created, as well as numerous confessional organizations.
The "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976) marked a turning point in the fate of Islam in the PRC, as it was directed against the very existence of Muslim culture (spiritual values, lifestyle and everyday consciousness). It dealt a severe blow to China's religious minorities, undermining trust between the Han and non-Han peoples.
Key words: Islam, China, People's Republic of China, Muslims in China, "cultural revolution", Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 1954 PRC Constitution.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.026
A.A. BLOKHIN Postgraduate student Moscow State Regional University, Moscow, Russia
MAIN ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUSTRIAN STATE IN THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC
The purpose of the article is to analyze the main legal aspects related to the construction and strengthening of statehood in Austria in the interwar period. The author analyzed the bulk of historical sources and identified cause-and-effect relationships that had not been reflected before or were reflected only partially. The study is based on a civilizational approach based on historical-genetic, survey and historical-legal methods. Rethinking the view of the policy of the Austrian authorities aimed at building a federal state based on the most important state-legal acts, such as the Constitution and laws of the federal states. The author was able to reveal the problematic issues related to the development of federalism in the First Austrian Republic in the period from 1919 to 1932, as well as the specifics of the Austrian Constitution of 1920. In the internal political aspect of the development of Austria, a surprising combination of federalist and centralizing tendencies stands out. The Republic of Austria, since its inception, has taken a course towards excessive centralization while maintaining the concept of federalism. The weakness of federal relations did not provide for the possibility of building federalism in the full sense of the word. It can be concluded that despite the limited powers of the subjects of the federation, the Constitution of 1920 provided for the possibility of independent development for the lands. The foreign policy aspect is connected with the issue of the Anschluss with Germany and the creation of the "Danube Federation" in opposition to it. The culmination is the crisis of Austrian democracy in the 1930s and the rise to power of fascism, focused on the centralization of the country.
Key words: state, constitution, project, federalism, Danube Federation, the First Austrian Republic.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.027
S.S. VDOVIN PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia
KHOREZM OASIS IN THE FOCUS OF ATTENTION OF THE MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC DEPARTMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN AND BRITISH EMPIRES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY
The article is devoted to the Khanate of Khiva at a time when the state was under the closest attention of the two leading empires of that time – the Russian and the British. It is noted that both sides closely monitored the growth of influence on Central Asia, taking into account the gradual growth of political influence on the region. It is emphasized that in the second half of the X1X century. The Russian Empire begins active military operations in Central Asia, which eventually leads to the annexation of all three Central Asian khanates to Russia.
Key words: Russian Empire, British Empire, Central Asia, Khorezm.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.028
SUI TAO Ph.D. Student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, China
AMERICA'S INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY AND ITS IMPACT ON CHINA
In February 2022, the Indo-Pacific Strategy was unveiled, according to which the United States seeks to create a strategic environment around China that is most favorable to the United States and its allies. Despite the absence of "sharp corners" in this strategy, the Chinese position on it is very ambiguous. Comparisons with the Asian heads of the NSS of previous years2 provide an opportunity to analyze the evolution of US approaches to Asia over time. It is no coincidence that the document was published during the meeting of the Quartet ministers and building bridges between the Indo-Pacific and the Euro-Atlantic, attracting the European Union and NATO to the region. These changes cannot be called revolutionary – the transformation took place naturally under the influence of the changing situation in the region. In this regard, the name of the region itself is not of fundamental importance, it is a kind of “rebranding” of a well-known product and pursues its own political goals.
Key words: Indo-Pacific strategy, USA, China, NATO Alliance, European Union.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.029
TANG CUIZHU Postgraduate student, Department of International Relations, Far Eastern Federal University, China
SCENARIOS FOR THE DEEPENING OF THE RUSSIAN-CHINESE MILITARY-STRATEGIC INTERACTION
This article analyzes the Russian-Chinese military and strategic aspects of the partnership, as well as scenarios for its development. The author gives a general description of the current state of interaction between the two states in the area under consideration on the basis of current scientific literature. Particular attention is paid to Central Asia as an important strategic path for the development of relations between Russia and China, as well as the exchange of military exercises and the exchange of technologies as an important aspect of further interaction between states. The article also considers the Arctic region as an urgent problem of defending the national interests of Russia and China. Deepening Sino-Russian military cooperation may be a response to rising tensions with the United States. China's interest in accessing and protecting Arctic routes that provide access to strategic resources makes sense in the context of partnership with Russia. In an effort to protect its Arctic resources and territory, Russia can welcome Chinese arms purchases and counterbalance partnership with China against the US. However, this evolving partnership is inherently tense, and therefore a strategic partnership needs to be developed.
Key words: China, Russia, military-strategic partnership, Arctic, exercises, politics, world order.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.030
FAN TIANYANG PhD student, St. Petersburg State University, China
THE IMPACT OF SINO-US TRADE ON GLOBAL AND RUSSIAN POLITICS AND ECONOMICS
The US-China trade war has been going on for more than three years. This article examines the chronology of the conflict, its current state, and the implications for Russia and the world economy as a whole. The impact on the exchange rate and commodity market is considered.
Key words: Trade war, duty, global economy, the Big Two.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.031
A.I. ZARBUEVA Assistant of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia
I.A. ZARUBINA Assistant of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia
YU.A. SHITIKOVA Assistant of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia
CHINA'S STRATEGY IN THE FIELD OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NATIONAL SECURITY
In today's world, many countries are developing artificial intelligence. Its use makes it possible to reach a new level both in the development of various aspects of state and public life, and in ensuring national security and, consequently, to establish a position in the global community. One of the leading countries in this respect is China. In this regard, it seems relevant to study the current position of China in the development of artificial intelligence.
The purpose of this paper is to review the results already achieved by China in the field of AI and to explore strategies and plans for future development.
Based on empirical research methods, information on the importance of artificial intelligence for the PRC, existing strategies, as well as the country's successes and failures in this field was selected and presented. The importance of artificial intelligence for international security of the PRC was investigated. The article contains information about the PRC's motives in the field of artificial intelligence and semiconductors, as well as the importance of the commercial success of artificial intelligence for Chinese power. The article is based on a comparison of the capabilities of the U.S. and PRC, and examines China's major companies that are leaders in AI development.
Key words: PRC, USA, artificial intelligence, international security, national security, semiconductors, software platforms.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.032
N.A. KOMAROV Postgraduate student of the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE "COLOR REVOLUTION" IN MOLDOVA IN 2009
The work is devoted to the study of the "color revolution" in the Republic of Moldova, which took place in April 2009, as a result of which pro-European forces came to power. This event was a turning point in the domestic and foreign policy life of the country. Since then, Moldova has been shaken by internal political contradictions, and the foreign policy vector has not yet been determined.
The purpose of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the causes and events of the "color revolution".
Based on the results of the analysis of materials on a given topic, it can be concluded that the "color revolution" was prepared in advance and supported from the outside. First of all, Romania and the European Union. As a result of the events that took place, specific parties and political leaders came to power, supporting the “color revolution”.
Key words: Russia, Moldova, foreign policy, CIS.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.033
ZH.M. SAGYMBAEVA PhD student of St. Petersburg State University (SPBU), Saint-Petersburg, Russia
THE STRATEGIES OF PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF CONFLICTS IN CENTRAL ASIA
The work is devoted to the analysis of peaceful conflict resolution strategies. The main goal is to identify the applicable peaceful strategies using the example of border and territorial conflicts in Central Asia. The article is based on the modern views of experts, world practice and the recommendations of international organizations for the settlement of political conflicts.
The factors leading to the emergence and development of conflicts in the Ferghana Valley are being observed (for example: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). A brief history of the occurrence of enclaves and the reasons for the escalation of conflict situations related to the division of territories is also provided. The problems that are encountered in everyday life of persons living in these territories are described.
The experience of solving border problems in international law, as well as the paths that were previously described on the issues of delimitation and demarcation of borders by states, are analyzed. Alternative suggestions and opinions of international experts on the concept of bilateral cooperation between states on delimitation and demarcation of disputed borders are presented.
A proprietary interim project “safe border” for the prevention of conflicts is proposed, which can help track the sources of conflict ignition and their possible prevention. It is proposed to implement and monitor the project in accordance with international treaties and bilateral agreements of states.
Key words: enclave, Central Asia, conflict, delimitation, demarcation, incident, peace settlement.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.034
NATIA MESCHIA Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Social and Humanities of the Russian University friendship of peoples, Moscow, Russia
EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF GEORGIA'S FOREIGN POLICY 1992-2003
One of the most difficult processes of creating an international continent in the post-Soviet space was the process of establishing an independent Georgian state. This process took place in the context of a clash of interests of various actors in world politics. In particular, Georgia has found itself at the center of the intersection of the interests of such important actors in world politics as the Russian Federation and the United States of America. In this regard, the relevance of the work is justified, among other things, by the existing objective need to give an exhaustive expert assessment of the past stage of Georgia's formation as an actor of international relations in the post-Soviet space from the standpoint of the formation and development of the political and legal framework of foreign policy.
Key words: foreign policy, state, coup d'etat, legislation, commonwealth of states.
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.035
A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia
THE COSSACKS-NOMADS AND LANDING KNIGHTS’ WORLD PICTURE IN SHINE OF THE AUTUMN OF THE MIDDLE AGES
This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the mental complexes of Cossack nomads and boundary knights in the XIV-XV centuries, during the heyday of nomadic actualism and a utilitarian perspective in the military everyday life of these service classes, which, at first glance, have nothing in common within the framework of the picture of the world or culture. The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of using its content block as a base for further study of the mental community of chivalry in the era of its decline and the Cossacks in the period of ethnogenesis and the rise of culture. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a new view and approach regarding the analysis of the picture of the world of two classes, the worldview of which turned out to be similar in the historical retrospective under the influence of a combination of social circumstances and factors of disintegration of the main forms of military everyday life. The source base of the study is represented by a complex of knightly ballads written by eyewitnesses of the events, archival information, Cossack annals and behavioral sources. The research methodology belongs to the tradition of the history of mentality – the late school of the Annals. The methodological apparatus includes special-historical, sociological, cultural and psychological methods. Special-historical methods: narrative method, ideographic method, historical-systemic method, historical-typological method, historical-comparative method, historical modeling method, retrospective method. Sociological: document analysis, content analysis, typology, interviewing, ideal type method. Culturological: modeling of transformative cultural practices, cultural genetic method, comparative method. Psychological: cyclic method, gestalt analysis method, isolation method. The result of the study was the definition of general and particular in the picture of the world of Cossacks-nomads and boundary knights of the XIV-XV centuries.
Key words: Late Middle Ages, Hundred Years War, picture of the world, worldview, Cossacks, chivalry.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.036
А.А. GUSTYR Master of International Relations, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), Moscow, Russia
NEOCONSERVATIVE TRANSFORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN SOFT POWER IN THE 2013-2016 PERIOD
The article examines the conservative turn in Russian soft power and foreign policy positioning that occurred in the period 2013-2016. The author examines the changes in the Russian foreign policy positioning and its broadcast channels, and evaluates its effectiveness, concluding that Russia has successfully managed to implement soft-power influence on conservative segments of the international audience.
Key words: soft power, traditional values, neoconservatism, information support, positioning.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.86.5.037
LI JINGYING Master's degree, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
THE IMPACT OF THE U.S.-CHINA CONFLICT ON RUSSIA
China, the United States, and Russia, three of the most important geopolitical players in the world and the major military powers of our time, are in a complex triangular relationship. The United States is in a confrontational position vis-à-vis China and Russia; China and Russia are strategic partners, but while the United States is strengthening NATO to counter Russia and expanding and strengthening relations with Indo-Pacific countries to counter China, China and Russia are not forming a formal alliance to work together against the United States and its allies. The bipolar position of the U.S. and China has taken shape, but the creation of a bloc is happening on only one side. In a world increasingly shaped by the superpower rivalry between the United States and China, the United States has a clear interest in preventing China and Russia from becoming too close; China values its close partnership with Russia, but as an independent actor is neither ready nor willing to enter into a military alliance with Russia; Russia, as a major independent international actor, unlike the other two countries, is a major international player. as a superpower, it seeks to maintain balance, although not at an equal distance, with China, the United States and their rivals.
Key words: Russia, China, U.S., opposition, cooperation.