Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 11. Issue 8 (77), 2021
CONTENTS
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.001
D.V. КOLUPAEV Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor at the Chair of state history and law, I.I. Polzunov Altai State Technical University, Barnaul, Russia
SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE COSSACKS AND THE COSSACK MENTALITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
In the preceding the revolutionary events of 1917 and the Civil War, the Russian Cossacks were a clearly formed society, with all the signs of a subethnos within the framework of the emerging all-Russian civil nation. The attitude to the Cossacks only as a paramilitary class is characteristic not only by the time of the beginning of the 1900s. Even modern researchers, for the most part, not to mention public figures, see the Cossacks as an extension of the army. The author draws attention to the fact that the Cossack society, the Cossack community, managed to survive in its historical development only if it continued its special relations with Russian state structures. The autocratic power of the Russian Empire, after its long historical evolution, came to a very peculiar social conclusion – it is better to have the Cossacks as an ally than as a social opponent. The uprisings of Stepan Razin, Kondrati Bulavin, Yemelyan Pugachev managed to inspire the Russian ruling class, which was thick-skinned in terms of historical consciousness, with the idea of granting certain social privileges to the Cossacks within the imperial structures, while preserving the magnificent fighting qualities of the Cossacks, who were put at the service of the empire.
Key words: the Cossack society, the Cossack subethnos, the Cossacks and the revolution of 1905, the Cossack mentality, the Cossack community.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.002
M.R. HASANOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History, Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala, Russia
Z.J. ADALOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General History, Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala, Russia
E.M. MAGOMEDOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala, Russia
ON THE HISTORY OF THE TRADITIONAL FOLK CALENDAR OF THE DAGESTANI HIGHLANDERS
The development of a theme dedicated to the folk calendar of the Dagestani mountaineers is of scientific and practical importance. Certain issues of the topic are covered in the literature. When writing the article, a variety of materials, sources and literature were used, in particular the works of A.P. Pronshteina, E. Bikerman, S.Sh. Gadzhieva, A.G. Trofimova, A.R. Shikhsaidova and others. The article uses historical and ethnographic material collected during the expeditions in 1968-1972, to various regions of Dagestan. The calendars of the peoples of the ancient countries of the Near East, in particular, Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, etc.reflected the economic orientation of the names of the months. The calendars of these countries were the basis of the national calendar of Dagestan and many Transcaucasian and North Caucasian peoples. The developed form of the lunar calendar was introduced to the mountaineers of Dagestan by the Muslim religion, used by them to determine the dates of Muslim religious holidays, perform pilgrimages, etc.
Key words: Dagestan, northeast Caucasus, Egypt, Assyria, Forward Asia, lunar and solar calendars, Transcaucasia, Dagestan mountaineers.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.003
A.S. BERKUTOV Candidate of Sciences (history), Colonel, Head of Department-Deputy Head of the 4th Scientific Department (Military-Historical) of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Scientific Center for Strategic Studies of the Federal Service of the National Guard of the Russian Federation», Moscow, Russia
A.B. SHCHURIN Lieutenant Colonel, officer of the Organizational and staff department of the Federal Service of the National Guard of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
TASKS AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE NKVD OF THE USSR IN THE PRE-WAR PERIOD (1934-1941)
The article deals with the issues of organizational construction of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the pre-war period. The main tasks and activities of the NKVD bodies and troops are disclosed.
Key words: People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, central apparatus, NKVD troops, system of territorial internal affairs bodies.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.004
M.A. KOLOMEYTSEVA Candidate of history, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
FACTORS AND FEATURES OF THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE TRADITIONAL PEASANTRY IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE DON REGION)
The article is devoted to the study of the social behavior of the peasant population of the Don Army Region in one of the key periods of Russian history – at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The purpose of the work is to show how various factors influenced the content of behavioral forms. The objectives of the study are to determine how social behavior changed depending on external and internal conditions. The sources and conditions of the formation of the social space, the relationship of the main categories of the traditional population of the Don are considered, the influence of the modernization processes of the post-reform period on the life of the traditional community is shown, the socio-destructive elements of behavior caused by the destruction of the traditional way of life are characterized. In addition to general scientific methods, the methodology of quantitative analysis is widely used in the work. The conducted work allows us to draw a conclusion about the qualitative impact of external factors on the behavior of the social community of the peasantry, as well as the preservation of the importance of traditional forms and practices of organizing social life.
Key words: Don region, peasantry, social community, social behavior, modernization, traditional community, agrarian population, social norms.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.005
E.S. OBOLKIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the East Siberian Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk, Russia
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PEASANT QUESTION IN RUSSIA IN THE XVII-XIX CENTURIES
The purpose of this scientific article is to consider the peasant question in Russia in the period of the XVII-XIX centuries on the basis of scientific literature, to identify the most key problems and features from the point of view of historiography. The methods of scientific research are: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison. As a result of the analysis of historiography on this topic, it is possible to identify the main trends and patterns related to the study of the peasant question in Russia during the XVII-XIX centuries.
Key words: historiography, peasant question, normative legal acts, historical sources.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.006
T.A. PODREZOVA Associate Professor of the Department of historical and philological disciplines Branch of Saratov state pedagogical University, Zheleznovodsk, Russia
THE SITUATION IN AGRICULTURE OF THE STAVROPOL TERRITORY IN THE EARLY 50S OF THE XX CENTURY: ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
The article, relying on a wide source base, reveals the level of development of agriculture in the Stavropol Territory by the end of the first post-war five-year plan. The main difficulties are analyzed. Among them, the main ones were the economic devastation, the crop failure of 1946-1947, 1950, the personnel problem that arose due to heavy losses among the population during the Great Patriotic War. Based on the analysis of the main party documents of that time, the author of the article studied the planned ways out of the current situation.
Key words: The Great Patriotic War, agriculture, collective farms, state farms, five-year plan, five-year plan, Congress of the CPSU, personnel problem, chairman of the collective farm.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.007
A.V. KOMBAEV Cand. Sci. (Polit.), A/Prof. of Political Science and Sociology Department, Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia
ORGANIZATION OF PENAL SERVITUDE IN RUSSIA IN 1913-1914. XX CENTURY: THE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF PENAL SERVITUDE
The presented article is the result of the author's work with the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, which contain materials on the organization of execution and punishment in Russia in the XIX-XX centuries, these materials have not been published before.
The author makes a brief excursion into the history of the organization of hard labor, describes how this form of punishment was born and tries to answer the question why hard labor became so popular in Russia until the XX century. And why at the beginning of the XX century there was a need to reform the entire system of punishment as a whole, the punishment of hard labor is not an exception.
On the basis of archival materials, the author tells how the life of convicts was regulated and what transformations in this regulation were dictated by the agenda relevant for that time. It was in 1913-1914. In the XX century, a number of significant documents appeared that were supposed to initiate a serious step-by-step transformation of penal servitude in Russia, so from the point of view of historical analysis from the position of the author of the article, the project of the Ministry of Justice "on the transformation of penal servitude"is interesting.
The author describes, based on draft documents and real letters and petitions of officials of the system of punishment and execution of that time, the real state of things. He concludes that hard labor as a form of punishment should have been abolished.
Key words: hard labor, prisoners, exile, criminals, convicts.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.008
Yu.V. SMIRNOVA Ph.D. (History), associate professor, Moscow City University, professor of the department of History of Russia, Moscow, Russia
E.A. TOKAREVA Ph.D. (History), associate professor, Moscow City University, professor of the department of History of Russia, Moscow, Russia
EVERYDAY LIFE OF MUSCOVITES IN THE EARLY 1990S OR THE COLLAPSE OF A DREAM OF THE SOVIET PHILISTINE
This work makes an attempt at a more integral description of the so-called "Russian dream", expressed in the traditional Soviet ideology, which has a mythological character. Exploring the anthropology of the Soviet everyday life from the point of view of its cultural, ideological component, the authors try to reveal the processes that took place at the end of historical eras. Using the example of Muscovites, as the most elitized group of the country's population, the process of debunking and collapse of the myth and dream of the Soviet man in the street is explored in the early 1990s.
Key words: anthropologists of everyday life, Soviet dream, post-Soviet ideology, identity, modern ideological myths, liberal-bourgeois mythology, the disintegration of the USSR.
HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.009
L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia
THE BIBLE AS A SOURCE OF LAW (PART ELEVEN)
Based on the second part of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the author sets the task to show the convergence in the legal systems of the world divine and human principles, while keeping in mind that the beginning of a positive (human, artificial) rights was embedded in the theological stage of civilization. The implementation of this task requires an analysis of various legal concepts in their historical development; the content of the Bible in the context of the norms of human behavior, rules of life (commandments, parables of Jesus Christ, recommendations of the Holy Apostles); regulatory documents of various countries, including Russia, in their historical development.
The article is divided into several parts based on the volume of its content.
Key words: God, divine law, natural law, positive law, Bible, Commandments, philosophers, scientists, lawyers, normative documents, legal concepts.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.010
E.I. LEBEDEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of Sociology and Psychology of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF SEBASTIAN KURZ
The article discusses the main methodological approaches to studying the leadership qualities of the Federal Chancellor of the Republic of Austria, Sebastian Kurz. The author refers to the domestic and foreign experience of using methodologies and methods for compiling personal psychological portraits of political figures. In the study of the personalities of politicians in political psychology, nomothetic and ideographic approaches remain relevant at the present time. Of particular importance in the process of studying the leadership qualities of Sebastian Kurz is the choice of theoretical and methodological tools and the selection of specific research methods. The main research methods are the psychobiographic method, the method of non-included observation, content analysis and case studies.
Key words: Austria, Sebastian Kurz, political psychology, political leader, methodology, personality.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.011
S.A. VODOPETOV Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
MIGRATION AGENDA IN THE PROGRAMS OF THE PARTIES IN THE ELECTIONS TO THE STATE DUMA OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF THE VIII CONVOCATION
The author considers the influence of migration processes on the organization and conduct of elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the VIII convocation in the context of the formation of election programs of the largest political parties. The study examines the positions of political forces on this issue in the cities of federal significance – Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol. The article presents the positions and views of both the systemic and non-systemic opposition. In addition, the author considered the main features of the current migration processes in these regions, identified the most relevant problem points.
Key words: Russia, Russian Federation, State Duma, migration, migration processes, elections, election campaign.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.012
N.A. ZOLOTAREV Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science and Political Management Institute of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS IN MODERN RUSSIA: POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT
The article discusses various political and legal aspects of the implementation of state policy in the field of adaptation and integration of migrants in modern Russia. The author connects the origins of the problems of the studied direction of migration policy with nativism, as well as the processes of formation of centers of migration attraction, one of which is modern Russia. The paper presents some statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, examines the structure of state management in the sphere of adaptation and integration of migrants, as well as the main regulatory legal documents. The author focuses on the absence of a federal law on the adaptation and integration of migrants, identifying potential problem points for the implementation of state policy in this area at the present stage.
Key words: migration, migration policy, adaptation and integration of migrants, migrants, Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.013
K.I. KOBLANDIN Doctor of Historical sciences, professor Department of regional studies L.N. Gumiyolev Eurasian National University (ENU), Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
ON THE FORMATION OF THE KAZAKH DIASPORA ABROAD: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND PROSPECTS
This article is devoted to one of the most urgent problems of the modern world, the migration process. It is noted that a powerful increase in migration flows began to be observed at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries after the collapse of the bipolar system, when the borders opened. It is emphasized that in the 1990s, mass movements took place within the former Soviet Union, as well as departure to foreign countries was also observed. The measures taken by the leadership of Kazakhstan to return compatriots from abroad are considered. The main reasons that complicate the adaptation of repatriates are identified and a number of proposals are made to solve the existing urgent problems.
Key words: migration, repatriate, Kazakhstan, diaspora.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.014
L.S. RUBAN Doctor of Sociology, Professor, Head of the Department of Research of International Cooperation Issues Institute of the Socio-Political Researches of FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia
V.F. PECHERITSA Doctor of Historical sciences, Professor Department of Political Science Oriental Institute – School of Regional and International Studies Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
A.V. BOYARKINA Associate Professor, PhD (Political sciences), Oriental Institute – School of regional and international studies, Academic department of the English language, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
RUSSIA IN THE NEW GEOPOLITICAL AND GEO-ECONOMIC REALITY BETWEEN WASHINGTON AND BEIJING
Using the results of surveys of experts from 16 countries over 15 years (2005-2019) within the framework of the international project "Dialogue Partnership as a factor of stability and Integration", the authors analyze Russia's position in the new geopolitical and geo-economic reality in the conditions of a changed world order, in which the United States and China are now leading. The article shows the change in the position of the United States in the economic system, its transformation from the world's largest importer of hydrocarbons into an exporter as a result of the victory of the shale revolution, the desire of this country for energy dominance, which includes the displacement of Russia from the European gas market. This unfair competition includes tougher sanctions against the Russian Federation and pressure on European countries from the United States. Difficulties in the western export direction contribute to the activation of the eastern energy exports of the Russian Federation, primarily to China. Russia and China are successfully developing partnership relations. China is Russia's No. 1 trading partner, but this partnership is asymmetric, so Russia needs it more than it needs it. The main share of Russian exports to China is raw materials, and imports from China are manufacturing products, often made from Russian raw materials. China is diversifying its hydrocarbon imports, receiving oil and gas from Russia, the KSA, North Africa, Central Asian countries and the United States, hedging its energy risks. The conclusions indicate that the foreign policy of the Russian Federation should become more pragmatic, defending its interests, taking into account the rapidly changing international situation, but changing Russia's position in the international arena is possible only with the activation of the Russian economy on a modern innovative and technological basis.
Key words: Russian Federation, USA, China, strategic partnership, competition, mutually beneficial cooperation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.015
A.B. GEKHT PhD, Associate professor/docent, the Head of department of history and region studies The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
K.A. WALLENBER: A BANKER’S BRIEF BIOGRAPHY
The article deals with the main aspects of Knut Agathon Wallenberg's biography. He was the greatest Swedish businessman and a financier at the edge of the XIX-XX centuries. He left a significant mark in the economic and socio-political history of Sweden through active participation in development of this country's financial sector and its industrialization, too. K.A. Wallenberg became an heir of André Oscar Wallenberg, "Stockholms of Enskilda Banken"’s founder. For a long time this bank played the main role in economic development of not Sweden only, but the whole Nordic region. It was K.A. Wallenberg who took the chair of Sweden’s Minister for Foreign Affairs during the I World war and was in charge of forming its foreign policy. Under his leadership the Wallenberg family’s empire started to shape in its modern form. It still takes its place in Sweden and many other countries even nowadays.
Key words: Knut Agathon Wallenberg, "Stockholms of Enskilda Banken", Sweden.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.016
I.E. OTCHESKY Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Labor Law and Entrepreneurship, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
A.I. SAKHNO Candidate of Legal Sciences, Head of the Department of Administrative and Financial Law, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
A.V. LYUBANENKO Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State and Municipal Administration, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
LEGAL RISKS OF THE TOUR OPERATOR BUSINESS IN THE CONTEXT OF A GLOBAL PANDEMIC
This article is devoted to the analysis of legal risks in the provision of tourist services in Russia. The aspects of compliance with the rights of consumers in the provision of services by tour operators and travel agents, modern legislation regulating the relationship between a travel company and a tourist are considered.
The analysis of judicial practice is given, the features of bringing a tour operator to responsibility for non-provision (improper provision) of tourist services are highlighted. Recommendations on minimizing the risks of legal disputes are given. The issues of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the development of the tour operator business are highlighted.
Key words: quality of tourist services, civil liability of the tour operator and travel agent, protection of the rights of tourists.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.017
O.K. PETROVICH-BELKIN PhD in History, associate professor at the Department of theory and history of international relations, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
A.S. BUTOROV PhD in History, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
O.M. BUTOROVA Senior Lecturer of the Department of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND ARMENIA AS A FACTOR OF SECURITY IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS REGION (1991-2020)
The article analyzes the main areas of military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia in the post-Soviet period (1991-2020). It identifies the main factors contributing to the emergence of this interaction, as well as elaborates on the conceptual and normative legal framework of the relations between Armenia and Russia in the relevant sphere. Particular emphasis is placed on considering specific areas of practical cooperation between the parties. Finally, the conclusion is made that the general geopolitical instability in the South Caucasus and the need for joint regional security necessitate a further intensification of military-technical cooperation between the two nations.
Key words: Armenia, Russia, military-technical cooperation, Nagorno-Karabakh, security, South Caucasus.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.018
F.Q. TOJIDINOV PhD student Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
ON THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF SUFISM
This article is devoted to the issue of the emergence of Sufism – a mystical trend in Islam, in which a number of influential schools have appeared over time. It is emphasized that there are three major tariqas in Central Asia: Kubraviya, Kadiriya, and Isaviya. It is noted that among the reasons for the emergence of Sufism, it is worth noting social inequality in society and the resulting economic instability of Muslim society. It is concluded that Sufism does not represent a single teaching, and also does not have a single cult practice.
Key words: Islam, Sufism, Central Asia, tariqas.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.019
B.M. MAKANBAEV Postgraduate student of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Advisor to the Consolidated planning and coordination Department, Department of Protocol and organizational support Eurasian Economic Commission, Moscow, Russia
NATO WITHDRAWAL FROM AFGHANISTAN: HISTORY AND REALITY
The author raises the question of the influence of the armed forces on regional stability in Afghanistan. Covering the period on the entry of troops until the period of their withdrawal in May 2021. In addition to historical aspects, possible threats are analyzed. In addition, the US policy in Afghanistan is analyzed for the entire presence of the troops.
Key words: Afghanistan, conflict resolution, withdrawal of troops, US administration, NATO, North Atlantic alliance, Taliban movement, countering terrorism, countering the drug threat.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.020
А.KH. МURATOV Postgraduate student seeking a scientific degree at the Chair of conflictology, the Institute of Social and Philosophical Sciences and Mass Communications of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
IMPROVING THE INSTITUTIONAL FORMS AND TRAJECTORIES OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-TERRORIST ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIA
The article analyzes the laws and main organizational forms of managing anti-terrorist activities and counteraction to remism in Russia, reveals their shortcomings and directions for their improvement, in particular, the lack of methodological recommendations of the national anti-terrorist committee and anti-terrorist commissions to analyze and urgently evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of regional activities Monitoring results terrorist threats and more. All this significantly reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of the activities of the Anti-Terrorist Commissions of the constituent entities of the Federation and in municipalities, and as a result of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee itself as the main instrument of the institution of anti-terrorist activities in the implementation of its main goals and objectives in the field of countering and preventing terrorism.
Key words: anti-terrorist activity, organizational forms of management, performance of government bodies, state policy of countering terrorism, improving legislation, scientific and methodological support.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.021
E.A. RUPAKOVA Postgraduate student of the Diplomatic Academy Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
STAGES OF FORMATION OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS: TURKISH VECTOR
In the article, the author designates four stages in the formation of the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus: 1) Fundamentals of the legal framework for the development of foreign policy priorities in 1991-1996. 2) Prioritization and formation of the multi-vector bases 1996-2005. 3) Balancing between the European and Eurasian vectors of development 2005-2010. 4) Formation of a positive image and "alignment" of relations with the EU 2010-2020. The author described the main issues of the development of bilateral cooperation within the framework of this periodization.
Key words: Turkey, Belarus, EU, foreign policy, multi-vector, bilateral trade, referendum.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.022
GAO CHANG Graduate student, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
THE U.S. AND CHINESE FOREST INDUSTRIES: KEY ASPECTS OF CONFRONTATION AND PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION
The article is devoted to the consideration of the prospects and features of the development of the timber industry in the United States and China in the context of trade wars between countries. Special attention is paid to the consequences of tariffs imposed by the administration of US President D. Trump. Also, the features and consequences of the "Phase 1" trade agreement were studied in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on the prospects and potential of new negotiations between the two countries in terms of resolving structural imbalances in trade relations between them.
Key words: USA, China, timber industry, trade war, tariffs, market, supply, diversification, imports.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.023
YAN MINJIA PhD student, Center of Caucasus and Central Asia, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
THE SUCCESSION OF MAḤMŪD B. SEBUK-TIGĪN AS A REFLECTION OF THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE GHAZNAWID KINGDOM (THE LATE 10TH CENTURY)
This essay is devoted to the historical background of the struggle of the first Ghaznawid sultan for the throne. Since the aged emir of Ghazni, Sebuk-tigīn, have proclaimed an inexperienced prince as heir apparent, while after his demise the officially enthroned ruler was soon overthrown by his bellicose brother, scholars raised the question on the motivation of the king by his unexpected choice of the successor. This study aims at discovering the reason for the emergence and progress of the strife between the inheritors of the founder of the Ghaznawid dynasty in the late 10th century on the basis of systematical analysis on a series of Arabic-Persian memorial-chronological sources. The essay examines the attitudes of the king towards his sons, his strategic consideration on the mechanism of transition of royal power, merits and price for this model at both personal and national levels, as well as the secondary parties reflected through the infighting. Eventually it was proved that the sanguinary battle for the throne was entrenched in the structural crisis derived from the militaries’ greedy for spoils of war, being the pillar of the monarchy power, and accordingly, their demand for leadership of a valiant and energetic king: in fear of mutiny in benefit of the well-deserved heir apparent and threat to his own existence, Sebuk-tigīn in his declining years dispatched Maḥmūd to the peripheral area and shortly before his decease transferred the authority to the easily manipulated son, therefore sowed the seeds of the detrimental discord in terms of state governance.
Key words: Mahmūd of Ghaznī, Sebuk-tigīn, succession, the Ghaznawid Kingdom.
STUDENT SCIENCE
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.024
D.V. BRATKOVSKAYA Student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
A.A. LEONOVA Student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
PHAM THI MINH HUEN Student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS ON THE POLITICS OF THE NATION STATE: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN DONALD TRUMP AND TWITTER 2020
The article examines how such a transnational corporation as Twitter can influence a nation state, specifically the United States and its president. The main focus was on the conflict between Donald Trump and Twitter in 2020. The purpose of the work was to analyze this situation and find out whether Twitter acted as independent political actors or just as a platform with established rules.
Key words: Twitter, Donald Trump, political actors, blocking, tweet.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.025
D.К. ZARUBIN Master of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
PROPAGANDA EVOLUTION: DISINFORMATION AS THE COMMON MEDIA ELEMENT
The article sheds light on issues of propaganda evolution: from unintentional rumors to a full-fledged public opinion influencing tool. The study describes the evolution of disinformation based propaganda mechanisms. Based on historical events retrospective and examples of disinformation in news media, an article reveals disinformation as the fundamental element of propaganda and moreover common element of any media.
Kew words: propaganda, disinformation, mass media, print media, periodical literature.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.026
M.V. KOVSHAROV Master, Department of Teaching Methods history, political science and law, Moscow State Regional University, Mytishchi, Russia
ARMAMENT OF THE USSR DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
The Second World War became one of the largest armed conflicts in the history of mankind. Such large-scale conflicts required a huge number of different-caliber firearms. A considerable place among the monuments of history and technology is occupied by weapons. After all, wars contribute to the development of old types of weapons and the emergence of new ones. Firearms are divided into artillery, small arms and grenade launchers. Small firearms combine means of direct destruction such as: a projectile, a mine or a ball; and the means of throwing them to the target: cannons, mortars, machine guns, rifles, pistols, revolvers. The article analyzes some aspects of the armament of the Soviet Union before and during the Great Patriotic War. Of particular interest are the samples of firearms – the most massive of all types of military arsenal. These are, in particular, revolvers and pistols, submachine guns, rifles and carbines, submachine guns and machine guns. The author considers certain types of small arms that were used by Soviet soldiers in battles with the enemy, gives a brief description of these types of weapons. The subject of the study of this work is small arms, including the most popular and mass-produced ones, and coverage of the combat path, role and place during the Great Patriotic War.
Key words: the USSR, the Great Patriotic War, small arms, jet systems.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.77.8.027
V.V. POGARSKAYA Master's Degree Russian State University for the Humanities Moscow, Russia
USING DIGITAL TOOLS TO FORM A POLITICAL SPACE
The article analyzes the use of digitalization tools for the formation of political space. The features of the digital political space and changes in the global arena associated with its transformation are considered. It identifies issues and tasks that can be solved through the digital unification of interaction between government and society, and the risks of digitalization of the political space. The existing options for digitalization of the political space are determined.
Key words: digitalization, political space, digital society, digital ecosystem, transformation.