Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 12. Issue 8 (89), 2022

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

STUDENT SCIENCE

Our authors № 8-2022

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.001

N.S. BOYKO Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Law, Professor, Department of Law, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

S.G. ALEXANDROV Applicant of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND MASS WORK IN THE PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF PRE-CONSCRIPTION YOUTH IN 1975- 1985 GG. (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION)

The article is devoted to the role of physical education and mass work and its influence on the patriotic education of pre-conscription youth in the education system, in the Ulyanovsk region in the 1975-1985. Patriotic education in the Soviet period was one of the main parts of the physical education of the young generation, the process of ideological education of a citizen was laid down in childhood, so that by adulthood a young man completely separates the communist ones. At present, there is a need to strengthen certain values in the modern modernized society, namely: love for the Motherland, parents, children, the older generation in the context of the theory of human potential is determined by the negative consequences of the information war imposed from outside for Russia. The author attempted to analyze changes in the main forms of physical and political education, and also revealed with the help of facts the preventive and social benefits of sports in the lives of students.

Key words: patriotism, educational resource, sports, physical culture and mass work, human potential, category, physical education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.002

O.S. MUTIEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Vice-Rector of Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala, Russia

S.V. SIRAZHUDINOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala, Russia

YU.M. HUSEYNOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities of Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala, Russia

RELIGIOUS AND TRADITIONAL PRACTICES IN THE DAILY LIFE OF DAGESTANI WOMEN OF THE XIX-XX CENTURIES

In this article, based on archival materials, special literature, as well as field ethnographic material, an attempt is made to consider the transformation of the role and place of Dagestan women in two main socio-political formations: pre-Soviet (capitalist) and Soviet.

It is worth saying that the place and role of a woman were largely influenced by the norms of Muslim law, which regulated divorce proceedings, the division of property, the intra-family status of a woman, as well as the division of property. After the creation of the Soviet Union, the state authorities set a course for the emancipation of Kumyk women.

This was reflected in the publication of many decrees of the Soviet government, which equated the rights of women with men. However, contrary to the legal guidelines of the Soviet authorities, the patriarchal way of life and the dominance of Muslim and customary law continued to prevail in some villages.

Key words: gender, Kumyks, adat, sharia, aul, Dagestan, customary law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.003

F.G. SAFIN Doctor of History, professor, senior research scientist, Institute of Ethnological Studies named after R.G. Kuzeev, Ufa Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; professor, Ufa State Oil Technology University, Ufa, Russia

N.F. GALEEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

S.V. SKOGOREV Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

ETHNIC AND LINGUISTIC IDENTITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE YAMALO-NENETS AUTONOMOUS OKRUG (1970-2010)

The article, based on the results of the All-Union and All-Russian Population censuses, examines the dynamics of ethnic and linguistic identity of ethnic groups in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug from 1970 to 2010. The Autonomous Okrug, whose population numbered about 80 thousand people in the early 1970s, due to the industrial development of oil and gas fields, is becoming one of the attractive regions for the migration flow from all over the former Soviet Union. The high migration flow contributed to the emergence of a new independent subject of the Russian Federation, inherent only in its ethnodemographic and ethnosocial features. It was found that at the beginning of the period under review, the indigenous peoples – Nenets (22.0%), Khanty (8.1%) and Selkups (2.1%), who make up a significant share, despite the increase in their number, sharply lose in the specific weight of the district, respectively – 5.7%, 1.8% and 0.4%. By the comparative method, it was revealed that despite a slight decrease in the number of indigenous peoples, the share of their recognition of the native language of their nationality remained at a very high level. By the end of the 1980s, the ethnic composition of the region's population had changed significantly. More than half of the population of the district were Russians (59.2%), 17.2% Ukrainians, 5.4% Tatars, 4.2% Nenets, 2.5% Belarusians, 1.5% Khanty and 10% other peoples. The ethno-linguistic identity of migrants, despite the predominant Russian-speaking environment, remained at a fairly high level in subsequent years, especially among the peoples of the North Caucasus – Kumyks, Nogais, Chechens and Lezgins. Among the peoples of the Near Abroad, Azerbaijanis, Kyrgyz, and Uzbeks have a high ethno-linguistic identity. In the conditions of a multinational district, the peoples living in the region, in order to preserve their native languages, create national cultural organizations. The main tasks of which are to conduct cultural events to revive national customs and traditions in a new place of residence.

Key words: ethnodemography, ethno-linguistic identity, native language, indigenous peoples, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, national cultural organizations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.004

I.A. GATAULLINA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Professor, Department of Sociology, Political Science and Management Institute of Engineering Economics and Entrepreneurship Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev, Kazan, Russia

SOVIET COMMUNITY AS A RESULT OF THE "CATCHING UP" HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT: THE PROBLEM STATEMENT

The review article attempts to examine: how the implementation of a model of accelerated socio-economic development leads to ambiguous historical consequences. The research focuses on Soviet society, whose structure, like that of imperial Russia, proved unable to maintain social equilibrium and statehood in the late Soviet period. The strengthening of administrative practices outpacing legal norms is identified as a prerequisite for the first weakening of social ties and then for the inevitable social transformation. In assessing the end result of the implementation of modernisation, the emphasis is placed on the need to take into account internal temporality. It is argued that a person's self-perception is not only a psychological category, but also a factor that preempts or, on the contrary, provokes the process of collapse of the social structure, first, and then, the state. It has been revealed that the Soviet community is the identification basis of current social groups, whose "maternal" features are already intertwined with new ones and form the structure of contemporary Russian society.

Key words: modernization, social transformation, identity, marginality, Soviet community.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.005

М.S. ISSAYEV PhD, senior lecturer, International Kazakh-Turkish University named after Khoja Ahmet Yesevi, Turkistan, Kazakhstan

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE VOLGA AND PRIURAL TATARS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE (END OF XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)

The article examines the activities of the Volga and Ural Tatars for the development of Kazakhs during the transition of the Kazakh steppes under the control of the Russian government. Noted. That after joining the Russian Empire, the habitual life of the Kazakhs underwent serious changes. It is emphasized that the influence of the Tatars was primarily reflected in the spiritual, cultural and educational sphere. People from among the Tatar intelligentsia were specialists most suitable for the activities of agents uniting the Kazakh steppe. It is concluded that under the influence of Tatar reformers and innovators, the Kazakh spiritual elite was formed, focused on innovative European values and Islam.

Key words: tatars, kazakh, cultural life, national movement, memory, Volga-Ural, Kazakhstan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.006

T.M. SHAVLAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher of the Department of Ethnology of the Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia

CLERGY OF THE HISTORICAL REGION OF CHECHNYA CHEBERLOY: ABDUL-HALIM NIZHALOYEVSKY (BASED ON FIELD MATERIALS)

The article is devoted to the life and work of Abdul-Halim Saralapov, a famous Chechen theologian from Nizhny Cheberloy. It is shown how a native of a simple peasant family living in a mountainous area devoted his entire adult life to the study of the Islamic religion. How carefully he conveyed the word of God to the masses, without ceasing his educational activities even in difficult times for the Chechen people. It is emphasized that the theologian Abdul-Halim was not an opponent of Soviet power, because he believed that any power is established by the will of the Almighty. However, the theologian insisted that no one, regardless of social status, should depart from God and remember the Loan Day, i.e. the question of God, whose existence was denied in the practice of the Soviet government, was uncompromising. The main conclusion is that the core component in the sermons of Abdul-Halim Nizhaloevsky was his deep confidence that only God-fearing people can be hardworking, peaceful and sincere in relationships. The talented speaker and people's diplomat Abdul-Halim left an indelible mark on Chechen society with his peacekeeping activities, which still remains unsurpassed in the skill of building the arguments necessary to achieve the goal.

Key words: Chechen Republic, Cheberloy, Nizhaloy, Abdul-Halim Saralapov, clergy, ethical and socio-philosophical views.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.007

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, professor of the Department of administrative law and administrative activities, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

M.A. GOLUBOV Candidate of Legal Sciences, associate professor, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and environmental protection of the Stavropol Territory, Stavropol, Russia

R.S. CHEMODANOV Graduate student, North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

KUBAN REGION COSSACKS LEGAL STATUS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY. CRISIS OF MILITARY CULTURE AND FIXATION OF A NEW FORMAL RELATIONS TYPE

This article is devoted to revealing the transformation of the system of the Kuban Cossacks during the period of the decline of the military culture of the XX century, when the military way of life gradually gave way to land relations and a useful probable life. The relevance of the study comes to the need to rethink the investigation of the reform of Alexander III and the exclusion of legal acts on the specifics of the emergence of the Kuban Cossacks system, including the course of service, legal proceedings and land relations. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results in the practice of searching for the legal and cultural identity of the modern Kuban Kazakh society, within the framework of the structure of applying the concepts of its coverage of memory, and especially in the state interest and social use of Cossack communities and organizations. Scientific novelty is found in the rethinking of the nature of the features and properties of the discovered acts published in the 1900s. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the system and indexation of industrial and land relations between representatives of the Kazakhstan region of the Kuban region at the beginning of the XX century. In the research discourse we use: special-historical methods, cases of application of anthropology and legal theory. Special-historical methods: narrative method, historical-genetic method, historical-systemic method, historical-typological method, modeling method, structural method, functional method. Historical anthropological methods: nomothetic method, idiographic method, index method. Methods of the theory of law: formal-logical, historical, systemic and functional. The results of the study reveal the specifics of the characteristics of decrees, orders and orders of the 1860s and 90s, as well as the results of the decrees of the early XX century, which formed the structure of the structure of the Cossack system of the Kuban region.

Key words: Kuban region, Cossacks, legal status, court, stanitsa, regulation, service.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.008

Z.KH. SULUMOV Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russia

S.A. BEGUEV Senior Lecturer, Department of Museum Studies and Culturology, Chechen State University named after A.A. Kadyrov; Senior Research Fellow, Department of the History of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Institute for Humanitarian Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia

THE HISTORY OF THE BUSINESS AND PUBLIC-POLITICAL ELITE OF CHECHNIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

The article examines the activities of Chechen entrepreneurs, for whom participation in social and political life has become a characteristic feature. Many entrepreneurs were engaged in social and political activities, which became the basis for the improvement of villages and cities, the development of education, science and culture, the construction of mosques and madrassas. A special place among the entrepreneurial and socio-political elite was occupied by spiritual personalities – shaikhs who were engaged in entrepreneurial and social activities in accordance with the norms of Islam.

Key words: entrepreneurs, social and political activities, spiritual personalities, education, science, construction of madrasahs and mosques.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.009

O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, professor, head of the educational department Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, professor of the Department of administrative law and administrative activities, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

R.S. CHEMODANOV Graduate student, North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

WAYS, METHODS AND MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL STEREOTYPES IN SOVIET SOCIETY (PRE-WAR PERIOD)

The article is devoted to the process of formation of social stereotypes in the Soviet society. Stereotypes, or mental cliches, an emotional image that has developed and settled in the mind, determine individual and social consciousness, influence a person’s choice of one or another model of behavior. Using numerous historical examples, the article shows the ways in which stereotypes were formed in the first decades of Soviet power. Such methods of stereotyping are traced as the creation of a new ideology and the introduction of simple images into the mass consciousness with the help of ideologems and mythologems; revival of patriotic feelings; appeal to traditional values; broadcasting the image of the enemy into the mass consciousness; widespread use of manipulation to control mass consciousness. Among the methods used, it is important to note such special historical methods as: the narrative method, the historical system method, the historical typological method, the method of historical modeling, structural and functional methods. The conclusion is made about the artificial stereotyping of the early Soviet society for the purpose of manipulating mass consciousness for political purposes.

Key words: stereotype, public consciousness, propaganda, ideology, mythologeme, norm, setting.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.010

V.M. GOROKHOV Independent researcher, Elder of the Russian community, Military Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

INVESTIGATION OF THE ORIGIN AND AUTHENTICITY OF THE "APPEAL TO THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE CITY OF ROSTOV ABOUT THE APPEARANCE ON AUGUST 11, 1942 AT COLLECTION POINTS FOR MOVING TO SAFE AREAS OF RESIDENCE"

The article presents the results of the source study "Appeal to the Jewish population of the city of Rostov about the appearance on August 11, 1942 at collection points for moving to safe areas of residence." The main goal of the research is to find out the origin of this document, study the method of its production, determine its time of appearance in the public space, compare it with other sources related to the topic, identify compliance with historical events, both on the date of the document and in the subsequent time, establish the reliability of the content information in it, determining its authenticity and legal correctness.

Key words: Great Patriotic War, genocide, Zmievskaya Balka, source study, correctness of historical documents.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.011

M.N. ISHEMGULOV Junior Researcher of the Department of Ethnopolitology Institute of Ethnological Research named after R.G. Kuzeev – Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ufa, Russia

D.A. KAMALETDINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

F.R. KULSHARIPOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF THE ETHNOSOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN MULTIETHNIC BASHKORTOSTAN IN A MARKET ECONOMY (1979-2010)

The article, based on the results of population censuses, examines the peculiarities of the transformation of the social structure of the population in a multi-ethnic Russian region, such as the Republic of Bashkortostan. The development of ethnosocial stratification in a multiethnic region in a market economy contributes to the growth of competition between ethnic groups for access to power, natural and material resources. The peculiarity of the Republic of Bashkortostan is that three ethnic groups – Bashkirs, Russians and Tatars in the national composition of the region, each of them, make up more than 1 million people. Therefore, the main divide in the competition for access to economic resources, the degree of their participation in privatization processes and ownership of property flows between representatives of these three nationalities. The ethnosocial structure of Bashkortostan society that developed in Soviet times was to a certain extent a kind of starting position in the transition period to a market economy. The adopted Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Republic to a certain extent created priority conditions for the titular group, which subsequently manifested itself in the arrangement of their representatives in the authorities. At the same time, the ethnosocial stratification of the population shows that the market economy has divided society not by nationality, but by their material and financial situation, dividing them into poor and rich. In this respect, the social stratification of the region's population has not escaped ethnic coloring. The strongest ethnosocial differentiation, as noted by a number of researchers, manifested itself among the titular group. Although, social stratification was also inherent, both for Russians and Tatars. At the same time, despite the difficulties of the crisis phenomena, the population of the republic, regardless of ethnicity, notes an improvement in their standard of living for the better.

Key words: social structure, polyethnic region, employment, economy, stratification, differentiation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.012

G.A. NAGAEVA Cand. Sci. (Theory and History of Culture), Assos. Prof., Department of the Engineering Disciplines and Management, Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute (Branch), Kuban State Technological University, Novorossiysk, Russia

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DRINKING BUSINESS IN RUSSIA IN THE PERIOD FROM THE XVI TO THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY: TO THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE ISSUE

The purpose of writing this article is to analyze the state regulation of the drinking business in Russia in the period from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century. The system of taxation in relation to the production, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages changed several times during the period under review. The farming system was replaced by an excise tax, then a state monopoly was introduced, and so on. The state authorities sought to find a universal solution to this issue - how, with regular replenishment of the treasury with taxes levied on drinking, to limit the development of drunkenness in Russia.

The article also presents an analysis of scientific literature on the study of the history of distillation in Russia, changes in legislation regarding the drinking business, the emergence of the teetotaling movement, medical research on the development of alcoholism.

Key words: drinking business, distillation, farming system, excise tax, state monopoly, commission agent, tavern, tavern establishment.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.013

N.N. OSKIN Candidate of technical sciences, senior researcher at the military institute (national defense administration) of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Federation Armed Forces, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF TELECOMMUNICATION ORGANIZATION DURING THE POSITIONAL PERIOD OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The basic provisions concerning the management of the telecommunications system, the organization of communications in the theater of war, the organizational and staff structure of communication units and their logistical support were rethought by the Russian Army command in the positional period of World War I. The Russian Army continued to develop telegraphic communications in terms of increasing the operational efficiency of information exchange (use of Bodo and Hughes devices at the communication centers of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief's headquarters, headquarters of fronts, armies and corps), as well as the creation of redundant (bypass) communication lines. It greatly increased the efficiency of command and control of the troops. In addition, the improvement of the operational characteristics of radio stations made it possible to increase the amount of information transmitted wirelessly. Telephone communication received additional development, and tapping telephone and radio conversations led to the emergence of «technical intelligence». During the period, telecommunication began to be considered as the technical basis of the command and control system, which required its separation into a separate branch of the armed forces. In this regard, the creation of radio telegraph divisions was a definite step forward. At the same time, organizational and staff measures carried out by the Russian Army Command did not lead to the formation of separate communication units, and telegraph companies continued to remain part of engineering regiments until the end of the war.

Key words: spark companies, information exchange, communication organization, radio station, radio communications, telephone networks, telegraph networks, telecommunication.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.014

O.V. YAGUDINA PhD (Historical), Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia

THE REASONS AND MAIN AREAS OF THE SPREAD OF THE OLD BELIEVERS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE ORENBURG COSSACK ARMY IN THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

The article examines the history of Old Belief among the Orenburg Cossacks. The author has studied the conditions and prerequisites for the appearance of a church schism in the territory of the army. The reasons for the spread of Old Believers and the preservation of its influence during the studied period are considered in detail. The article identifies the areas of the largest concentration of Old Believers, highlights the rumors and concord characteristic of this territory. Special attention was paid to statistical data on the movement of Old Believers in the second half of the XIX century, for which both archival materials and materials of pre-revolutionary and modern historical research were involved.

The author comes to the conclusion that the "old faith" was brought into the environment of the Orenburg Cossacks from the nearest territories by runaway peasants, as well as Cossacks from neighboring troops. The rapid spread of the split caused concern on the part of the authorities in view of the importance of this border region. There were centers of local Old Believers on the territory of the army, which had a significant influence several kilometers from the place of residence. The growth of the Old Believers continued throughout the studied period and was caused by the mistakes of local authorities, the proximity of the regions "infected" by the split, as well as natural growth.

The methodological basis of the study was made up of special historical methods, such as historical-systematic and descriptive. The author also adhered to the principles of modern historical science: scientific, historicism, objectivity.

The scientific value of the study consists in a consistent study of the appearance of the Old Believers on the territory of the Orenburg army. In comparison with other troops, the number of Old Believers was not so large, but at the same time it is an important part of the history of Orenburg region, since this factor influenced not only the religious life of the region, but also socio-political and cultural.

Key words: Orenburg Cossacks, Old Believers, church schism, Sakmarskaya village, Rassypnaya village, schismatics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.015

E.S. OBOLKIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor East Siberian branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk, Russia

THE ORIGIN OF THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE THROUGH THE PRISM OF HISTORIGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

Historiography is analyzed in order to highlight the features of the emergence and development of the social and political structure of the Old Russian state. The methods of scientific research are: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that in this work an attempt was made to generalize theories of the origin of the Old Russian state. This topic is especially relevant now, since the study of this issue allows us to holistically comprehend the features of the emergence and development of statehood and law in Ancient Russia, which influenced the state-legal development of Russia, it is also necessary to assume what the further development of the state and law of Russia will be.

Key words: historiography, the Old Russian state, theories of the origin of the Old Russian state, historical sources.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.016

T.M. SALIMURZAEV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History, Karachay-Cherkess State University named after U.D. Aliyev, Karachaevsk, Russia

THE ACTIVITY OF EMPLOYEES OF THE MUSEUM OF URBAN SCULPTURE TO SAVE MONUMENTS OF MONUMENTAL ART IN BESIEGED LENINGRAD

This article examines the activities of the employees of the Leningrad City Sculpture Museum in the Blockade ring during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 for the preservation and rescue of cultural and historical objects located in the open air. In the work, a special place is given to the overview analysis of the process of preserving monuments of monumental art during the siege of Leningrad and their classification for the full presentation of the rescued objects by the employees of the Museum of Urban Sculpture.

Goals and objectives: A comprehensive author's study of the activities of the Museum of Urban Sculpture during the Great Patriotic War to save monuments of monumental art in the open urban environment of Besieged Leningrad. A review analysis of the process of preservation of monuments of monumental art and their classification is proposed.

Methods: In the process of studying the problem of preservation and rescue of monuments of monumental art in an open urban environment, the employees of the Museum of Urban Sculpture used methods of overview analysis, classification, historical and logical.

Results: An analysis of the process of preservation and rescue of monuments was carried out, a group of monuments was identified and methods of technology for their preservation were described, taking into account the criteria we identified.

Conclusions: It is concluded that the result of the activities of the employees of the Museum of Urban Sculpture was the preservation and rescue of all objects entrusted to them: monuments and monuments in the amount of 68 units in an open urban environment. The successful result of the activities of museum workers who had no prior historical and practical experience in the world in saving such large and technically complex monuments became possible thanks to innovative and creative solutions and professionalism.

Key words: the Siege of Leningrad, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the Museum of Urban Sculpture, monumental art, the activities of museum workers, sculptures and monuments of the city of Leningrad.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.017

A.A. CHERETAEV Postgraduate student of the Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHERS PRINCE M.M. SHCHERBATOV AND N.M. KARAMZIN ON THE POLISH QUESTION

The article examines the assessments and views of Russian historiographers Prince M.M. Shcherbatov and N.M. Karamzin on the development of the Polish question in the context of the inclusion of Polish lands in Russia. Karamzin manages to identify not only the reasons for the fall of Poland, but also the danger of the Kingdom of Poland being part of the Russian Empire.

The problem-analytical method of research allows not only to highlight the state-ideological differences between Poland and Russia, according to Karamzin, as well as his negative views on the existence of the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Russian Empire.

Key words: the Polish question, the Kingdom of Poland, Sarmatism, Alexander I, Catherine II, Karamzin, Shcherbatov.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.018

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

HYMN TO THE LORD GOD (PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS RESEARCH IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) PART EIGHT

Starting from the content of the Constitutional norm about God (part 2 of Article 67.1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and analyzing the provisions of the Bible, religious-theological and philosophical literature, the author reveals the concepts of God, Hymn to the Lord God and forms of God glorification. Considering these concepts, the process of glorifying God is investigated.

Key words: God, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Bible, Hymn, thank the Lord God.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.019

O.V. SEMYONOVA Senior Lecturer at the Department of Public Administration in Foreign Policy Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia

SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING STRATEGIES BY THREE PLAYERS USING A VECTOR METHOD USING SPREADSHEETS

Matrix games are one of the decision-making methods. Games with three or more participants present a certain difficulty. In this case, the number of options for the outcomes of the interaction of the parties and the number of influencing factors increase. The decision will determine several possible strategies, and this is especially true for methods of long-term analysis. A combination of formal and expert methods is traditionally used in modeling socio-political processes. The outcome of solving the problem of game modeling largely depends on expert assessments. To solve the problem, it is advisable to use tripartite expert assessments.

Key words: Game theory, foreign policy decision-making, games with three players, matrix solution method, computer game model.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.020

M.A. IVANCHENKO Teacher, MGIMO MFA of Russia, Moscow, Russia

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT PARTY SYSTEMS IN ARGENTINA AND RUSSIA AT THE END OF THE XX CENTURY

The article is devoted to the consideration of the party-political systems of Russia and Argentina in the second half of the twentieth century. The relevance of the study is the change in the development of theparty systems in the modern world, which allows to draw the conclusion and suggest possible ways of development. The purpose of this work is a systematic analysis of the main stages in the formation of party-political systems in Russia and Argentina. The methodological basis of the study is based on the results of scientific objectivity, historicism and consistency. The methods used are system analysis, historical and control-legal methods, the method of comparison and deduction in terms of identifying alleged cases of development and identifying violations of legal norms that relate to the object of work and methods. As a result of a comparative analysis of the party-political systems of Russia and Argentina in the second half of the 20th century, it was found that everything in Russia took place in a tougher form. However, in Russia there were no such number of military coups as it was in Argentina.

Key words: party-political system, Argentina, Russia, stages of development, political parties.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.021

A.G. BOLSHAKOV Candidate of sociological and doctor of political sciences, docent, the head of department of conflictology at the Kazan (Volga Region) federal university, Kazan, Russia

M.KH. FARUKSHIN Doctor of philosophy, professor, professor-consultant of politology department at the Kazan (Volga Region) federal university, Kazan, Russia

NATIONAL LANGUAGES IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM: EXPERIENCE OF SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PUBLIC OPINION IN THE REPUBLICS IN THE REGION BETWEEN THE VOLGA RIVER AND URAL MOUNTAINS

The authors of the article proceed from the fact that the vulnerable position of the titular (state) languages of the peoples of the republics of the Volga and Ural regions is largely due to the state of their study in the school education system. At present, teaching these languages is carried out in two formats: in national schools, teaching is conducted in native language, which implies mastering the latter at a fairy high level; in Russian-speaking sсhools, it is studied with a voluntary choice as an independent subject or as part of a more general subject, or as part of a more general subject, along with the history and culture of the titular people.

The main objective of the article is to analyze the teaching of national languages in the republican education systems located in the named region on the basis of the empirical base that was compiled by sociological studies conducted by a group of scientists from Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University in the course of implementing a scientific project. The article examines the main problems that reflect the situation with the national languages of the Volga and Urals republics, the principles of voluntary and compulsory study of national languages in the education system.

Key words: national language, native language, public opinion, voluntariness of the language of study, obligatory nature of the language of study, federal educational standard, methods of studying the national language, research method.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.022

D.K. GRIGORYAN Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Duma under the President of the Russian Federation; Senior Lecturer of the Department of Criminalistics and Operational Search Activities of the Federal Budgetary Institution of the Russian Interior Ministry, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

LEGISLATIVE POWER-ELITE RESPONSE TO FAKE THREATS TO RUSSIA'S NATIONAL SECURITY

In the spring of 2022 in the Russian Federation providing for punishment for the public dissemination of deliberately false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. These amendments, called the "fake law", caused a wave of discussions in social networks: whether this law will work, and how fair its application is.

This article will consider both the judicial practice of the new article and the problematic issues of defining the concept and essence of discrediting.

Key words: power, discredit, public actions, rallies, prohibited symbols, special operation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.023

D.I. VOYNOV Postgraduate student of the Faculty of State and Municipal Administration of the North-Western Institute of Management, a branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY ON THE EXAMPLE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE YOUTH POLICY

In the article, from the point of view of the development of the regulatory framework, historical and international experience, the issues of forming young people, in a broad sense, into full-fledged participants in civil society are considered.

A study was made of the laws, orders and strategies governing youth policy in Russia, and the principles of the development of civil society with the involvement of the most powerful resource of youth. The dynamics of regulation of youth involvement in civil society as a legal entity is considered.

The article also considers the historical perspective of the development of relations between youth and society in the framework of the youth policy applied to youth.

For the possibility of an objective comparison, international experience in the implementation of youth policy is also given.

Key words: civil society, self-organization, youth, youth organizations, state youth policy, international experience.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.024

R.I. RAIMOV PhD student Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

TO THE QUESTION OF THE ATTITUDE OF VALIDI TOGAN AND MUSTAFA CHOKAY TO THE BASMACHE MOVEMENT IN CENTRAL ASIA

The article examines the views of Walidi Togan and Mustafa Chokai on the Basmati movement in Central Asia. It is noted that both leaders of the national movement had different attitudes to the methods of struggle, but were united in understanding the need for a common Turkic struggle to solve problems related to the formation of national states in the region. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Basmachi did not perceive a progressive program inspired by the ideas of the all-Turkic nationalist movement and Jadidism, it is emphasized that at present the political and public activities of Validi and Chokai, as well as their creative heritage remain in the field of view of researchers.

Key words: Validi Togan, Mustafa Chokai, Turkestan, Basmachestvo, Bolsheviks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.025

D.V. SAPRYNSKAIA PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Сountries, Moscow, Russia

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

SOME OF THE ASPECTS OF DEFINITION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN CENTRAL ASIA (THE LATE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURIES)

The article presents a number of approaches to the study of the minorities of the region and their cultural differences. Particular attention is paid to the differences between the Soviet and imperial scientific paradigms in relation to Central Asia. Conceptual aspects, such as, for example, the difference between essentialist and instrumentalist views, the idea of orientalism, etc., turned out to be beyond the scope of this article.

Key words: national minorities, Central Asia, the Russian Empire, the USSR, nation-building.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.026

I.B. BALASHOV Undergraduate student of the Faculty of International relations of the St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

I.N. NOVIKOVA Scientific director, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department European Studies Faculty of International relations of the St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

FEATURES OF ENERGY COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND GERMANY AT THE PRESENT STAGE

Energy cooperation between Russia and Germany is currently the greatest tandem in the field of international energy. However, in order to maintain this cooperation, it is necessary to make a lot of political, economic as well as diplomatic efforts – because there is a number of problems that hinder the development of this cooperation. In our previous article, the main attention was paid to the historical patterns of Russian-German energy. The purpose of the current article is to identify the features on which the modern energy interaction between Russia and Germany is based. Within this study, the advantages of Gazprom on the international market were highlighted, the possibilities of the Nord Stream and Nord Stream – 2 projects were explored, the regulatory documents of the European Union in the field of climate and market policy were analyzed, and the development of the sanctions policy of the „collective post-West” in relation to the Russian energy sector was traced. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from 2009 to 2022. The choice of 2009 as the beginning of the modern stage is associated with changes in EU legislation, changes in the climate agenda of Germany as well as the start of construction of the Nord Stream pipeline.

Key words: energy, natural gas, Russia, Germany, Gasprom.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.027

O.A. NESTERCHUK Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Professor of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); Professor of the Department of Political Science and Political Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

A.O. VORONTSOVA Expert of ANO «Academic Alliance», Moscow, Russia

V.O. GRISHIN Student of the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, Moscow region state university; Leading Project Manager of the Education Quality Assessment and Public Accreditation Department, ANO «Center for Student Programs of the Russian Youth Union», Moscow, Russia

THE TECHNOLOGY OF «SOFT POWER» IN US FOREIGN POLICY: FEATURES OF IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FIELD OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article discusses the implementation of «soft power» technology through various educational projects in the United States. The authors focus on the importance of education as a tool for instilling certain values through the mechanisms of political socialization. The formation of ideological attitudes of loyalty to the United States is formed not only at the expense of educational programs of American universities, but also at the expense of non-governmental foundations whose activities are supervised by the American administration. According to the authors, the main task of implementing «soft power» technology in the field of education is to recruit the political elite of other states and young people to form a pro-American political establishment and public sentiment.

Key words: political technologies, «soft power», political elite, education, political socialization, non-state funds.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.028

V.V. TITOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Leading Researcher, Financial University under the Government Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

GLOBALIZATION AS A FACTOR OF TRANSFORMATION OF NATIONAL AND STATE IDENTITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM

The article is devoted to the problem of the impact of globalization on the processes of transformation of national and state identity. Based on the analysis of various approaches to understanding the phenomenon of globalization, it can be stated that at the first stage, in the 1990th and early 2000th, this influence was viewed through the prism of the geopolitical and socio-cultural dominance of the West, the strengthening of the role of transnational political and economic structures, the dismantling of the value foundation of national identity. In the 2010th and beginning 2020th, a new polycentric model of global development is emerging, the key feature of which is the pervasive digital transformation of societies. Thus, the main challenge of «globalization 2» addressed to the national state and its identity today is the crisis of traditional institutions of political socialization, the formation of «virtual» identification constructs that are unstable and contain a significant conflict potential.

Key words: globalization, national-state identity, challenge, international terrorism, glocalization, digital transformation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.029

V.S. PLOTNIKOV PhD in Social Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Customs, Siberian State Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MODERN GEOPOLITICAL PARADIGM ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

The article is devoted to the influence of the modern geopolitical paradigm on the implementation of international law. Attempts by the Collective West, led by the United States, to subjugate sovereign states lead to the breakdown of the international law system that has been forming for many decades. The article provides examples of violations of international legal norms by the Collective West itself and, with its consent, by Ukraine. Preserving international law, Westphalian state system, sovereignty of states in its frameworks, sovereign in everything, including political decision-making, is urgent.

Key words: international law, geopolitical paradigm, Collective West, sovereignty, human rights, international humanitarian law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.030

URPER MEHMET Senior Lecturer at the Department of International Humanitarian Relations of St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE FORMATION AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ON THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKISH IN THE XXI CENTURY

This article discusses the main provisions of the concept of the process of foreign policy formation and decision-making, the relevance of which has been the subject of research since the second half of the 20th century in the context of international relations. The author analyzes the essential importance of memorandums and reforms of a constitutional nature, which today occupy an important place in the implementation of Turkey's foreign policy. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey has recently adopted bills of an appropriate nature, which could allow the Turkish state to take an active position in the Middle East region lately. As a result of this, relations with the states of the region would become even more favorable, and Turkey would gain real support from other countries on issues related to the EU, Cyprus and so on. Our main goal is to explore the active role of actors and state subunits in the formation and development of the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey. Along with this, the author tries to demonstrate the influence of the internal and external environment of responsible politicians on the decision-making process. In this study, with the help of analytical, comparative, including deductive and inductive methods, for the first time, the structure of state subunits that form the concept of Turkey's new foreign policy program is presented.

Key words: Turkey, Turkish foreign policy program, Russia, Decision-making process, International relations, Islam, geopolitics, geo-strategy, stability, Middle East.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.031

XIONG LEPING Ph.D., Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China

LIU ZIXI student, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China

CHINA'S POLICY AGAINST CORONOVIRUS AND SOFT POWER

This paper examines China's approaches and methods in combating the coronavirus and analyzes the reasons for the Chinese authorities' decisions to confront the covid. The paper is divided into three parts: China's anti-epidemic policy is an effective way to fight the coronavirus; the measures taken by China are a demonstration of its commitment to "human life first"; and China's successes are an example for the world. Using its experience, China implements the idea of a "Community of Human Destiny" and contributes to the international fight against covid and global development, thereby spreading its "soft power".

Key words: anti-epidemic policy, China, covid control, zero infection rate, soft power.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.032

S.S. VDOVIN PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE KHANATE OF KHIVA WITH NEIGHBORS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

The article is devoted to the consideration of the relationship of the Khanate of Khiva with neighboring territories in the XI century. It is noted that relations with neighboring countries have not always been peaceful, open military clashes have taken place. Typical were the confrontations of the Khanate of Khiva with the Emirate of Bukhara, Iran, with the Kazakhs, with the Turkmen tribes, in particular, for the city of Merv. It is emphasized that the first half of the XIX century was one of the tense moments in the foreign policy of the Khanate of Khiva. It is concluded that the struggle was mainly for the border lands.

Key words: Khiva Khanate, Merv, Bukhara Emirate, Turkmens, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.033

A.R. GILFANOV Postgraduate student of Kazan (Privolzhsky) federal university, Kazan, Russia

UNESCO'S ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF PRESERVATION OF WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES

Since the adoption of the World Heritage Convention in 1972, the World Heritage List has been constantly evolving and expanding, and therefore there is an urgent need to strengthen the dissemination of guidelines on the implementation of the Convention in the participating States. Various expert meetings and the conclusions contained in UNESCO's periodic reports indicate the need to pay more attention to training and capacity-building in specific areas in which the participating States managing World Heritage sites need additional support. In this article, the author considered topical issues of the preservation of UNESCO's World Cultural Heritage, the structure of the organization and the requirements for participating states.

Key words: UNESCO, cultural heritage, ICOMOS, IUCN, preservation of cultural heritage.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.034

PH.А. PETROSYAN Postgraduate student of the Department of International Security and Foreign Policy of Russia, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia

SWEDEN JOIN NATO: FACTORS OF INSTABILITY

As part of this study, an analysis of parliamentary and public opinion in Sweden on the issue of the country's accession to NATO was carried out. The relevance of this issue is confirmed by the great resonance of the topic in the media, as well as the reaction of Russia, which announced the introduction of retaliatory measures against the actions of Sweden. The study used event analysis and statistical analysis of sociological data, analyzed the results of sociological surveys on the electoral preferences of Swedish citizens for the period from September 2018 to July 2022. The process of making a decision on Sweden's accession to NATO and the role of the political crisis of 2021 in this ., geopolitical turbulence and the pre-election situation in 2022. The hypothesis is confirmed that the policy of non-alignment of Sweden was simultaneously disrupted by unprecedented internal and external factors of instability. However, the leadership of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Sweden successfully used the ideological cliches of their political opponents to their advantage by abandoning the principle of "freedom from unions", as a result of which the party's ratings increased significantly and consolidated at a fairly high level. It is concluded that the Social Democrats have the opportunity to achieve the result of 2014 in the parliamentary elections in September 2022. The risks of using such a strategy are also highlighted. The presented study can be used in planning Russia's further foreign policy activities both in Sweden and in other states with similar domestic political parameters.

Key words: Sweden, NATO, internal politics, parliamentarism, parties.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.035

N.R. SHESTAKOV Candidate of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia

TO THE QUESTION OF THE BALKAN POLICY OF TURKEY IN RESPECT OF NATIONAL MINORITIES

The article is devoted to the problem of national minorities, we are talking about the Turkish community in the Balkans, in particular, in Bulgaria. It is noted that the Turks lived on the Balkan peninsula even before the formation of the Ottoman Empire, and after the liberation of Bulgaria and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Turks became national minorities and the problem of preserving national identity arose. It is emphasized that there are institutions in the structure of the Turkish Government that deal with the issues of the Turkish community abroad. It is concluded that the modern Turkish leadership pays sufficient attention to "soft power" in the Balkans.

Key words: national minorities, Turkish language, Turkey, Balkans, Bulgaria.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.036

A.A. SVIRIDOV master's student of the Faculty of Global Processes Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL CRISES CAUSED BY ENERGY FACTORS: THE CRISIS IN THE PERSIAN GULF IN 1990-1991

The article is devoted to the political crisis in the Persian Gulf associated with the desire of Iraq to seize the oil fields of Kuwait. The prehistory of the crisis is being studied: the Iran-Iraq war, the growth of Iraq's external debt and Saddam Hussein's policy towards Kuwait. The aims and measures of Iraq aimed at strengthening its influence in the region, and the danger of such actions for the world economy, are analyzed. The role of the UN and the USSR in attempts to influence the leader of Iraq and resolve the situation peacefully is considered. The contribution of the United States and the forces of the international coalition in overcoming this crisis is taken into account: diplomatic pressure and military intervention. The results of the crisis are summed up: the defeat of the Iraqi army, the economic damage to Kuwait and the environmental disaster in the Persian Gulf caused by the burning of oil wells. Conclusions are drawn about the international significance of this crisis.

Key words: diplomatic pressure, military intervention, threat to the global economy, the role of the UN and the international coalition.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.037

E.A. FADEEVA Master's student of the Faculty of Law, Moscow State Regional University, Mytishchi, Russia

PARTICIPATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE POLITICAL LIFE OF RUSSIA

The study of the reasons for the participation of young people in political life and how young people are involved in political activities is an important issue for both developed and developing countries. Research in this area began with general trends, and then moved on to specific country factors.

The purpose of the article is to determine the features of youth participation in political public associations. Analysis of theoretical sources on the problem of research, study of the results of surveys conducted (All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTSIOM), F.F. Foundation Ebert, Levada Center, the sociological laboratory of the Russian State University for the Humanities, etc.) The key result is that participation in public associations during training, especially in political ones, positively affects the future participation of young people in political life.

Conclusions. The political participation of young people was considered from the point of view of voting and expression of opinions on the Internet – participation in rallies, strikes or political parties was not analyzed. Nevertheless, the presented research helps to understand the key dependencies and trends of youth participation in political life in Russia at the present time.

Key words: participation in political life, voluntary association, extracurricular activities, participation in political life, youth, voting, expression of political opinion.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.038

R.R. ARSLANOV Master of International Relations, MGIMO, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT U.S. FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY AND RUSSIA'S POSITION ON IT

There is a high degree of misunderstanding between Russia and the United States, which is transforming into a permanent confrontation, especially vividly observed today. There is a significant conceptual gap between the American and Russian visions of the world, which does not allow the two countries to find common ground and pushes them to even greater rivalry. The purpose of this article is to analyze the paradigmatic and ideological foundations of the US foreign policy course and determine the degree of their divergence from the views of the Russian leadership on the world order. The author comes to the conclusion that Washington's neoconservative course has a high degree of duality and is aimed at achieving one goal – the formation of the United States as a world hegemon. Russia sees the world order differently and agrees to exist only in a multipolar, not an American-centric world, which gives the United States a reason to fight its ideological rival.

Key words: neoconservatism, realism, hypocrisy, indispensable nation, confrontation, multipolarity, rogue states.