Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 9. Issue 9 (54), 2019.

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL HISTORY

POLITICAL REGIONAL STUDIES AND ETHNOPOLITICS

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

POLITICAL CONFLICTOLOGY

POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY

REVIEWS

Nazarov A.D. On the Threshold of a New Space Age. Review of Stephen Petranek's Book “How We Will Live on Mars” / Translated from English by A. Kuryshev. M.: Publishing House AST: Corpus, 2016, P. 218

Our authors № 9-2019

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

S.P. KOSTRIKOV Doctor of history, Professor, Moscow State University of management, Department of history and political science, Moscow, Russia

EVENTS OF 1903 IN MACEDONIA AND OLD SERBIA IN THE PAGES OF THE MAGAZINE "NIVA"

The article deals with the materials of one of the most popular magazines of pre-revolutionary Russia – "Niva", devoted to the acute political crisis of 1903 in the European possessions of the Ottoman Empire – Macedonia and Old Serbia. The aim of the research is to identify the importance of publications in the journal on this issue as a source for the study of the current political circumstances, as well as the impact of published materials on Russian public opinion.

Key words: Russian pre-revolutionary press, magazine "Niva", Ilinden uprising of 1903, Macedonia, Old Serbia, Balkans, Eastern question.

H.S. SHAGBANOVA Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Philosophy, Foreign Languages and Humanitarian Training of the Internal Affairs Bodies, Tyumen Institute for Advanced Studies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Tyumen, Russia

D.M. ABUKIN Chairman of the Local Public Organization "National Cultural Autonomy of the Tatars of the City of Tyumen "Sebertatarlar" (Siberian Tatars), Tyumen, Russia

MEMORIAL POLICY (MEMORY POLICY) AS A RESOURCE OF STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT SIBERIAN TATARS

The presented study is devoted to the study of the politics of memory as a resource for the strategic development of the ethnos of the Siberian Tatars. The methodology of this study includes a method of descriptive (or descriptive analysis), which allows to characterize the memorial policy in relation to the Siberian Tatars in a specific time period, to reliably and comprehensively present the situation in the field of the revival of their historical and cultural heritage. In addition, we used the case study method, which allows us to study memorial politics that contribute to the development of Siberian Tatars as a complex social phenomenon. This method is of particular importance in the framework of this study, since it is, to a certain extent, historical-ethnographic, and the case study allows you to record the informational, social and cultural characteristics of this people. The study of the policy of memory in relation to the Siberian Tatars allowed us to conclude that there are two lines of its implementation. The first of them is associated with the strengthening of the Tatar identity, with the recognition by the Siberian Tatars of themselves as part of a single Tatar nationality, and the second with the updating of their uniqueness and identity as one of the peoples of Siberia.

Key words: Siberian Tatars, memorial politics, politics of memory, Tatar nation, Tatar ethnic group, identity.

Yu.D. KARAUZ Post-graduate student, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan

NARGIN ISLAND AS ONE OF THE MAIN CAPTİVE CAMPS IN THE CAUCASUS DURING WORLD WAR I

As it is known, during World War I, one of the fronts in the bloody battles was the Caucasus Front. During the war between Tsarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the battles on this front, a large number of Turkish soldiers and officers were captured by Russians. Some of them were sent to captivity camps located in the central cities and provinces of Russia. The other part was kept in Nargin captive camp, which was established in Azerbaijan.

Key words: war, captive, Turk, Caucasus, island Nargin.

M.A. MALYUSHIN Post-graduate student, Voronezh Institute of Economics and Social Management», Voronezh, Russia

PHENOMENON OF THE URAL REPUBLIC AS ONE OF THE KEY MOMENTS OF THE “PARADE OF SOVEREIGNTIES” OF THE 90S OF THE XX CENTURY: BACKGROUND, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT

The article discusses the “unrecognized,” “self-proclaimed” republics in the context of national security and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation. The article considers the phenomenon of the Ural Republic, the reasons that led to its emergence and termination, and possible prospects for its recovery. Analyzing the opinions of participants of those events and the events taking place now, the author makes an attempt to assess and perspective of the development of the idea of the Ural Republic and its impact on the territorial integrity of our country.

Key words: power, state, international recognition, unrecognized states, political system, Mr. Rossel, social states, sovereignty, territorial integrity, Ural Republic.

Ya.K. PANCHENKO student master's degrees in the history of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigoryevich and Nikolay GrigoryevichStoletov, Vladimir, Russia

METHODS OF PREVENTION AND RESTORATION OF THE MEDIEVAL DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The paper presents the conservation of earthworks. The factors that affect their destruction are analyzed in detail. The article deals with the main types of damage and destruction of defensive ramparts, which were built in the middle ages in Central Russia for the purpose of urban defense. The author pays special attention to the problem of the whole complex of the main causes of damage and destruction, as well as the nature and intensity of the flow, external manifestations. To isolate the classifications of damage and destruction , the main causes, nature and intensity of the flow were analyzed. Main reasons: erosion of slopes, sprawling mounds splavy, deep, spring pucinni sags, solifluction, subsidence of the embankment as the result of squeezing to the sides and bulging the soft soil, dip and failures of the embankment weak Foundation soil, the embankment subsidence due to compaction of the Foundation, the activities of burrowing animals, the use of anti-icing agents. Methods of prevention and recovery of each type of damage were also proposed. In conclusion, the author concludes that in order to preserve for future generations historically important object defensive earthworks from further destruction need to know what kind of destruction caused to him, the reasons for its appearance, as well as how to eliminate these destructions. And in order not to happen further collapse of the defensive earthworks need prevention. Only in this way can be saved from further destruction and loss of defensive earthworks.

Key word: еarthworks, the classification of the destruction of the earthworks, methods of preserving the earthworks.

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL HISTORY

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor at the Institute of public administration and management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

SCIENTIFIC AND BIBLICAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOME TERMS IN THE FIELD OF STATE NATIONAL POLICY

On the basis of comparative analysis of the Russian normative legal acts and the Bible, the author comes to the conclusion that the main group of terms from the field of state national policy is present in the Old and New Testaments of our Lord. The principle of national and social equality is also formulated there, although in a peculiar way. Following the Bible, we can assume that from the same root (same mother) different tribes (nations) can originate. The Bible also shows that in the Heaven God will have one people not on the basis of the language or nationality and on the basis of the observance of God’s Commandments on Earth.

Key words: God, Bible, Commandments, Old Testament, New Testament, Jesus Christ, Constitution of the Russian Federation, race, tribe, people, Russian people.

A.V. DEMIDOV Candidate of Political Sciences, independent expert, Moscow, Russia

ABOUT PROSPECTS FOR FOLDING THE CONDITION IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY

The author analizes the hidden processes aimed at setting up the estate society in Russia and thus eliminating the equal opportunities society that existed in the Soviet Union.

Key words: estates, classes, privilges, executable functions, class nature of a society, equal rights, education, institualization of classes, social elevators, government officials, clergy.

POLITICAL REGIONAL STUDIES AND ETHNOPOLITICS

S.A. SABANIN PhD in Geography, Associate Professor, Department of Geoecology and management of natural resources, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia

RUSSIA – XXI CENTURY: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES, PLACE AND IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN ECONOMY OF THE STATE

This article reveals the goals and objectives, place and importance of social geography in solving modern problems of development of the state and corporate economy of countries and regions of the world. The main attention is focused on the fact that in geographical science the most dynamically developing "humanitarian" direction of scientific research, contacting on the principles of synergetic paradigm with such disciplines as – political science, philosophy and Economics. It is natural that the anthology of social geography, for example, – taking into account geopolitical, geoeconomics and/or geoecological features of the development of world human civilization – States qualitative and quantitative changes in methods, models and strategies of scientific research. Thus, "apriori" in the work is interpreted regularities and features of the development of the social geography, creating, in the opinion of the author, for the development of future scientific and educational discipline innovative methodical and methodological support.

Key words: social geography, methodic and methodology, "Universe", "Oikumena", "Orbis terrarium", "Celestial empire", geographical space, time cycles, territorial social system, development of world human civilization.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

М.V. DOBRYNINA Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), Associate Professor at the Chair of economics, management and finance, Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology, Moscow, Russia

FRANCE POLICY REGARDING ENGINEERING EDUCATION: RATIONAL EXPERIENCE FOR RUSSIA

In this article the author analyzes the features of French policy in relation to engineering education. These include: state paternalism; democracy; priority of state and secular tasks over the military; science orientation; centralization of education management. Notes that they have not actually changed since the first French Republic. Characterizes the French policy on engineering education as effective in terms of meeting the needs of the state and society in qualified engineering personnel. The author assesses as a promising opportunity to appeal to the rational experience of France in order to apply its elements in the modernization of the Russian education system.

Key words: engineering education, public policy, the Great French revolution, state paternalism, democracy, liberalism.

A.A. AMIANTOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of State and Municipal management, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

REASONS FOR MUNICIPAL REFORM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE MOSCOW REGION)

This study is devoted to the study of the reasons for the municipal reform in modern Russia. As a specific case study, the experience gained in the process of implementing local government reform in the Moscow Region is used. The methodology of work combines elements of descriptive analysis with case study. The author concludes that the reasons for the reform were complex. On the one hand, the need for reforms was caused by the financial insolvency of a significant part of the municipalities of the primary level. On the other hand, the regional leadership was interested in strengthening control over the municipal elites, and big business was interested in reducing the number of approval procedures as part of the implementation of large-scale projects. At the same time, objective factors related to the growth of debt and the subsidized nature of budgets in a substantial part of primary-level municipalities had a priority value.

Key words: municipal reform, local self-government, Moscow region, association of municipalities, urban districts.

R.A. TATAROV postgraduate Student, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Institute of Public Administration, Law and Social Sciences and Humanities, PSU T.G. Shevchenko, Tiraspol, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic

FEATURES OF THE STATE BUILDING OF THE PRIDNESTROVIAN MOLDAVIAN REPUBLIC

The article discusses the historical and political-legal bases of formation of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic in the light of changing realities. State-building in Pridnestrovie dates back to the formation of a separate Republic within the USSR. This was preceded by preconditions of a political nature, reflected in the emergence in the political arena of the new nationalist political forces and prerequisites to economic and social nature which reflects a systemic crisis in the Soviet Union. In these conditions it was obtained the formation of a system of population protection from radical, mostly against Russian-speaking citizens, proponents of the idea of a sovereign state, by entering the Moldovan SSR from the USSR. The process of identifying the main trends of state-building in Pridnestrovie in the period 1991-2018 he appears to be the effect of a litmus paper, reflecting the maturity and legitimacy of the activities of government institutions, reflects the nature of the Pridnestrovian political process.

Key words: USSR, Prindnestrovie, Moldavian SSR, disintegration, independence, state building, Republic of Moldova.

POLITICAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

E.N. ANTONOV Senior lecturer, Department of communication technologies and public relations St. Petersburg State University of Economics, St. Petersburg, Russia

STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF REPRESENTATIVES OF CULTURAL EDUCATIONAL ELITE TRANSITION RUSSIA

The article is devoted to the study of the cultural and educational elite of “transitional” Russia and its typology, which allows its research to be carried out taking into account forecasts regarding the development of the situation not only in St. Petersburg and Moscow, but throughout the country. An analysis of the category related to the cultural and educational elite makes it possible to influence the adoption of political decisions, as well as draw up a qualitative profile of a number of typical cases of cultural and educational education. Capital and its conversion in transition. An interesting solution is considered that affects representatives of the cultural and educational elite who are simultaneously in two spaces: political and cultural. We have cultural capital and those who have the right to a valid position in political decision-making. The article presents the results of studies talking about the main differences between the cultural and educational elite from other sphere-professional groups. Representatives of the cultural and educational elite take a proactive position – they seek to transform the political system that has developed in the city or the whole country, and outline a new development vector.

Key words: elites, power, political system, cultural and educational elite.

POLITICAL CONFLICTOLOGY

V.Yu. ZORIN doctor of political sciences, professor, chief researcher, Institute of ethnology and anthropology of N.N. Miklukho-Maclay RAS, Moscow, Russia

S.A. ORESHIN candidate of historical sciences, research associate, Institute of ethnology and anthropology of N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of RAS, Moscow, Russia

EXPERIENCE OF PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF THE CHECHEN CONFLICT IN 1995-1996: ACHIEVEMENTS AND MISCALCULATIONS (PART TWO)

The second part of the article describes the attempts to find a peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic in 1996. During this period, the situation in the region remained volatile. Different government structures, including The Ministry of the Russian Federation for nationalities and regional policy; Russian State Duma Committee on affairs of nationalities; Federation Council were involved in activities for development of ways of an achievement of peace. Group of assistance of OSCE played the big role in negotiation process.

Carrying out in May 1996, negotiations in Moscow between top-level conflicting parties became great success in achievement of a political solution to the conflict. The reached agreements gave the chance to transfer the armed opposition to a bed of constructive dialogue. The most considerable achievements, which allowed approaching an achievement of peace in Chechnya the Nazran protocols of June 10, 1996. They mentioned a wide range of military, political and humanitarian issues and represented some kind of "road map" on recovery from the crisis. However, for a variety of reasons the chance to settle contradictions based on compromises was missed. The Khasavyurt agreements of 1996 only transferred the conflict to a latent phase, without having removed those causes and contradictions that caused war.

Nevertheless, the authors believe that the anti-crisis experience of a peaceful settlement of the conflict in Chechnya in the 1990s has not lost its relevance, and positive practices of organizing and conducting the negotiation process can be used at present in the search for a solution to topical ethnopolitical conflicts.

Key words: Russian Federation, Chechen Republic, The First Chechen war, ethnopolitical conflict, peaceful settlement, negotiation process, Moscow negotiations of 1996, Nazran protocols of 1996, Khasavyurt agreements of 1996.

Z.M. KURBONOVA candidate of political sciences, Doctoral candidate of Philosophy, Political Science and Law named after A. Bahouddinov, AS RT, Associated Professor of the TSUC, World Economy & IR Department, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan

ROLE OF MEDIATION IN THE SETTLEMENT OF POLITICAL CONFLICTS

From the experience of conflict resolution, it is becoming more and more obvious that the power solutions are only temporary and very expensive. As for judicial methods, there are evidently much more conflicts than it is possible to regulate, applying various laws, instructions or any conventional rules. That is why the possibility of conflict resolution through other, more civilized and less expensive methods is lately discussed more and more widely.

Key words: mediation, disputes, conflicts, dispute and conflict resolution.

POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD

M.V. DUDAEVA Specialist of the Scientific Department of the European Commision under Democracy through Law (Venice Comission), PhD student at MGIMO-University, Moscow, Russia

EUROPEAN UNION SUPRANATIONAL POLITICAL ELITE: PATH OF DEVELOPMENTS AND MAIN THREATS TO ITS INTEGRATION

The research is based on the elite-centered approach which shows the contractual nature of the European unification as a system of treaties and puts elites in a crucial role. The author does not negate the role of non-elites in the integration process, because the general population can change dramatically the course of history in some periods. However this approach is mostly driven by the idea that the process of the European unification is based on self-interest of elites who enjoy their full power in executing European Union policy. Furthermore, the author tries to answer the question if the European Union moves forward in its integration process. It is concluded that many threats to its integration are arising nowadays, namely conceptualization of nationalism in the European Union member states as a threat to a cohesive European Union, separatist movements, economic and social differences among the European Union member states, the elites’ perception of negative effects of globalization on welfare and others.

Key words: political elites, integration, Brexit, European Union, nationlism, political separatism, immigration.

CHEN YANTING Post-graduate Student, Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs, HSE, Moscow, Russia

INDIA AND THE ONE BELT, ONE ROAD INITIATIVE

When Chinese President XI Jinping visited Central and South-East Asia in September-October 2013, he proposed the joint building of the silk road of the Economic belt and the Maritime silk road of the 21st century (hereinafter referred to as "One Belt, One Road"). Thus he attracted the attention of the world. India should become an important player in the implementation of this initiative. The article briefly describes the main activities of India in the project “One Belt, One Road,” and the attitude of various Indian interest groups in the initiative.

Key words: the initiative "One Belt, One Road", the government, India, response measures, implementation activities.

A.S. MILITONYAN graduate student, Saint Petersburg University, faculty of Political studies, department of international political processes, St. Petersburg, Russia

ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICTS IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH, ABKHAZIA, AND SOUTH OSSETIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The article studies ethnopolitical conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The main goal of the article is to identify the similarities and differences of conflicts from one region with the method of a comparative analysis. The study identifies the causes and historical events that have changed the nature of the conflicts from socioeconomic to ethnopolitical.

Key words: ethnopolitical conflict, conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh, relations of Georgia and Abkhazia, conflict in South Ossetia, Theoretical approaches to ethnic conflicts, historical prerequisites of conflicts, Perestroika.

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY

ZHANG XINXIN Post-graduate, Department of History of Russian Statehood, historical sciences and archeology, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

GENERAL ASSESSMENTS OF THE CHINESE PRESS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF SOVIET LEADERS

The article is devoted to the main results of evaluations of the activities of Soviet leaders in the Chinese press during the Gorbachev reform. After coming to power Gorbachev during the implementation of economic policy, the position of the Chinese press was positive, China had high hopes for Soviet reform. Prior to the failure of economic reforms, Chinese leaders and people were very hopeful of the success of Gorbachev's reforms, which were highly praised in leading Chinese publications and other central journals. The successes of the Soviet reform certainly served as a good example and experiments for the further construction of Chinese socialism. After the Soviet Union moved from economic to political reforms, the position of the Chinese press became neutral, and in the final period of the USSR, China even expressed concern about the failed Soviet reforms. The paper identifies three major problems - economic (especially agricultural) difficulties, personnel shifts and changes in foreign policy with world countries, which attracted more attention of the Chinese press in the process of Soviet reform. This work especially analyzed how the assessments of the Chinese press on Soviet domestic and foreign policies changed with the deepening of Gorbachev’s reform. The main reason for the change in the Chinese press to the Soviet reform is that the Chinese leaders did not have a unified position on political reform. Therefore, it is difficult to find appropriate assessments of the political reforms being carried out by the Soviet Union. The sources include the newspapers Renmin Ribao, Guangming Ribao, Xinhua Ribao and Chinese Youth Newspaper.

Key words: activities of Soviet leaders, assessments of the Chinese press, economic reform, personnel reshuffle, Sino-Soviet relations, Chinese media.

REVIEWS

A.D. NAZAROV Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor at the Chair of advertising and public relations of the Institute of foreign languages of the Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University) (MAI), Moscow, Russia

ON THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW SPACE AGE

REVIEW OF STEPHEN PETRANEK'S BOOK “HOW WE WILL LIVE ON MARS” /TRANSLATED FROM ENGLISH BY A. KURYSHEV. M.: PUBLISHING HOUSE AST: CORPUS, 2016, P. 218

This article is a review of the book by a prominent writer, scientific journalist and specialist in the field of technological processes Stephen Petranek “How we will live on Mars,” in which the author by studying the dominating trends in the world outer space development practice, offers a “road map” of the processes of formation on the Red planet of permanent population, of the launch of the terraforming processes in order to gradually bring its physical and climatic parameters to the earth level.

The reviewed book, argues that the creation of the Martian colonies of the earthmen will be a kind of an insurance policy for all the humanity in an environment in case of a real threat to earth life from environmental destruction, collision with a huge asteroid or a nuclear war. At the same time, he warns the humanity against the problems it is facing: it has to learn to balance between the necessity and the greed, believing that the race for the material resources, can easily result in the destruction of the environment, destruction of the valuable material for the scientific research. At the same time, he is optimistic that if everything is done correctly, the potential benefits that humanity will receive in the future will amaze our imagination.

It is important to note that the book by S. Petranek is made at the high professional and quality level, is well structured, and despite the specificity of the topic, turns out to be interesting and useful. It reads easily and fascinatingly. It can be recommended for the use in the work of Russian scientists, teachers and journalists. The book has its own readers, as evidenced by its high Internet survey rating.

Key words: Space race, Mars project, life on planet Mars, private space companies, new gold rush, danger of militarization of the outer space, Elon Musk.