Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 11. Issue 9 (78), 2021

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

STUDENT SCIENCE

Our authors № 9-2021

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.001

Т.М. SHAVLAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia

А.А. DAKHO Postgraduate student working for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences at the Complex Scientific Research Institute named after H.I. Ibragimov of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia

Z.А. TESAEV Senior Researcher at the Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia

Z.KH.-А. BERSANOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, leading researcher at the Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia

NAKHCHA-KORTA: IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE PAST CENTURIES (RESULTS OF THE FIRST STAGE OF HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPEDITION)

The article summarizes the first results of the reconnaissance work carried out within the framework of the historical and ethnographic expedition, in order to collect field material, as well as other information, on the peaks of Nakhcha-Korta and Giala-Korta. The peaks are located on the border of Achkhoy-Martanovsk and Sernovodsk Districts of the Chechen Republic and are part of a large mountain-wooded zone. It is established that these objects, judging by the lifted material, ethnographic information and data from literary and written sources, served to strengthen the area. In addition, economic activity was well established at the top of the Nakhcha-Korta. Evidence of the existence of stone buildings and sentinel structures was traced. Etymologically transparent toponymy indicates farm settlements and agricultural work. The abundance of slag and pottery shards shows a wide range of kitchen, dining and household utensils. It is noted that as a result of the military actions that took place on the peaks in 1995-1996 the cultural layer was irreparably destroyed, and a significant damage was inflicted upon the forest area.

Key words: Chechen Republic, Nakhcha-Korta, GIala-Korta, variability, potsherds, toponymy, settlement, farmstead, clearing, cultural layer.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.002

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

M.A. GOLUBOV Candidate of Legal Sciences, associate professor Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

E.N. VOLODKOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate professor Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

SPIRITUAL CULTURE OF THE STAVROPOL COSSACKS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

This article is devoted to the study of the culture of the clergy and Cossacks of the Stavropol Territory, its development and evolution in the second half of the XX century. The relevance of the research topic lies in the need for a more detailed study of the structure and functioning of the Stavropol Theological Seminary, as well as the peculiarities of the interaction of the Stavropol clergy and the Cossacks. Of particular interest are both cultural and organizational aspects of the seminary's activities. The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of using the materials of the work in the further study of the spiritual culture of the Stavropol Territory on the example of the work of cultural, educational and spiritual institutions. The scientific novelty of the research is expressed in a new approach to the analysis of the cultural integration of spiritual and Cossack institutions in the Stavropol region. The interaction of the Stavropol Theological Seminary with Cossack organizations took place within the framework of supporting folk traditions, developing interest among young people in the spiritual heritage of the region. During the study, we used the following methods. General scientific: interpretation, analysis and synthesis of data, inductive method, comparison, juxtaposition. Special-historical methods: historical-comparative method, historical-systemic method, problem-chronological method and retrospective method. Sociological methods: document analysis, method of summarizing characteristics. Based on the totality of the methods used, we adhere to a sociocultural approach. The result of the study was the definition of the role of the House of Officers, the Stavropol Cossack Host, the Stavropol City Union of Cossacks and the Stavropol Regional Cossack Union in cooperation with the Stavropol Theological Seminary and the revival of spiritual culture in the region. In particular, the organizational, cultural, educational, educational and educational goals of interaction between the clergy and the Cossacks in the Stavropol Territory in the second half of the XX century were determined.

Key words: Stavropol, spiritual culture, Orthodoxy, tradition, seminary, activities, Cossacks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.003

I.А. GATAULLINA Professor at the Chair of sociology, political science and management, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev (KAI), Kazan, Russia

PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPERS IN THE USSR: AN ATTEMPT OF HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The research is focused on the process of forming a professional identity that creates new knowledge about the community, which has become a special area of collective in the USSR. The basis of the analysis of individual identities is memories and interviews that reveal the biographies of employees of the Kazan Computer Factory, entry into the profession, its markers, significance and social functions. Surveys of students reveal the attitude to the profession from the point of view of the image of the Soviet engineer, as well as the priorities of the younger generation, their vision of problems in the field of IT. Belonging of people to the same professional group, both established and entering the profession, outlines alternative models of social behavior, and, accordingly, identities that form different vectors of social development.

Key words: computer, professional identity, IT sphere.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.004

YU.V. SMIRNOVA Ph.D. (History), associate professor, Moscow City University professor of the department of History of Russia, Moscow, Russia

MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF PERESTROIKA

In the context of global changes and crisis phenomena, an increased interest of the scientific community in researching the experience of managing socio-economic transformations in order to analyze successes and mistakes has resumed. Among the most studied pages of world history, interest in Perestroika in the USSR, which changed the world, continues unabated.

The purpose of this study is to determine the key patterns and contradictions in the existing historiographic coverage of the Perestroika processes by domestic and foreign scientists.

The research methodology is based on a comparative historiographic analysis of the latest Russian and foreign sources on the issues of Perestroika. The main material for the study was the publications of domestic and foreign scientists in 2016-2021, where the problems of Perestroika are considered. The comparative method of cognition was used, involving a comparative historical study.

The carried out historiographic analysis of domestic and foreign studies of Perestroika showed that a lot has been done over the past 30 years to study its history. At the same time, the main key regularities of the historiographic process of the coverage of Perestroika are associated with the statement in many works of the global aspect of the significance of this historical event for the development of the world and Russia. At the same time, the assessment of Perestroika as a historical phenomenon remains an important contradiction in historiography. Many Russian historians assess it more negatively than their foreign counterparts.

It can be concluded that perestroika has not achieved what it had hoped for. Perestroika was the last attempt to solve the accumulated economic and social problems, as well as a way to save the position of the USSR both inside the country and abroad. Despite this attempt to restructure, re-evaluate and transform socialism, perestroika left no chance for the continued existence of the USSR. However, it gave a chance to move to a new stage of democratic development of the country and society.

Key words: national historiography, foreign historiography, reason of restructuring, innovative thinking, political transformation, revolution of elite, disintegration and crisis of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.005

I.A. BULATOV Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Department of History and Cultural Studies Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russia

SITES OF MEMORY OF THE RUSSIAN EMIGRATION IN THE 1930S ON THE EXAMPLE OF MANCHURIA

Memorial places play an important role in the formation of collective memory and group identity. So, any group that constructs its identity needs such places. This is also true for the Russian emigration of the "first wave". After being expelled from Russia, the refugees lost access to the traditional mnemonic places located in Russia, and were forced to create new ones. In the article, based on the material of Harbin and the KVZhD district in the 1930s, it will be considered how such objects were formed and what symbolic meaning was put into them. In methodological terms, the work is based on the concept of "Sites of memory", developed by Pierre Nora. Within the framework of this theory, memorial objects and practices are considered as attempts to manage the past from the present. By giving symbolic meaning to cemeteries and monuments, emigrants formed the image of the past that best allowed them to form their own identity. At the same time, although the new identity often turned to the images of the past, it also required new heroes who better met the requirements of the day, which was also fixed in new places of memory. The specifics of the situation had to add up to two types of" places of memory", dedicated to the imperial military history (the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War) and the revolution and the Civil War. Most often, such places were burials, and less often monuments. These objects were used to consolidate the white-immigrant identity, which combined Russian imperial nationalism with radical anti-communism.

Key words: Russian Emigration, Sites of Memory, Manchukuo, Harbin, Mulin Station, NORR, M. Rudykh.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.006

YU.M. LYSENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher of the Dagestan Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, Makhachkala, Russia

CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS AND CHARITY IN DAGESTAN: HISTORY AND MODERNITY

This article is devoted to the study of the experience of charitable organizations in the Republic of Dagestan at the end of the XX-XXI century. The article examines the activities of philanthropists in providing material and spiritual assistance to citizens of Dagestan who find themselves in a difficult life situation or in need of expensive treatment. The importance of assistance for the needy, orphans, large families undergoing treatment, both religious charitable organizations and those who are not "tied" to religion is noted. The article shows that charitable foundations largely replace the activities of state authorities, are more mobile in providing assistance, while the assistance of social protection agencies, unfortunately, is bureaucratic and many areas of assistance do not fall under the directions of their assistance.

Key words: Dagestan, charity, foundations, Insan, help, orphan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.007

V.F. POKASOV Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

I.A. ANUPRIENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

G.I. MALYAVINA Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECT OF THE COSSACKS REVIVAL IN STAVROPOL REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

This article is devoted to the analysis of the main cultural and social reasons and prerequisites for the revival of the Cossacks in the Stavropol Territory. The relevance of the study of the culture of the Stavropol Cossacks lies in the need for a more detailed study of the reasons and prerequisites for the revival of the Cossacks on the example of the Stavropol Territory and its largest Cossack organizations – the Stavropol House of Officers, the Stavropol City Union of Cossacks and the Stavropol Regional Cossack Union. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the reasons and prerequisites for the revival of the Stavropol Cossacks. Many Russian historians, who touched upon the problem of the revival of the Cossacks, studied either the phenomenon of the revival of the Cossack culture as a whole, without singling out separate Cossack groups, or analyzed the activities of the largest organizations in cities such as Moscow, Vladikavkaz, Rostov-on-Don and Orenburg, where the Cossacks had close ties with the Moscow Cossack community. But, since it was the cultural figure of the Stavropol region – V.V. Khodarev initiated the revival of the Cossacks within the entire state, then there is a need to study this phenomenon using the example of the environment in which it originated. The result of this study is the identification of historical and cultural features, as well as the main reasons and prerequisites that influenced the formation of the movement for the revival of the Cossacks in the south of the USSR and Russia.

Key words: Stavropol Cossacks, social stereotype, socio-cultural community, patriotic education, military club, Cossack circle, Cossack games.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.008

I.R. TOPUNOVA Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Policy and Economic Measurements, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE SOCIALIST PROJECT IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE FIRST YEARS OF SOVIET POWER

The author considers an actual problem related to the peculiarities of transformations in the agricultural sector of the Russian economy during the economic transformations of the early twentieth century. The article examines the features of agricultural activity both before and after the February and October events of 1917, taking into account the available retrospective data on the agricultural sector of the Russian Empire. The use of a retrospective approach in studying the relevant indicators and parameters of the development of the agricultural sector allows not only to give a more accurate assessment of the changes that have occurred in the Russian agriculture, but also to determine the causes of negative events.

Key words: agricultural sector of the economy, agriculture, land issue.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.009

E.I. TEMCHUK Researcher of the research center of the Military University of the Ministry of Defense, Moscow, Russia

THE PHENOMENON OF THE RUSSIAN «RECONQUISTA» IN RUSSIAN HISTORY

The article traces the long process of Russia's restoration of its ethnographic integrity by analogy with a similar phenomenon in Spanish-Portuguese history. The author chronologically examines the military and diplomatic efforts of the Russian state in the field of returning its historical possessions lost during the period of political fragmentation and foreign invasions and their significance in the fate of the country.

Key words: Collection of Russian lands, Russia, Western Russian principalities, Lithuania, Poland, estates.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.010

М.V. GREKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

ACTIVITY OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY IN THE CAUCASUS DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1845 TO 1872

The Russian Geographical Society is one of the oldest public geographical organizations in the world and the first organization of its kind in Russia. Since the foundation of the society in 1845, many geographical studies and surveys have been conducted in different regions of our country. Over time, there was a gradual expansion of the range of research work carried out, its regional specifics and characteristic features inherent in individual territories and districts were determined. In the case of the territory of the North Caucasus, the foreseen goal was also the integration and development of this region as part of the Russian Empire. The reason for the increase in the functional load in the context of the considered area was the fact that the formation of the society coincided with the beginning of the last stage of the Caucasian War. In this connection, the issue of integration of new territories was one of the key ones. At the same time, there was an understanding that this work can be carried out most effectively using the public associations being created as a tool, one of which was the Russian Geographical Society. In turn, a significant expansion of the tasks of this organization within the territory under consideration was the reason for the formation of regional differences in the research work of its representatives and obtaining unique experience that contributes to the most effective process of accumulating knowledge and converting it into practical activities.

Key words: Russian Geographical Society, North Caucasus, 1845, activity, representatives, research, features, time factors, development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.011

A.A. MITROFANOVA Assistant of the Department of History of Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

SOCIALIST COMPETITIONS OF ULYANOVSK PHARMACEUTICAL WORKERS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The article analyzes the socialist competitions of pharmaceutical workers of the Ulyanovsk interdistrict Pharmacy Management office with pharmaceutical workers from other regions of the Volga region, held during the Great Patriotic War, based on archival material. The author pays special attention to the practice of socialist competition in the production of medical instruments and medicines during the Great Patriotic War, as an important component in increasing labor productivity indicators, and consequently reducing the need of health care institutions and retail pharmacy chains for medical instruments and medicines. The article also pays special attention to the practice of replacing many medicinal products of chemical production with medicinal herbal preparations by popularizing their widespread use among the population and medical workers. The article reveals the experience of our state in finding ways of new solutions to reduce tension in the supply of medicines to medical institutions, as well as methods of rallying the rear part of the population in providing universal assistance to the front, patriotic education of children and youth.

Key words: History of the USSR, the Great Patriotic War, history of medicine, pharmacy, socialist competitions.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.012

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

THE BIBLE AS A SOURCE OF LAW

(PART TWELVE)

Based on the second part of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the author sets the task to show the convergence in the legal systems of the world divine and human principles, while keeping in mind that the beginning of a positive (human, artificial) rights was embedded in the theological stage of civilization. The implementation of this task requires an analysis of various legal concepts in their historical development; the content of the Bible in the context of the norms of human behavior, rules of life (commandments, parables of Jesus Christ, recommendations of the Holy Apostles); regulatory documents of various countries, including Russia, in their historical development.

The article is divided into several parts based on the volume of its content.

Key words: God, divine law, natural law, positive law, Bible, Commandments, philosophers, scientists, lawyers, normative documents, legal concepts.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.013

O.V. TSVETKOVA Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

SUBNATIONAL POLITICAL SPACE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Introduction. The subnational political space of the Russian Federation is not unchangeable. From time to time, due to certain political reasons, they change. The lack of a proper concept or strategy for the territorial development of the country's regional system in the Russian Federation determines the relevance of this topic.

Materials and methods. A comparative method was chosen to study the subnational political space.

The results of the study. The results of the study have theoretical and practical significance. The research materials will be useful for studying subnational borders, cross-border relations, as well as for developing measures to develop a strategy for Russia's border policy.

Key words: political space, subnational border, region, federal district.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.014

A.V. OSIPOV Candidate of Political Science, Judge of the Leninsky District Court of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

POLITICAL PARTIES AS PROBLEM CLUSTER OF CONSOLIDATION OF POLITICAL POWER OF MODERN RUSSIA

The analysis of this article focuses on the phenomenon of a political party (as a substantive and network phenomenon) and the problem of consolidating the political power of modern Russia in the context of the clustering and networking processes of the modern political space. The author points to the theoretical and methodological features of considering the topic, a cluster-network approach (M. Porter, M. Enright, J. Dunning, R. Martin), a conceptual apparatus adequate for the subject of research in the context of socio-technological and socio-political challenges of our time. As a result of the analysis of modern political parties and electoral processes in modern Russia, the author concludes that in recent years there have been radical structural and functional changes in the phenomenon of a political party, new substantive and network actors of political processes, network electoral clusters, new mechanisms of social consolidation and forms of expression of socio-political protest, which should be taken into account when solving the problem of consolidating political power.

Key words: political parties, electoral process, consolidation of political power, cluster-network approach, political technologies, political cluster, network society, actor-network theory, slaktivizm, modern Russia.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.015

А.Е. PAVLOV Leading Engineer of Gazprom TSNIS, Moscow, Russia

А.L. KRIVOVA Lecturer at the Faculty of Humanities, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

М.V. AFONIN PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Faculty of Humanities, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

THE INSTITUTE OF TAX BENEFITS AS A TOOL TO STIMULATE UNCONVENTIONAL OIL PRODUCTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT

In recent years, the volume of oil production in Russia has been constantly growing, often exceeding the planned indicators calculated as part of the favorable development of the industry. However, in such conditions, the problem of reproduction of hydrocarbon reserves (HC) is particularly acute, which causes the need to expand the raw material base of Russia at the expense of individual regions. The reduction of active oil reserves in traditional production areas pushes employees of oil-producing enterprises to explore new areas with a more complex geological structure, search for reserves of production, as well as the development of hard-to-recover reserves. In this regard, more and more attention is being paid to increasing the raw material base of oil at the expense of unconventional hydrocarbon sources. To stimulate the production of unconventional oil, the authorities initiated the introduction of tax incentives, which in the short term led to positive dynamics.

Key words: non-traditional resources, "tax maneuver", preferential tax policy.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.016

N.M. TOPAL Senior lecturer Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev, Kazan, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIVE PRACTICE ON THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY

The influence of the Roerich Pact on the formation of the international system of protection of historical and cultural monuments in the middle of the twentieth century is considered. The historical events that became prerequisites for the creation of this document are being studied. Attention is paid to the issue of organizational activities that contributed to the signing of the agreement on April 15, 1935. The facts of the consequences of the Roerich Pact are investigated and an attempt is made to establish the relationship between them. The attempt to identify differences and contradictions in the texts of the documents of the Roerich Pact and the Hague Convention of 1954 makes it possible to rethink past events from the point of view of modern researchers. The degree of participation of Soviet specialists in the preparation of the substantive part of this convention is also considered. The significance of the submitted documents in the development of international legislative practice for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage is determined.

Key words: historical and cultural heritage, protection of historical and cultural monuments, the Roerich Pact, the Hague Convention of 1954.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.017

A.B. GEKHT PhD, Associate professor/docent, the Head of department of history and region studies The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

AT THE ORIGINS OF THE WALLENBERG FAMILY’S FINANCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL GROUP: THE KEY ASPECTS OF A.O. WALLENBERG’S BIOGRAPHY

The article deals with the main aspects of André Oscar Wallenberg's biography. He was a great Swedish businessman and a financier during the second half of the nineteenth century. He left a significant mark in the economic and socio-political history of Sweden through active participation in development of this country's financial sector and its industrialization, too. A. O. Wallenberg was a founder of "Stockholms of Enchilda Banken". For a long time this bank played the main role in economic development of not Sweden only, but the whole Nordic region. Also he was the founder of the Wallenberg family empire's industrial part. It still takes its place in Sweden and many other counries even nowadays.

Key words: André Oscar Wallenberg, "Stockholms of Enchilda Banken", Sweden.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.018

Е.Е. NECHAY Candidate of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Far Eastern Federal University, Russia, Vladivostok

SYMBOLIC STATE POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE CASE OF RUSSIA

The rapid development of technology in the second half of the 20th century marked the beginning of the era of instantaneous dissemination of information and, consequently, symbols. Symbolic politics today is one of the most important elements of the legitimization of power in countries with developed systems of political communication. Under these conditions, it is of interest to study how national governments use its tools to overcome the crisis provoked by the spread of the coronavirus COVID-19. This issue is extremely relevant in connection with the need for scientific understanding of the experience of interaction between the authorities and society during a pandemic to create strategies to counter such threats in the future. The aim of this work is to describe the symbolic policy of the state during the period of the spread of coronavirus infection using the example of Russia. The study of the content of official information resources during a pandemic and their impact on society indicates that the use of intuitive and historical and cultural images within the framework of long-term combined communication strategies, although it allows to effectively legitimize the actions of the country's leadership, however, carries risks of desynchronization and distortion of the symbolic space.

Key words: symbolic policy of the state, COVID-19, political communication, symbolic space, communication strategy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.019

K.О. KOLPAKOV Postgraduate student seeking a scientific degree at the Chair of diplomacy, MGIMO (U) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS: HISTORY, EVOLUTION, PROSPECTS

The article discusses the organization of humanitarian activities in the international space by youth organizations. In modern conditions of globalization, interaction among young people is becoming increasingly important, creating conditions for trends of various directions formed in the international environment. As part of the development of cultural and humanitarian cooperation on the world stage, youth organizations have the opportunity to realize their potential in the humanitarian sphere.

Key words: international youth organizations, humanitarian cooperation, international youth activities, UN, UNESCO.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.020

A.L. MERKULOV PHD of International Relations Nord-West Institute of Management – branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

THE PROBLEMS OF FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY POLICY OF GERMANY

Since Germany united, the change of the German role in the European system of security has become if vital importance. However, the German security policy cannot be perceived only in terms of concrete choices and fixed strategies but also in terms of several political dichotomies between NATO and OSCE, and between Washington, Paris and Moscow. The prime goal of Germany in 1900s was so to lead its security policy that to consolidate the process of European integration and to loosen the tension in Europe. In other words, Germany was supposed to lay the foundation for the unite and free Europe.

Key words: republic, foreign policy, economy, priorities, policy of peace.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.021

A.K. EGEMBERDYEV Postgraduate student of the Russian Academy national economy and public service under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

MEANS AND METHODS OF COMMUNICATIONS AMONG LABOR MIGRANTS FROM KYRGYZSTAN

This article is devoted to the question of a structure of communication among the labor migrants from Kyrgyzstan in Russia. This communicative structure appeared in time of several years before in connection with development of communication. An influence of this communicative systems on migration policy of Russia, adaptation and integration of migrants in Russia is called into question.

An influence of mobile Internet in Kyrgyzstan on development of structure of communication among labor migrants is under special attention.

Key words: labor migration, communication, Internet, adaptation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.022

М.N. SERGEEVA Independent researcher, Moscow, Russia

FORMATION OF A BRIDGE BETWEEN CHINA AND SOUTH AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Paying tribute to the importance of South Africa as an important source of raw materials and at the same time appreciating its role on the continent and the world as a whole, China has been paying special attention to this country for a long time.

At one time, the Chinese leadership in its official statements criticized the apartheid system, always demanding an end to racism and racial discrimination. Beijing's position on this issue, as well as the moral and material support it provided to the national liberation movement in South Africa, contributed to the growth of its prestige among the participants of the national liberation movement of South Africa.

In the 50s, China provided support to the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC). Regular contacts have been established with this organization: ANC activists visited ChinaFor its part, Beijing did not ignore the memorable anniversaries of the formation of the party; by agreement between the South African Communist Party and the CPC, activists of the national liberation movement of South Africa were sent to China to study.

However, the Sino-Soviet ideological confrontation had a negative impact on the relationship between the PRC and the APK. Guided by the desire to support organizations that competed with those that were considered “pro-Soviet” in Beijing, China focused on helping the Pan-African Congress of Azania (PAK), which broke away from the APK in 1959, whose leaders provided unconditional support to the CPC, including during the tragic events of the “cultural revolution.”

Key words: period, events, support, activists, relationships.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.023

M.M. TURANSKII Postgraduate student, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia

ETHNIC QUESTION AS ONE OF THE REASONS FOR THE DECAY OF YUGOSLAVIA

The Yugoslav conflict, which led to the disintegration of the federation into 6 independent republics, is a complex, multicomponent conflict. The article examines the influence of ethnic tensions in the region on the process of disintegration of the communist state. The idea is put forward that ethnic problems are not a direct cause of the conflict, but can serve as an effective tool for political elites to pursue nationalist policies.

Key words: ethnic conflicts, Balkans, countries of the former Yugoslavia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.024

V.I. BULVA Expert of the Center for International Information Security, Science and Technology Policy, MGIMO, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA AND THE EU: CYBER COOPERATION OR CYBER CONFRONTATION?

The article examines the features of the Russian and European approaches to the problems of international information security, as well as the global initiatives of Russia and the EU in this area. The novelty of the study lies in an attempt to determine the nature of relations between Russia and the European Union in the cybersphere based on the analysis of such parameters as the comparability of approaches to defining threats, the elimination of which could become the subject of interaction, the coincidence of basic principles with respect to resolving a certain cybersecurity problem, the presence of a complementary nature among Russian and European initiatives in the international arena.

Key words: cyber strategy, OEWG, GGE, rules of responsible behavior.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.025

MANSUR DARIA NUMMAN Assistant at the Chair of foreign languages, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

SOME SOFT POWER MECHANISMS IN RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY IN THE LAST DECADE

In the modern world, diplomatic activity has ceased to be the exclusive prerogative of the state and success in the international arena largely depends on the joint actions of state and non-state structures. To achieve their goals, states widely use the policy of "soft power" and involve the media, digital technologies, and non-state structures. success in the international arena largely depends on the joint actions of state and non-state structures. There are up to 55 thousand international non-governmental organizations in the world, the activity of which takes possession of many spheres, and since the end of the 20th century even the sphere of security. The ever-increasing globalization leads to a change in the environment in which modern diplomacy operates, to the formation of new opportunities, to the development of ties between countries, this is especially evident in the example of the modern economy, in the example of international economic relations, when we observe an increase in the volume of economic ties.

Key words: "soft power", globalization, public diplomacy, information technology, mass media.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.026

D.A. PAKHOMOVA Master in International Relations, MGIMO, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

MILITARY PRESENCE AS A MEANS OF US FOREIGN POLICY ENFORCEMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST IN 21ST CENTURY: THE CASE OF US-UAE RELATIONS

The United States is the strongest outside actor in the Middle East who develops ties with states of the region in both politico-economic and military fields, with the latter often serving as the basis for US relations with regional states. As the world`s largest and the Middle East`s most influential arms exporter, the US is interested in enhancement of its military presence as well as its regional allies` military forces development. What is more, the Middle Eastern allies sometimes give their assistance to the US troops involved in various conflicts using weapons and military machines previously supplied by the US itself. Increasing military and technical cooperation is the main driver for development of political and ecomonic dialogue between the US and Middle Eastern states, with binding the advanced weapons systems supplies and political concessions or ambitious economic projects being a quite successful strategy. US-UAE relations, in particular, amid the 2020 events (meaning normalization of ties between Israel and the UAE, Bahrein, Morocco and Sudan with US mediation) show the model US interaction with Middle Eastern partners. Close US-UAE ties push the UAE to make political moves previously unseen in the Arab world while seeking to obtain the most advanced American weapons. The US gets new opportunities to boost its force and economic posture in the region as well as indirectly strengthen position of Israel, its main and closest Middle Eastern ally.

Key words: the Middle East, the USA, the UAE, military and technical coopeartion, US military presence, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), UAE-Israel normalization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.78.9.027

A.A. KHVALEY Master’s student at the Department of Political Science of the East in the Institute of Asian and African Studies of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

WOMEN AND CHILDREN AS SUBJECT AND OBJECT OF "INFORMATION JIHAD" (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN OF THE "ISLAMIC STATE")

Since the end of the twentieth century and the intensification of radical, including Islamist, sentiments in many regions of the world, the Internet and the media have been actively used by extremist and terrorist groups for propaganda and recruitment purposes. However, in the last decade, it is increasingly not about propaganda as such, but about a full-scale information war unleashed by radical elements against those ideologies, social models and states as a whole which they oppose. In the case of Islamic extremism, information battles have become another kind of "jihad" on a par with the "jihad of the sword". Just as women and children have begun to take part in the "jihad of the sword" as the social base and target audience of Islamic extremists expanded, they are gradually becoming an integral part of the new "information jihad". This article aims to highlight and analyze the role of women and children as subject and object of information war, their participation in promoting radical ideas and building the image of extremist and terrorist groups.

Key words: radicalism, extremism, ideology, propaganda, information warfare.