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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 10. Issue 3 (60), 2020.

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

  • Oreshin S.A. The Role of the Terek Peoples 'Congresses in the Solution of the National Question in the North Caucasus. January-May, 1918
  • Kuznetsov D.V. From the History of Creation and Activity of the First West Siberian Experimental Breeding Station
  • Osipenko S.V. “Introduction to the Code of State Laws”: Historical Context of the Constitutional Project Research
  • Osmaev M.K. On the Issue of the Cultural Losses of the Chechen People as a Result of the Deportation of 1944
  • Semenov V.N. The Creation of the Pacific Fleet of the USSR (1932-1941)
  • Yakovenko S.N. Training of Command and Engineering Personnel for the Military Transport Service During the Formation of the Soviet Military School in the 1920s. and early 1930s.

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF POLICY

  • Agapov P.V. War and Conflict of Civilizations in the Works of Vladimir Solovyov

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

  • Kryukova E.V. Political Technologies as a Tool for Influencing the Psychology of the Masses
  • Kurenkova E.A., Grishin V.O. Development of the Railway Complex of the Moscow Region in the Context of Socio-Political Projection
  • Sabirova E.N. Jewish Organizations of Modern Bashkortostan as a Factor of Preserving the Identity of Jews

POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD

  • Gabdrakhmanova N.T., Kurylev K.P., Khimich D.A. The Analysis of the Neuron Network Model of International Indexes of Corruption and Fragility of States
  • Karatueva E.N. Features of Biological and Ecological Terrorism as Independent Types of Radicalism
  • Zhambaeva U.B. Historical and Political Excursion of Tibet as a State
  • Demidova E.N. Constructing an Image of a Modern Political Leader: Peculiarities of Leadership's Styles on Examples of Donald Trump and Angela Merkel
  • Khvaley A.A., Burygin A.A. Islamism and Secularism are Inseparable Facets of Tunisia's Political Modernization
  • Petrova K.S. Reforming of India's Counter-Terrorism Security System after the Mumbai Terrorist Attacks
  • Kuriyev R.N. Private Military Companies as a Informal Political Resource of Modern World States
  • Cheng Guo, Yin Qun Political Analysis of the Sino-U.S. Relations under President Trump Era: Power Transfer and the Battle of the Model

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY

  • Makarov E.P., Makarova T.E. The Role of the Nursery School Association in the Formation of Early Childhood Education in the UK in the First Half of the XX Century
  • Morozov Ye.V. Russia's Position on the Egyptian Question in 1896
  • Кu Chamyan The Caucasus Issue in the System of International Relations in the 20-50ies of the XIX Century

Our authors № 3-2020

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.001

S.A. ORESHIN Сandidate of historical sciences, researcher, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF THE TEREK PEOPLES 'CONGRESSES IN THE SOLUTION OF THE NATIONAL QUESTION IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS. JANUARY-MAY, 1918

The article describes the role of attempts to resolve inter-ethnic conflicts in the Tersky region in winter-spring 1918. The sharp escalation of the national issue on Terek during the Russian Revolution brought the peoples of the region to the brink of bloody inter-ethnic war. In January 1918, there were several major hotbeds of inter-ethnic conflict in the region. In this situation, the political actors decided to convene a congress of representatives of the peoples of the Tersky region, which was to put an end to the war and organize a capable system of power.

Three congresses worked in January-May 1918. The national issue was the focus of each of them. Representatives of radical forces tried to encourage delegates to authorize the declaration of war on the Chechen and Ingush, which had unpredictable consequences. However, thanks to the active position of the socialist bloc and national factions, the peacekeeping line won. The delegate decided to allow Chechen and Ingush to attend the congress and to resolve all disputed issues through peaceful negotiations. Special peacekeeping delegations were sending to conflict zones. They facilitated the conclusion of peace agreements between the warring parties and organized the exchange of prisoners.

In deciding the national question, the congresses based on the principle of the equality of all peoples and their right to self-determination. State authorities based on the principle of proportional representation of all peoples of the region. Congresses established national-territorial autonomy, introduced equality of all languages and ordered the administration of justice in accordance with traditional customs and traditions. They guaranteed rights of ethnic minorities and their representation in local government.

At the same time, the congresses failed to provide lasting internal peace. In the summer of 1918, the Civil War on Terek erupted with renewed force, but it was caused by social reasons.

Key words: North Caucasus, Tersky region, interethnic conflict, Civil war, tersky Cossacks, mountaineers.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.002

D.V. KUZNETSOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, teacher “Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin, University College of agribusiness”, Omsk, Russia

FROM THE HISTORY OF CREATION AND ACTIVITY OF THE FIRST WEST SIBERIAN EXPERIMENTAL BREEDING STATION

The article deals with the history of the formation and activity of the first West Si¬berian breeding station, the merit of which belongs to Tobolsk agronomist N.L. Skalozubov.

When considering this topic, the author sought to highlight the following aspects: 1) to show the role played by this station in the development of agronomic thought and culture of Siberian agriculture; 2) to reveal the significance of its creation as an indicator of the level of development of productive forces of agriculture and experi¬mental work Beyond the Urals; 3) on the basis of the facts studied, to reveal the atti¬tude of the Central and local administration to the issue of its creation and thereby Supplement the existing ideas on the policy of government spheres in relation to the cultural and economic development of the Eastern suburbs of the country.

Key words: infrastructure agricultural production, the achievements of a selection of ideas, practices, organizational forms of agricultural service Siberia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.003

S.V. OSIPENKO Аssociate Professor of Military administration Military University of the Ministry of Defense (VUMO RF), Moscow, Russia

“INTRODUCTION TO THE CODE OF STATE LAWS”: HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROJECT RESEARCH

The article presents a review of studies on the activities of M.M. Speransky over drawing up a plan for the state transformation of Russia. The author’s concept is to justify the main idea of M.M. Speransky – in the progressive reform of the institution of power and the creation of civil society.

Key words: Code, Manifesto, legal system, reformer, statehood, civil society, constitutional laws.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.004

M.K. OSMAEV Сandidate of economic Sciences, associate Professor of the Chechen state University, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia

ON THE ISSUE OF THE CULTURAL LOSSES OF THE CHECHEN PEOPLE AS A RESULT OF THE DEPORTATION OF 1944

The article is devoted to a little-studied aspect of the deportation of Chechens and Ingush people that took place in February 1944, namely the cultural losses of the Chechen people as a result of this action. The author does not claim to fully disclose the topic, both because of its General lack of research, and because of the insufficient source base. Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to create a fairly complete picture of the nature and extent of the main cultural losses suffered by the Chechen people as a result of deportation. In particular, the process of formation of the national professional art, which before the deportation was represented by the Chechen-Ingush drama theater, dance ensemble, and orchestra of national instruments, was completely interrupted.

The deportation also led to the complete cessation of book publishing and all printing activities in the Chechen and Ingush languages, as well as the destruction of a large number of national literature published earlier. The loss of handwritten books, mostly of religious and philosophical content, as well as historical Chronicles-Chronicles of individual surnames, types and villages-was a particularly heavy blow to Chechen culture.

It is noted that until the resumption of book publishing in the Chechen language in 1955, a handwritten book in the form of lists of individual works of both religious and secular content was in circulation among the most educated part of Chechen society.

The deportation restricted the use of the Chechen language in the family and household sphere, completely excluding its use in public and socio-cultural spheres. The national school ceased to exist and never recovered. Thus, the eviction of Chechens and Ingush people negated many of the achievements of the "cultural revolution" that had been achieved during the previous twenty-plus years of Soviet power.

Nevertheless, despite the strengthening of the process of cultural borrowing, Chechen society has preserved the basic values of traditional national culture, which has provided it with a high degree of cultural unity.

Key word: Chechen-Ingushetia, Chechen folk culture, Chechen art, deportation, national book publishing, handwritten books, book publishing, personal and public libraries, book Fund.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.005

V.N. SEMENOV Candidate of Technical Sciences, head of laboratoryFar Eastern Federal University, the Russian Federation, Vladivostok, Russia

THE CREATION OF THE PACIFIC FLEET OF THE USSR (1932-1941)

The works of historians on the construction of Pacific Fleet mainly deal with issues of coastal construction, infrastructure development, and the creation of a shipbuilding base. The author, in his article, paid special attention to the creation of the naval forces of the fleet: submarine and surface ship formations, as well as formations and associations of dissimilar forces. On the basis of archival and other documents, a change in the composition and structure of the USSR Pacific Fleet in the 1930s is analyzed. and a conclusion was drawn about the readiness of the Pacific Fleet's naval staff to fulfill the tasks assigned to it.

Key words: USSR Pacific Fleet, fleet composition, basing system, tasks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.006

S.N. YAKOVENKO Postgraduate student, Department of History, Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

TRAINING OF COMMAND AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL FOR THE MILITARY TRANSPORT SERVICE DURING THE FORMATION OF THE SOVIET MILITARY SCHOOL IN THE 1920S. AND EARLY 1930S.

In this article, the author examines the training of command and engineering personnel for the military transport service in the 1920s and early 1930s, in the context of the formation of a new Soviet military school. The article reveals the system of military education that developed at the end of the Civil war. Its shortcomings are identified, and the prerequisites for its reform are substantiated. The author also notes the continuity of the pre-revolutionary military school and the Soviet one, as well as the role of former officers of the Imperial army in creating a new military school.

Key words: military transport, military school, reformation, red army, command and engineering personnel.

THEORY, PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.007

P.V. AGAPOV Candidate of Sociology, Associate Professor Department of History and Theory of Sociology sociological faculty of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

WAR AND CONFLICT OF CIVILIZATIONS IN THE WORKS OF VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV

The war and the conflict of civilizations in the work of Vladimir Solovyov. This article is about the problems of war and the conflict of civilizations in the work of the great Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov. The author analyzes the main works that have affected these problems, gives criticism of contemporaries and his work Vl. Solovyov on this problem. In modern humanitarian science, the problems of war and the conflict of civilizations are relevant, therefore, turning to the tradition of national social thought is so important.

Key words: war, conflict of civilizations, conflict of cultures, world war, socio-philosophical understanding of the war, Vladimir Soloviev.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.008

E.V. KRYUKOVA Сandidate of political science, associate Professor, State University of management, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL TECHNOLOGIES AS A TOOL FOR INFLUENCING THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE MASSES

In this paper, the relevance of studying political technologies as a tool for creating the desired emotional and psychological political background is substantiated. The phenomenon of technology for the realization of power and its features in the context of the realities of the modern political situation is studied. The work contains real historical examples of the use of psychological impact mechanisms in domestic and foreign political practice. The relationship between the mood and psychology of the masses is examined. The basic tools of psychological influence on the masses are described.

Key words: political technologies, mass moods, psychology of the masses, emotional and psychological satisfaction, persuasion, suggestion, imitation, infection.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.009

E.A. KURENKOVA Аssistant professor, candidate of historical sciences, professor of the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, Moscow region state university, Moscow, Russia

V.O. GRISHIN Student of the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, Moscow region state university, Moscow, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAILWAY COMPLEX OF THE MOSCOW REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-POLITICAL PROJECTION

The article analyzes some political science approaches to the development of the country's railway complex as a whole and the regional dimension in particular. Attention is focused on the formation of new political institutions, mechanisms, technologies for the adoption of political and managerial decisions for the modernization of transport systems. Some aspects of the development of railways in the Moscow region are considered. Several recommendations are given for the development of the railway transport arteries of the Moscow region in the context of socio-political projection.

Key words: Moscow region, political science, socio-political projection, political and managerial decisions, railway complex, transport systems, innovative technologies.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.010

E.N. SABIROVA Federal state budgetary scientific institution Ufa Federal research center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS OF MODERN BASHKORTOSTAN AS A FACTOR OF PRESERVING THE IDENTITY OF JEWS

This article will examine the process of formation and development of national public organizations on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Thus, the ethnosocial organization created in Bashkortostan was the society of lovers of Jewish culture "stern" (translated from Yiddish – "Star"), which was established at a meeting of activists of the Jewish population of the Republic in the Palace of culture. In January 1991, the society of Jewish culture lovers "stern", together with public organizations of four other peoples of the Republic (Bashkir, Tatar, Russian and Mari), organized the center of national cultures "Druzhba", which eventually became an important and broad platform for interaction between representatives of almost all ethnic groups and diasporas. In relation to the evolution of ethno-social organizations that claim to meet the national and cultural interests of the Jewish population of the Republic, the article proposes a periodization of their development and justification of the important role of their work.

Key words: dentity, "Stern", "Kohav", Jews, public organization, Jewish community.

POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GLOBALIZING WORLD

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.011

N.T. GABDRAKHMANOVA Associate professor, Mathematical Institute named after S.M. Nikolskiy Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

K.P. KURYLEV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

D.A. KHIMICH Applicant, Mathematical Institute named after S.M. Nikolskiy, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

THE ANALYSIS OF THE NEURON NETWORK MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL INDEXES OF CORRUPTION AND FRAGILITY OF STATES

In this article it is given the definition of the corruption perception index and the state fragility index. We analyze the mentioned indexes by the examples of the selected states. It is created and described the neuron network, which allows for analyzing the database of the fragility index. The work of the neural network is demonstrated by the example of the selected country. The analysis of data executes using mathematical methods and a neural network model.

Key words: analysis, Russia, Ukraine, neuron network, index.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.012

E.N. KARATUEVA Сandidate of political science, associate Professor of the Department of management of socio-political processes and history of the Saint Petersburg state agrarian University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

FEATURES OF BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL TERRORISM AS INDEPENDENT TYPES OF RADICALISM

Increasing opportunities for the use of weapons of mass destruction by terrorist and extremist groups in modern society have led to the spread of such phenomena as "bioterrorism" and "ecoterrorism". Comparing these concepts, it should be understood that today there are no clear conceptual distinctions between them. And environmental and biological terrorism are considered as the intentional infliction of harm to the environment, but the methods used may vary. Thus, by separating these concepts, defining the subjects and objects of each phenomenon, you can identify the features of their essence.

Key words: bioterrorism, the terror, akota, enviromentalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.013

U.B. ZHAMBAEVA Сandidate of philosophical Sciences, associate Professor of Management in higher education, REU im. G.V. Plekhanova, Ulaanbaatar branch, Adviser to the President of the Mongolian diplomatic organization for peace and friendship, Ulan-Bator, Mongolia

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL EXCURSION OF TIBET AS A STATE

It is known that Tibet was part of China since the Qin dynasty and the yuan, and after the collapse of the Qin dynasty, Tibet was considered an independent state until 1950 it is Also necessary to mention that Tibet had an important legal characteristics of a certain state, which fully comply with the current laws of international law. Today it is believed that from the seventh to the ninth century Tibet has been a strong and important Empire, to compete in its international influence with the Chinese Tang Empire. And in this period there is no question the presence of the existence of the Tibetan state itself. During this time period, Tibet reached the height of its power, repeatedly defeating and capturing the territory of the Tang dynasty.

Key words: state, law, politics, history, territory, agreement, Buddhism, bodhisattva, Bodhicitta, Dharma.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.014

E.N. DEMIDOVA PhD in Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of international relations, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

CONSTRUCTING AN IMAGE OF A MODERN POLITICAL LEADER: PECULIARITIES OF LEADERSHIP'S STYLES ON EXAMPLES OF DONALD TRUMP AND ANGELA MERKEL

The article observes profiles of two political leaders of modernity, the chancellor of FRG Angela Merkel and the president of USA Donald Trump. The author examines styles of political role's performance from the perspective of M. Hermann's typology. In the article are analyzed such Angela Merkel's traits as patriotism, will to serve for nation's interest, pragmatism and care for country's prosperity, in addition to persistence in upholding the position of indisputable leadership in political discussions with other parties and movements' representatives. On the other hand, the author demonstrates high levels of individual energy, consistency and purposefulness, the capability to effectively present ideas to society, to achieve compromises with partners, to use different methods of economical pressure and to set out strategic economical decisions of Donald Trump.

Key words: political leader, leading attendant, leadership typology, leading dealer, image of the leader.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.015

A.A. KHVALEY Student at the Department of Political Science of the East in the Institute of Asian and African Studies of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

A.A. BURYGIN Specialist in educational and methodological support at the Institute of Asian and African Studies of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ISLAMISM AND SECULARISM ARE INSEPARABLE FACETS OF TUNISIA'S POLITICAL MODERNIZATION

After the revolution of 2010-2011, the struggle between secular and Islamist parties in Tunisia has not abated, just as the struggle between secularist and Islamist ideas in Tunisian society has not abated. The Republic of Tunisia, having once decided to follow the path of a special Arab-Muslim secularism, has recently experienced significant difficulties in implementing this approach.

The authors of the article set themselves the task not only to determine what secularism is in the Arab (and Islamic) sense, but also to analyze its implementation in the "most democratic Arab country" – Tunisia.

Key words: Islamism, secularism, Tunisia, the modernization, the model of development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.016

K.S. PETROVA Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

REFORMING OF INDIA'S COUNTER-TERRORISM SECURITY SYSTEM AFTER THE MUMBAI TERRORIST ATTACKS

In the article, the author studies the influence of the Terror Attacks on Mumbai, committed in 2008 in the Indian state of Maharashtra, on the further development of the counter-terrorism security system in India. Factors that have shown the inefficiency of the counter-terrorist security system in the country were lack of coordination between intelligence centers and departments, lack of proper training and armament of the police, poorly developed infrastructure and logistics; critically low level of coastal security. The article describes the new structures created after the attacks, their place in the counter-terrorism security system and the consequences for the functioning of the system. Thanks to the efforts of the Indian authorities, coordination between various security services has been strengthened, the maritime security system has been improved, units have been created to provide counter-terrorism security systems and counter-propaganda work. The author also notes the shortcomings of the system that have remained unresolved, and also points out the problems that arose as a result of the reform of the system. Some projects either have not been completed, or have been left entirely on paper, many logistic and infrastructure problems have not resolved, some types of police equipment have not been provided, and lack of security in ports. Along with the enlargement of some structures, training standards have fallen. In addition, the article outlines the measures that need to be taken to make the counter-terrorism security system more effective.

Key words: Terrorism, reform of the anti-terrorism security system, India, terrorist attacks in Mumbai, the problem of the federal center and the states.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.017

R.N. KURIYEV Student, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES AS A INFORMAL POLITICAL RESOURCE OF MODERN WORLD STATES

To date, the relevance of the issues of the functioning of private military companies in the territory of a significant number of states is beyond doubt. A number of recent events of a military-political orientation and the admissibility (on the basis of certain information sources) of participation in these processes of the structures under consideration adds an up-to-date diversity of the need for scientific substantiation of the activities of PMCs.

Discussions about the need to create private military companies in Russia have been going on for a long time. Some researchers view PMSCs as a threat to state sovereignty, while others believe that in the context of globalization, while ensuring the security of various economic entities, the use of only state power structures is impossible. The intensification of geopolitical competition between the leading powers of the world, the increase in the number of local armed conflicts in the modern world determine the need to legalize these companies in Russia. It should use both foreign experience in legal regulation of private military companies and the national interests of the Russian Federation, limiting the activities of such organizations to certain areas of activity.

Key words: private military companies, Russia, foreign experience, politics, war, resource, law, structure.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.018

CHENG GUO Ph.D. Student, Department of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Nanjing, China

YIN QUN Ph.D. Student, Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Jinan, China

POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SINO-U.S. RELATIONS UNDER PRESIDENT TRUMP ERA: POWER TRANSFER AND THE BATTLE OF THE MODEL

The study objectives of this research work is to interpret the current Sino-U.S. relations under President Trump era from the perspective of international relations theory. The article revealed that the current strategic mutual doubts, tensions and conflicts between China and the United States are based on two aspects of perception: one is the anxiety of “power transfer” caused by the rising China’s rapid strength, and the other is the battle of economic model between China and the United States triggered by the differences. The research methodology is based on a complex combination of scientific methods, mainly analytical, systematic, comparative. The obtained conclusions can be applied in managing more stable and positive Sino-U.S. bilateral relations amid the current trade war and other potential crisis in complexity of international relations and comtemporary global politics.

Key words: Economic Model, International Relations, Power Transfer, Sino-U.S. Relations, the Trump administration.

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.019

E.P. MAKAROV Ph.D., senior lecturer of the department Sociology, Political Science and History of the Fatherland, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia

T.E. MAKAROVA Ph.D., associate Professor of the department of Preschool Education, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education Samara, Russia

THE ROLE OF THE NURSERY SCHOOL ASSOCIATION IN THE FORMATION OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN THE UK IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

The article examines the development of pre-school education and upbringing in the UK in the early decades of the XX century. The main attention is paid to the consideration of the activities of the British Nursery School Association and analysis of the discussion of two interest groups within this organization. Through the study of disputes regarding the educational and educational components of the activities of the kindergarten, two points of view on the mission of pre-school education in the UK are revealed. One point of view is associated with the position of the first president of the Nursery School Association Margaret McMillan and her followers, the second point of view is reflected in the views of the first secretary of the Nursery School Association Grace Owen and her supporters. A separate subject of consideration is the relationship of socio-political and scientific discussions of the early XX century with a modern discussion in British society of the problem of reforming preschool educational institutions.

Key words: UK, early childhood education, kindergarten, parenting, Nursery School Association, Margaret Macmillan, Grace Owen.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.020

Ye.V. MOROZOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor of Novgorod state University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia

RUSSIA'S POSITION ON THE EGYPTIAN QUESTION IN 1896

The aim of the article is to study Russia's position on the Egyptian issue during the Eastern Crisis of 1896. It is generally accepted that Saint Petersburg did not pay much attention to Africa and did not interfere in the process of colonizing the continent. In fact, during the period under review, Russia played a rather significant role in Northeast Africa. The article is based on the principle of historicism, requiring the study of phenomena and processes in connection with the specific conditions that gave rise to them. The article is written on the basis of a wide range of sources (including archival) and literature. Under Great Britain’s occupation of Egypt by France, it was important to take into account the opinion of Russia, which was all the more tied to France with allied commitments, and was a longtime enemy of Great Britain. The need to maintain communications with its Far Eastern possessions led Saint Petersburg to the idea that while the Suez Canal was in the hands of its powerful competitor, Russia's interests could be jeopardized at any time. Thus, France and Russia mutually sought to achieve the evacuation of British troops from Egypt. Russia's position on this issue was largely independent, and even more active than the French.

Key words: international relations, Russia, Egyptian problem, France, Great Britain.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2020.60.3.021

КU CHAMYAN Рostgraduate student at the Chair of Russia’s history of the XIX – beginning of the XX century, Historical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE CAUCASUS ISSUE IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE 20-50IES OF THE XIX CENTURY

This article aims to explain the process how and why Caucasus question became internationalization from Vienna system to Paris system on the context of rivalry between Russia and Britain in Near East.

Key words: Caucasus, Near-East, Vienna system, Crimean War, Caucasian War.

   
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