№ 8 (101), 2023

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 13. Issue 8 (101), 2023

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Kolupaev D.V. National Interests and Dynasty: the Antinomy of Imperial Power and the Emerging Nation-State in Pre-Revolutionary Russia
Berestennikova E.A. The Cooperative System in the Economic Life of the Far Eastern Region in the 20s of the XX Century
Vedmanov O.N. Development of the Leather and Shoe Industry of the Ulyanovsk Region in 1976-1980
Gadzhieva Z.N., Kharisova Z.G. Unemployment in the Republic of Dagestan in the 90s XX Century: Gender Aspect
Gazieva A.A. Wedding Traditions of the Russian Population of Dagestan in the 80s-90s. XX Century (on the Example of the Kizlyar Region)
Gataullina I.A. The Role of Kazan in the Formation and Development of Computer Science in the USSR: to the Question of the Origins of Information Openness
Ziborov D.M. “A Note on General Measures in Case of a Break with China” by Major General L.N. Sobolev: A Plan for a Unhappened War with the Qing Empire
Iskaliev A.K. Organization of Scientific Activity of Students of the Moscow Imperial University in the Period of 1860-1890-Ies
Kisilev K.V. From the Experience of Regional Periodicals During the Great Patriotic War (Based on the Materials of the Ulyanovsk Region)
Krasnova R.R. Organization of Leisure Activities of Schoolchildren in the 1930s. (Based on the Material of the Future Ulyanovsk Region)
Musayeva S.Kh. Features of the Ethnocultural Development of the Tsakhurs
Perekhozhikh S.A. Moscow and Muscovites on the Pages of the Newspaper "Moscow News" in 1987
Taltsev A.N. The Role of Education in the Daily Life of the Population of Stavropol During the Great Patriotic War
Khoshev A.Yu. Resumption of Construction of the Church of St. Sava on Vračar in the Context of Russian-Serbian Interchurch Relations in the 1980s-1990s.
Shavlaeva T.M. Clergy of the Historical Region of Chechnya Cheberloy: Missionary Sheikh G1ada (Based on Field Materials)

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Boltenkova L.F. Regulation of Gender Issues in the Context of Religion (in Several Articles). Article Five

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Meng Qian. Discourse-Historical Analysis of President Putin's TV Speeches Before the Outbreak of Russia-Ukraine Conflict
Zharkov A.A. “Imagological” Paradigm within the Complex of “Soft Power”
Korotkin S.S. Political Identity in the Transformation of Society
Muamar F. Dogmatics of Islamic Extremism and Ideology
Pobedin P.K. Prospects for the Development of Digital Technologies and AI in New Territories in the Context of Political Processes and their Design. Modern Realities, Trends and Challenges
Seravin A.I. Political Framework in Electoral Politics
Tushkov A.A. Problems of Methodology, Genesis and Features of the Formation of the Scientific Field of the National Maritime Policy of Russia

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

Vlasov M.Ya. Donbass Phenomenon as a Projectatograd
Drozhnikov R.A. Foreign Experience of Participation of State Corporations in the Implementation of Priority National Projects

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Magadiev M.F. SCO in a Modern System of International Relations: Urgent Problems and Development Trends
Homich I.I. The Phenomenon of the Civilizational Revolution: Approaches to Understanding and Stages of Implementation
Benyaminov M.V. The Role of England in the Northern War 1700-1721
Makarov E.P., Fedotov V.V. Features of the Development of the Socio-Political Sphere of the American Colonies of Great Britain in the 18th Century
Emelin D.R. Regional Security in the Middle East: Main Challenges
Krasnikov A.S. The Ambivalent Structure of British National Identity
Jingyuan Liu, Zhenwei Dong. Different Positions of the USA and China: Impact of the Rebellion of Wagner PMC Rebellion
Sinitsyna E.I. Interaction Between the U. S. President and the U. S. Congress on Nuclear Arms Control Issues in 2021-2022
Xiang Yiyuan. The Role of Openness in Energy Transitions: a Comparative Study of China and Southeast Asian Countries
Huang Mingtuo. History of Evolution of Linguistic and Ethnic Policy in Kazakhstan
Ivanov E.A., Bogdanova N.V. The Development of the German Energy Sector in the XX-XXI Centuries in the Process of Energiewende (Energy Transition)

Our authors № 8-2023

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.001

D.V. KOLUPAEV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Altai State Technical University named after I.I. Polzunov, Department of "History of State and Law", Barnaul, Russia

NATIONAL INTERESTS AND DYNASTY: THE ANTINOMY OF IMPERIAL POWER AND THE EMERGING NATION-STATE IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA

National interests and dynasty: the antinomy of imperial power and the emerging nation-state in pre-revolutionary Russia. At the end of the reign of Catherine II, two more events occurred that for a long time determined both the foreign and domestic policy of the country. The first event was the French Revolution of 1789. Both the bloody events of the revolution itself and the ideas proclaimed by it went against the system of values on which the autocratic power of the Russian Empire was based. The Russian Empress herself was no stranger to some progressive ideas personally and even corresponded with some French enlightenment philosophers (Voltaire, Diderot). But revolutionary events and, especially, wars sharply tuned the former progressive ruler of Russia to a reactionary mindset. However, being a very smart person, Catherine II did not interfere in military actions herself.

However, being a very intelligent person, Catherine II did not interfere in military operations against revolutionary France herself and limited herself to counter-revolutionary propaganda and providing various assistance to French royalist emigrants. The heir to the Russian throne Pavel married a German princess. Being unloved by his mother, Prince Pavel found himself in fact in the position of an exile in his palace in Gatchina. Around this palace, a world of German princes, exiled by the French revolutionary troops, relatives of their wives, with their parochial interests, problems of the German world of that time, in general, the system of values of small towns and the state interests of Central Europe, developed. It was into this "intellectual" environment that the heir, Grand Duke Alexander, periodically visited his father in his yard (the crowned grandmother was engaged in raising the heir from a young age). Moreover, the future Emperor Alexander I himself was married to a South German Baden princess.

So from a very young age, the future Russian autocrat was immersed in the atmosphere of German political affairs, intrigues, all kinds of squabbles and petty calculations of the German sovereign princes. In this environment, he, the future "Agamemnon" of Europe, was instilled with a mighty reverence for the Austrian Habsburgs, the Prussian Hohenzollerns, and was instilled with priority in solving the tasks of the all-German policy. Thus, the Russian Romanov dynasty gradually dissolved into the dynasty of the German sovereign princes of Holstein – Gottopor.

Key words: Napoleon and Russia, national interests and dynasty, Alexander I and the Napoleonic Wars.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.002

E.A. BERESTENNIKOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy, Far Eastern State Medical University, Khabarovsk, Russia

THE COOPERATIVE SYSTEM IN THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE FAR EASTERN REGION IN THE 20S OF THE XX CENTURY

The article is devoted to the results of a study conducted to identify the role of cooperation in solving the socio-economic problems of the Far Eastern region at the stage of overcoming the socio-political and economic crisis in the early-late 20s of the XX century. Of particular importance is the experience of previous years, which showed that the cooperative form of management, as the most adapted to local conditions, was in the Russian Far East a way of economic protection of the population in transition periods. In this regard, conducting a comparative study of the cooperative form of management of the NEP market allows us to determine the peculiarities of adaptation of consumer organizations in various historical periods. Of particular importance is the study of issues that consider state policy in the field of cooperation, as well as the identification of factors contributing to the activation of cooperative activities in difficult years of political and economic crises.

Key words: cooperation, consumer societies, commercial cooperation, credit cooperation, agricultural cooperation, cooperative system, cooperative model.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.003

O.N. VEDMANOV Applicant of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEATHER AND SHOE INDUSTRY OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION IN 1976-1980

This article is devoted to the actual problems of the development of the leather and footwear industry of the Ulyanovsk region during the tenth five-year plan. In the course of the work, the author, on the basis of previously unknown archival documents from the depositories of the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Ulyanovsk Region and the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region, as well as materials from the periodical press, considered in dynamics the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the activities of the Ulyanovsk Leather and Footwear Factory, studied the optimization of the production capacities of the leather and shoe industry, determined the nature of the activities carried out by the party and the management of the enterprise, aimed at expanding the range and improving the quality of products, and established factors that slowed down the pace of development of the leather and footwear industry. In conclusion, the author came to the conclusion that due to the competent and timely solution of problems by the leadership of the Ulyanovsk Leather and Footwear Plant, in the Ulyanovsk region during the tenth five-year plan, there was a systematic increase in the share of the leather and footwear industry in the total gross output of the light industry, and the population was uninterrupted supplied with quality products.

Key words: Ulyanovsk province, light industry, leather and footwear industry, re-equipment, product range, product quality, personnel training.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.004

Z.N. GADZHIEVA Researcher, Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography Dagestan Federal Research Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia

Z.G. KHARISOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Lecturer of the History of the Department of Social and Legal Disciplines North Caucasian Institute (branch) All-Russian State University of Justice Russian Law Academy of the Ministry of Justice of Russia, Makhachkala, Russia

UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN IN THE 90S XX CENTURY: GENDER ASPECT

Ensuring gender equality in economic and other spheres of activity has now acquired particular relevance throughout the world. In the North Caucasus, in general, and Dagestan, in particular, given its labour surplus and high level of social tension, this problem is particularly acute. The unfavorable situation in the labor market for women here is due to the predominance of gender stereotypes in the public consciousness, which predetermine the attitude towards women's work, the selection of personnel for jobs, both at the level of society and the heads of enterprises, as well as women themselves, which gives rise to a number of social economic problems. The article highlights the factors influencing the characteristics of female unemployment in the republic, and also notes the differences that existed during the study period in the socio-demographic composition of unemployed women living in rural areas and unemployed women living in the cities of Dagestan.

Key words: Dagestan, economy, unemployment, labor market, gender, woman.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.005

A.A. GAZIEVA Junior researcher Department of Modern and Contemporary History of Dagestan, Dagestan Federal Research Center RAS, Makhachkala, Russia

WEDDING TRADITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION OF DAGESTAN IN THE 80S-90S. XX CENTURY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KIZLYAR REGION)

In the article, on the basis of a comparative – historical method, the issue of family, marriage rituals of the Russian population of Dagestan in the 80s-90s is considered. XX century. Each structural element of the marriage tradition is revealed in detail. We are making an attempt to trace the transformation of the marriage rituals of rural Russians in the region in the context of urbanization, the beginning of globalization processes and multiculturalism.

Key words: village, Russians, Kizlyar, wedding, traditions, perestroika.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.006

I.A. GATAULLINA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Management, Institute of Engineering Economics and Entrepreneurship, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University – KAI, Kazan, Russia

THE ROLE OF KAZAN IN THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE IN THE USSR: TO THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGINS OF INFORMATION OPENNESS

The article attempts to establish the influence of spontaneously occurring, deep socio-cultural processes of a certain territory on the formation of innovative vectors of the country's development as a reflection of its regional diversity transformed in time and space. The emergence in Kazan of the largest printing production in pre-revolutionary Russia, which was upset during the years of hardship, is considered as a prerequisite for the formation of a new industry on the basis of a technical workshop recreated during the NEP, and then – a factory for the manufacture of typewriters. Attention is paid to the political and ideological component of the system of state socialism, which subordinated the modernization process to universal planning and regulation. It is substantiated that the transformation of Kazan into a powerful scientific and experimental center in the military period became a factor in the implementation of the nuclear missile shield program – the main project of the beginning of the Cold War era, the implementation of which was impossible outside the automation of research and complex calculations. The analysis of Kazan Computing Machines Plant activity shows the uneven development of the industry: from the rapid take-off in the 1960s, when samples were created that were not inferior to Western models, to its gradual slowdown in the late Soviet period, in which, despite the accumulated experience and high professionalism of designers and production teams, a number of projects were not implemented, and some directions were recognized as erroneous. It is argued that the curtailment of original domestic developments of medium-class computers in Kazan, like the story of the first USSR typewriter "Yanalif", is an inevitable consequence of the contradiction between the centralizing and decentralizing lines of the country's development in favor of the former – powerful, all-consuming, but historically doomed.

Key words: Kazan, "Pishmash", "Yanalif", computer technology, "electronic socialism", nuclear missile shield, modernization, information openness.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.007

D.M. ZIBOROV Applicant for a Degree Candidate of Historical Sciences, chair of Russian history of the XIX century and the beginning of XX century, Department of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

“A NOTE ON GENERAL MEASURES IN CASE OF A BREAK WITH CHINA” BY MAJOR GENERAL L.N. SOBOLEV: A PLAN FOR A UNHAPPENED WAR WITH THE QING EMPIRE

The article deals with the note of Major General of the General Staff L.N. Sobolev, approved by the political leadership of the country in 1880 and considered as a plan for waging war with China in case of impossibility of a diplomatic settlement of the Ili crisis and the outbreak of hostilities. A significant place is given to the publication of the full text of the note, which has not been published until now, with the preservation of the author's spelling when writing the names of geographical objects, many of which have now changed their name in Russian translation. The international situation, the features of Russian-Chinese relations, which led to the appearance of this document, are analyzed. Sobolev's note is an important source for studying the policy of the Russian Empire during the Ili crisis, indicating the level of tension between the two empires, which reached its peak by the end of 1880.

Key words: Russian Empire, China, L.N. Sobolev, Ili crisis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.008

A.K. ISKALIEV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the Middle Ages and Modern Times of the State University of Enlightenment, Mytishchi, Moscow region, Russia

ORGANIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS OF THE MOSCOW IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY IN THE PERIOD OF 1860-1890-IES

The paper examines the organization of scientific activity of students at the Moscow Imperial University. The author analyzes the scientific activity of students during the period of attempts by the authorities of the Russian Empire to modernize university education. A special emphasis in the work is given to the influence of professors to stimulate students to research activities. In conclusion, the author concludes that the scientific activity of students served as the main way to fight against the revolutionary radicalization of students. The purpose of this study is to study the education of students of the Moscow Imperial University in the 1860s-1890s through the prism of the organization of research activities. The scientific significance of the work lies in the fact that the study focuses on identifying the factors of the formation of research activities of students at the Moscow Imperial University. The historical-genetic method, descriptive-narrative method, periodization method were used in the formation of students' research activities. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that professors and teachers played an important role in the formation and stimulation of students' research activities, who aroused students' interest in their disciplines, as well as the university board, which considered scientific activity the main way to combat the spread of revolutionary agitation.

Key words: Russian students, scientific activity, Moscow Imperial University, university charter, student youth, students.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.009

K.V. KISILEV Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF REGIONAL PERIODICALS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION)

The article examines the role of mass media – periodicals in the organization of agitation and propaganda activities of local party and state bodies. With the outbreak of the war, the local Soviet and party-state leadership set specific tasks to the editorial boards of district and rural newspapers to mobilize workers to fulfill the production tasks facing the villagers. All the activities of the newspapers were subordinated to the main tasks – the mobilization of the working masses for selfless work to fulfill all the tasks of the party and the government, for maximum organization. In the process of preparing the article, the author for the first time introduced the scientific circulation of archival sources from the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk region (GANI UO) and the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (hereinafter GAO).

Key words: War, newspaper, periodical press, collective farm, victory, enemy, agitation, political information.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.010

R.R. KRASNOVA Candidate of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N.Ulyanov, Uiyanovsk, Russia

ORGANIZATION OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE 1930S. (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE FUTURE ULYANOVSK REGION)

In this article, based on archival documents and periodicals, the article provides an analysis of the organization of leisure activities of schoolchildren in the 1930s. An integrated approach, the diversity of its implementation provides extensive experience for the modern embodiment of the most successful moments for working with schoolchildren at the present time.

Key words: soviet school, schoolchildren, soviet teacher, leisure, additional education, pioneers.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.011

S.KH. MUSAYEVA PhD candidate of the Department of “Anthropology” of the Institute of Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan

FEATURES OF THE ETHNOCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TSAKHURS

Ethno-culture is a set of traditional values, material and moral attitudes and behavioral characteristics of the life of an ethnic group, a form of self-expression of people formed in the past, formed in historical social dynamics and constantly enriched by ethnic specifics.

The ethno-cultural development of the Tsakhurs has its own peculiarities. Tsakhurs living in the multinational Republic of Azerbaijan have their own language, traditions, religious and cultural specifics. Distinguished by centuries-old history and mythology, moral principles, national identity and character, the Tsakhurs feel themselves citizens of this republic.

National issues are always relevant in our multinational country. Therefore, the effective implementation of political, socio-economic programs and cultural projects is impossible without taking into account the dynamics of ethno-cultural events and the peculiarities of their development. Therefore, the ethno-cultural analysis of the Tsakhurs is one of the topical issues.

The subject of the study is the study of the ethno-cultural development of the Tsakhurs in the context of socio-economic transformations and global changes taking place in Azerbaijan. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that scientific ideas about the Tsakhurs are generalized by analyzing the content and interaction of their main ethno-cultural categories, which indicates that the Tsakhurs as an ethnos have passed a difficult path of development. Consequently, within the framework of the studied problem, the characteristic features of the Tsakhur people as an ethnos were identified: 1) ethnonym; 2) territorial integrity as a condition for the formation and existence of an ethnos; 3) the presence of anthropological features; 4) religious beliefs.

The presented study reveals the structure and characteristic features of the process of ethnocultural development of the Tsakhurs as one of the modern aspects of cultural dynamics, and also presents the main factors of their ethnocultural development.

Key words: Azerbaijan, Tsakhurs, ethno-cultural development, traditions, modernity, ethnonym.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.012

S.A. PEREKHOZHIKH Graduate student of Moscow City pedagogical university, Moscow, Russia

MOSCOW AND MUSCOVITES ON THE PAGES OF THE NEWSPAPER "MOSCOW NEWS" IN 1987

The article is devoted to the political, socio-economic and cultural features of life in the capital of the USSR, which were reflected in the publications of the weekly socio-political newspaper “Moscow News”. After the appointment of Yegor Vladimirovich Yakovlev as the new editor-in-chief of the newspaper in August 1986, MN enjoyed great popularity both in the USSR and abroad during the years of perestroika. This is confirmed by the huge circulation of the newspaper in Russian, English, French, German, Spanish and other languages. Analysis of the headings and columns of the capital's news for 1987 allows us to identify the main problems and processes that took place in the capital during this difficult period, when the whole country lived under perestroika conditions. It is important that the party leader of the capital at that moment was B.N. Yeltsin, who headed the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU, and this left a special imprint on the events. Based on the publications of this popular publication, the author attempted to identify the most pressing problems in the life of the capital city.

Key words: “Moscow News”, newspaper, media, Moscow, Soviet society, perestroika, West.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.013

A.N. TALTSEV Applicant for the degree of candidate of historical sciences North Ossetian State University named after K.L. Khetagurova, Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia-Alania, Russia

THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE DAILY LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF STAVROPOL DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The article attempts to reconstruct the role of education in the daily life of the population of Stavropol during the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the study is due to the need, especially against the background of modern attempts to falsify history, the memory of the Great Patriotic War. Everyday labor and business practices of the inhabitants of Stavropol, which include education at school, at the university, during the war years were filled with new meanings and acquired other values. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results in restoring the regional history of everyday life in all its aspects during the Great Patriotic War. The methodological potential of the study is revealed in the possibility of using its material at the level of a higher educational institution, when conducting classes in the history of Russia. Scientific novelty lies in a new look at education as part of everyday life, in the involvement of unpublished materials from central and local archives. The results of the study indicate that at different stages of the war, despite the objective difficulties of wartime, educational activities continued in the region. Staying at school, studying at a university for students has become not just a way to gain knowledge and experience, but also a means of survival. The craving for knowledge, which intensified against the background of trials, contributed to the emergence of a special motivation for learning, as evidenced by the excellent academic performance of the first post-war years.

Key words: school education during the war years, universities during the war years, teachers, students, shortage of personnel, student dropout.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.014

A.Yu. KHOSHEV Candidate of Technical Sciences, Master of Theology, doctoral student at the All-Church Postgraduate and Doctoral School named after Saints Cyril and Methodius; employee of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate, Moscow, Russia

RESUMPTION OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHURCH OF ST. SAVA ON VRAČAR IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSIAN-SERBIAN INTERCHURCH RELATIONS IN THE 1980S-1990S.

Cathedral of St. Sava on Vračar plateau in Belgrade is one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world. Work on its construction, begun in 1935 and interrupted by the Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia, in the post-war period was frozen for a long time due to the anti-church position of the communist authorities, being resumed only in 1985. The article presents the development of the question of the fate of the construction of the church of St. Savva on Vračar during the years of socialism, as well as on the resumption and completion of its construction. The main stages of this history are correlated in the article with documentary evidence of important milestones in the development of relations between the Russian and Serbian Orthodox Churches since the early 1970s until the completion of the construction of the cathedral in 2004. The article uses a number of unpublished documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the State Archive of Serbia (srb. Državni Arhiv Srbije) and the Archive of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate.

Key words: church of Saint Sava, Serbian Orthodox Church, interchurch relations, Patriarch Serbian Patriarch German, Serbian Patriarch Paul, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.015

T.M. SHAVLAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher of the Department of Ethnology of the Institute of Humanitarian Research of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia

CLERGY OF THE HISTORICAL REGION OF CHECHNYA CHEBERLOY: MISSIONARY SHEIKH G1ADA (BASED ON FIELD MATERIALS)

This article is dedicated to a sheikh named G1ada, whose missionary activity began at the end of the third quarter of the XIV century and continued until the end of the century in the Chechen region of Upper Cheberloy. The appearance of missionaries in Cheberloy – in an area closely adjacent to the previously Islamized Dagestan, through which, in fact, Islam penetrated into Chechnya, is not surprising. The basis for the article was field materials collected for a long time among the natives of the Chechen Tukkhum Cheberloy, centered in the village of Makazhoy. Avoiding the esoteric moments introduced into the biography of the sheikh, which inevitably happens in the popular environment, we tried to use only information that has a stable form, transmitted from generation to generation. It is emphasized that some information from literary sources referred to by modern researchers did not take place in the biography of the sheikh, and are the result of distortions in the interpretation of the chronology of events and names. The young man arrived in Cheberloy on a mission to spread the Islamic religion. Until his death, he was constantly in Cheberloy. The sheikh and his family members are buried in Makazhoy, there is a Ziyarat – a place for pilgrims to visit to venerate the Sheikh. His methods of missionary activity did not include elements of religious inculcation, loud appeals, participation in battles and punishments for unwillingness to join a new religion. Moreover, Sheikh G1ada was not a contemporary of Sheikh Bersa to be killed by him. He did not participate at the head of the robberies of the people committed under the banner of converting infidels to Islam. The Sheikh deserved the immense love of the people not by participating in raids or even in battles for the faith, but by his humanity, barakat and high spirituality, as well as hard work, responsiveness and selflessness.

Key words: Chechnya, Cheberloy, Makazhoy, Sheikh G1ada, Sheikh Yunus, Sheikh Bersa, missionary activity, humanism, Ziyarat.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.016

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Law, Professor, Moscow, Russia

REGULATION OF GENDER ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGION (IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) ARTICLE FIVE

The article, taking into account the growing trend of neglect of spiritual and moral values in the field of sex, reveals the religious (Christian) foundations of sexual policy, philosophical and theological views on this issue and formulates proposals for regulating existing and emerging problems.

Key words: Constitution, Bible, God, God's Commandments, gender, man, woman, family, bisexuality, legislation.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.017

MENG QIAN Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China

DISCOURSE-HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESIDENT PUTIN'S TV SPEECHES BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT

The Russia-Ukraine conflict constantly attracts attention from international community. Based on the materials of the Russia President Vladimir Putin's television speeches on 21 February 2022 and 24 February 2022, this paper analyses the materials in terms of themes and discourse strategies and investigates the reasons for the outbreak of the conflict through the Discourse-Historical Approach proposed by Ruth Wodak. The research results show that President Putin used discourse strategies in his speeches to systematically criticize Ukraine and NATO. He described Russia as the “threatened” in the international community and justified the special operation as self-defense.

Key words: Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA), Vladimir Putin, critical discourse analysis (CDA), the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.018

A.A. ZHARKOV Post-Graduate Degree Student, Diplomatic Academy of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

“IMAGOLOGICAL” PARADIGM WITHIN THE COMPLEX OF “SOFT POWER”

“Soft power” is, by all accounts, one of the most important instruments in the foreign policy of modern nation – states; they actively utilize it as means of promoting their respective national interests as well as socio-cultural dominants. This article seeks to explore one of the two basic methodological approaches that can be found in all modern researches devoted to the present subject – the so-called “imagological” approach, in accordance with which the concept of “soft power” is understood as purposeful power projection directed at creating an appealing, “positive” public image of the relevant socio-cultural entity in the eyes of a foreign collective that is being exposed to that process.

Key words: “soft power”, imagology, “imagological” paradigm, image, public image, national culture, socio-cultural dominant, archetype, stereotype.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.019

S.S. KOROTKIN Graduate student, Department of Political Science and Applied Political Work Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL IDENTITY IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY

The article analyzes the modern challenges that society faces, the changes that affect the citizens of society, social and political identity. The article reveals the factors influencing the political identity of citizens. The key factors underlying conservative and liberal identities are given. The importance of the media factor influencing the identity of a citizen and society as a whole, psychological factors caused by social changes in society are revealed.

Key words: political identity, politics, media, social change, political psychology.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.020

F. MUAMAR PhD Candidate, Political Science and International Relations, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

DOGMATICS OF ISLAMIC EXTREMISM AND IDEOLOGY

The paper reveals the main causes in forming the Islamic extremism kind of terrorism in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The paper describes similarities between cases from the history of the MENA region and the modern situation of the region, concerning the Islamic extremism kind of terrorism and its consequences on the MENA region and Europe. In the scholarly literature the problem is very well studied, but lacks solutions to the problem and its roots.

Deradicalization projects oriented on individuals, groups or societies can be a solution to the problem of the Islamic extremism kind of terrorism in the MENA region. They can best be performed by former terrorists and former Jihadists by direct involvement and discussions with radicalized people, or by indirectly by recording their experiences and sharing it with the still radicalized people.

Based on these, the existing scholarly literature form strong basis, upon which development programs and preventive diplomacy may be established. Understanding the societies, to which terrorists belong to, can lead to forming development programs to those societies and preventive policies in fighting a possible emergence of the Islamic extremism kind of terrorism. (Preventive diplomacy in relation to a possible emergence of the Islamic extremism kind of terrorism in the MENA region).

Key words: MENA, Middle East, North Africa, deradicalization, extremism, terror, ISIS, Islamic State in Iraq and Levante, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, Islamic state, Jihad, counterterrorism, Quran, The Hadith, violence, radicalism, Islamic text, Islamic history.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.021

P.K. POBEDIN PhD student, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND AI IN NEW TERRITORIES IN THE CONTEXT OF POLITICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR DESIGN. MODERN REALITIES, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES

The text examines the impact of the introduction of new technologies in new territories in the context of political processes in the ratio of tasks performed by humans and tasks performed by machines, also focuses on the nature of possible changes, their scale or speed of application. The purpose of the text is to provide as comprehensive an overview as possible of changes and scenarios of expected development due to the intensity of the introduction of digital technologies, automation and robotization of political processes.

Key words: automation, digitization, flexible forms, new forms of interaction, robotization, social systems, new territories.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.022

A.I. SERAVIN Applicant for the North-Western Institute management (branch) of the RANEPA, St. Petersburg, Russia

POLITICAL FRAMEWORK IN ELECTORAL POLITICS

The article deals with the problems of framing in electoral politics, notes the shift in the focus of research on electoral politics from an ideological context towards voting on specific political issues or candidates. The study shows that the modern understanding of the democratic process of political decision-making is a problem for the analysis of the behavior of voters and their participation in political life. Research on framing effects has expanded understanding of the complex interactions within political campaigns. The article concludes that frames are "storylines" or constructions of a political problem, carry the meaning of the message intended for the target audience. Frames organize the meaning of the message necessary for the electorate, form the semantic load of the necessary message, determine the essence of the message. Frames are important in an electoral campaign because candidates and the media use political communication tools – “frames” to create targeted messages, to form targeted political communications and voter outreach strategies. Frames influence voters' opinions about candidates and parties.

Key words: frames, political communication, political technology, electoral politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.023

A.A. TUSHKOV Postgraduate student of Vladivostok State University, Vladivostok, Russia

PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY, GENESIS AND FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC FIELD OF THE NATIONAL MARITIME POLICY OF RUSSIA

The phenomenon of the national maritime policy of the Russian Federation is one of the concepts in the understanding and perception of the development strategy of the modern state. From this point of view, the maritime policy appears as a social mechanism aimed at solving the tasks of ensuring the national interests of the Russian Federation in the World Ocean. However, the Maritime Doctrine approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 512 dated 31.07.2022 [5] does not provide answers to questions concerning the essential properties of maritime policy, its functions and structure. The tasks set by the author in the proposed article dictate a research strategy, according to which the essence of maritime policy is considered as an integral and qualitatively defined area of world politics and the activities of political institutions of society to ensure national interests in the oceans.

Key words: Maritime doctrine of Russia, national maritime policy of the Russian Federation, national interests of Russia, epistemological justification of the scientific category of national maritime policy.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.024

M.YA. VLASOV Graduate student of the Department of History and Political Theory Faculty of Political Science of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

DONBASS PHENOMENON AS A PROJECTATOGRAD

At present, the phenomenon of Donbass as a project city is a very topical topic in the context of the SMO. The political science world was interested in the phenomenon of the rebellious Donbass, the underlying reasons for such an uprising. In the course of the study, it was noted that the reasons for the uprising are of a deep nature. In the course of the study, it was noted that subjective perceptions of Donbas conceptology as a project city of the future play a very important role. The study revealed how the phenomenon of dynamic change of the regional situation is becoming more and more relevant to a competent study of social, socio-political and socio-cultural life in the Donbass as a phenomenal layer of culture.

However, due to the novelty of this phenomenon, it has not been covered in the scientific world either from psycholinguistic or socio-social points of view, which explains the relevance of our study, which aims to identify new, previously unexplored moments of the phenomenon of Donbass as a projectograd of the future.

The purpose of the study determines the following tasks:

1) consideration of the research topic from a theoretical point of view;

2) comparison of psycholinguistic and psychological phenomena that contribute to the disclosure of the research topic.

The methods of research are the historical method and the comparative method. These two methods will help to qualitatively compare and contrast the existing phenomena in the future, to make a generalizing conclusion concerning the topic of our research.

The results of the research are the results which show that modern events forced the people of Donbass to forget the former divisions and to unite into the future projectograd.

The conclusion from our research is the fixation of the cultural phenomenon of the Donbass, which united and appears as a single force exactly after the beginning of hostilities in 2014 and received an intensive acceleration after the beginning of SSO in 2022. It is this fact that speaks of the phenomenon of Donbass as a projectograd.

Key words: Donbass, project city, unification, phenomenon, cultural layers.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.025

R.A. DROZHNIKOV A graduate student of the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF PARTICIPATION OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITY NATIONAL PROJECTS

The article deals with topical aspects of the foreign experience of the owners of state corporations in the implementation of priority individual projects.

The author of the consideration of criminal cases and mechanisms for achieving the state goals of the country's development. It is noted that the implementation of individual projects with the involvement of state corporations is included in the dependence on specific countries and sectors of the economy in which they participate.

Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of efficiency gains, use of resources, evaluation of the effectiveness of the results, the likelihood of risk and risk, as well as the risk of judicial and infrastructure support for public corporations.

Key words: national projects, corporations, state, economic development, society, business.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.026

M.F. MAGADIEV Candidate of sociological sciences, Associate Professor Department of Public Administration in foreign policy activities of the diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russian Federation, Corresponding Member of the RAEN, Moscow, Russia

SCO IN A MODERN SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: URGENT PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

This article considers the current state and the main directions of the development of relations in the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The author of the article draws attention to the fact that the complex and multifaceted process of regional integration on the example of the SCO is the most important trend in the development of international relations in the trade, economic and political spheres, as well as in the field of international and regional security.

Key words: geopolitics, integration, international relations, trade and economic relations, cyberism, international and regional security, SCO.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.027

I.I. HOMICH Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Sciences and International Relations, Taurida Academy of the Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia

THE PHENOMENON OF THE CIVILIZATIONAL REVOLUTION: APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING AND STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION

The article describes the civilizational revolution as a process of forcible change of civilizational identity through the transformation of the civilizational matrix. The civilizational revolution can be carried out both in the course of a natural historical process and under the influence of external factors within the framework of a geopolitical struggle. Within the framework of global competition, civilizations can use the tool of forcible change of civilizational identity to achieve their own goals. The article describes the stages of the civilizational revolution, including the discrediting of the current identity, the popularization of a new project, the replacement of the ruling elite and the subsequent transformation of the civilizational identity to an alternative one.

Key words: civilization, civilizational revolution, civilizational identity, geopolitical confrontation, Ukrainian conflict.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.028

M.V. BENYAMINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the Middle Ages and Modern Times, State University of Education, Mytishchi, Russia

THE ROLE OF ENGLAND IN THE NORTHERN WAR 1700-1721

The article examines the role of England in the Northern War of 1700-1721 between Russia and Sweden. It is considered the reasons for the involvement of England in this conflict, its position and specific policy in this confrontation. This article is of interest, because on the basis of the analysis of England's involvement in the Northern War, it is possible to understand the nature of the confrontation between Western countries and Russia, its causes, trends and patterns, both throughout centuries of history and nowadays.

Key words: England, Russia, Sweden, Northern war, political balance of power, hegemony, hybrid warfare.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.029

E.P. MAKAROV Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor of the department Philosophy, social sciences and humanities, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia

V.V. FEDOTOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor of the department Philosophy, social sciences and humanities, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL SPHERE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY

The study examines a number of aspects of the socio-political development of British colonial possessions in North America. Special attention is paid to the issues of the gradual cultural and political cohesion of American society. Also the subject of scientific analysis is the evolution of local political and administrative structures of the North American provinces and their impact on the colonial society of the 18th century before the start of the American War of Independence.

Key words: Great Britain, North America, colonial policy, American Revolutionary War, eighteenth century.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.030

D.R. EMELIN Graduate stundent, Faculty of Global Studies Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: MAIN CHALLENGES

Introduction. The development of any region of the planet is directly related to ensuring regional security. However, there are regions that are subject to permanent conflict, one of which is the Middle East. Being the undisputed leader in the number of various crises that have befallen this region, the Middle Eastern states are making various efforts to establish a system of regional security. Goal and tasks. The purpose of this article is to reveal the current state of interstate relations in the countries of the Middle East, which are currently undergoing dramatic changes. More and more countries that in the recent past were irreconcilable opponents are gradually taking steps that are developing positively in the framework of establishing more equal bilateral relations. Materials and methods. To consider the most acute problems on the way to the formation of regional security, content analysis was used in the process of studying the works of both foreign and domestic researchers, a systematic approach that was necessary to consider the influence of religious-ethnic socio-economic and political factors. Results. This article provides an overview of the main problems that hinder the development of a much-needed structure in the Middle East. The article also discusses the issue of interests of non-regional actors, which are directly related to the deepening of existing contradictions between the states of this region. Conclusions. In modern realities, a number of Middle Eastern countries are becoming increasingly important as not only regional, but global actors actively influencing the development of the international environment, which ultimately leads to gradual changes in the direction of a multipolar international system.

Key words: Middle East, regional security, international terrorism, Sunni-Shia confrontation, integration.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.031

A.S. KRASNIKOV PhD student, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE AMBIVALENT STRUCTURE OF BRITISH NATIONAL IDENTITY

The article analyzes the British national identity and its categorical structure in terms of approaches to the nation studies. The main purpose of the study was to show the controversial contents of the design of the British national identity, taking into account the categorical distinction of civic and ethnic (cultural) approaches within the framework of understanding the category of "nation". The author suggests a vision of British national identity as, on the one hand, historically successive, and at the same time, adaptive and transforming in terms of its value contents. The proposed study shows the ambivalent nature of British national identity, in which civil and ethno-cultural factors manifest in a single structural framework. Taking into account the content duality of the British national identity, the article analyzes and considers in historical dynamic such components of the phenomenon as religious factor, language, citizenship, state symbols and institutions, political and economic conditions in terms of their role in the development of the structure. Although the concept of British national identity remains politically relevant, the broad inclusiveness of the identity, based on the nature of its core components, weakens its position as a nationwide integrating force. Against the backdrop of a parallel trend in the UK towards a dual national identity, as well as regular attempts to reformat the content of the British national identity, the most likely scenario is that the British national identity will not be able to maintain its position as the most preferred form of self-identification of the citizens of the United Kingdom.

Key words: national identity, Britishness, Great Britain.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.032

JINGYUAN LIU Postgraduate student, Department of Comparative Political Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

ZHENWEI DONG Postgraduate student, Department of Public Policy and History State and Law of the Law Institute of the Russian, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF THE USA AND CHINA: IMPACT OF THE REBELLION OF WAGNER PMC REBELLION

This article analyzes the causes and characteristics of this armed Wagner Group rebellion and its impact on the situation of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict from the point of view of Chinese and American political scientists. Comparing the different positions of China and the United States regarding the impact of the Wagner armed insurrection, it is concluded that Russia must maintain internal order and stability and not allow opponents of the Russian Federation to use the chaos around the insurrection.

Key words: Wagner Group rebellion, Russia, China, USA, causes, characteristics, influence, positions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.033

E.I. SINITSYNA Graduate student, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russia

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE U.S. PRESIDENT AND THE U.S. CONGRESS ON NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL ISSUES IN 2021-2022

The article examines the peculiarities of interaction between the executive and legislative branches of the U.S. government on arms control issues in 2021-2022, which corresponds to the first half of Biden's presidential term and the work of the 117th U.S. Congress. The article is based on an analysis of the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) and U.S. legislation. Much attention was paid to two key issues identified in the new NPR: U.S. relations with Russia and China on arms control issues, and modernization of the U.S. nuclear arsenal. As a result, it was concluded that, in general, the Biden administration's policy in the field of arms control is aimed at ensuring reliable nuclear deterrence of China and Russia and modernizing the U.S. nuclear arsenal. At the same time, arms control remains a controversial issue on which intense discussions are being held in the U. S. highest authorities. Even when the Democratic Party controlled both the executive and legislative branches of government, the President's decisions were subject to significant adjustments by Congress.

Key words: nuclear weapons, arms control, J. Biden, U.S. Congress, political decision-making, Nuclear Posture Review (NPR).

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.034

XIANG YIYUAN Postgraduate Student, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

THE ROLE OF OPENNESS IN ENERGY TRANSITIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

This scientific article presents a comparative study of the role of openness in energy transitions in China and Southeast Asian countries. The research aimed to analyze the impact of openness on energy transitions in both regions. The results emphasized that the role of openness heavily depends on the level of development and capabilities of each actor in the energy sector.

For China, a major power with a well-developed industrial sector, openness represents an opportunity to be part of the global agenda for transitioning to renewable energy sources. Thanks to its high domestic production of technologies and resources, China can comparatively rely more on self-sufficiency to meet its energy needs.

In contrast, Southeast Asian countries need to embrace openness from the early stages of their energy transitions. Their decarbonization policies and transition to renewable energy depend on mutual openness among each other. Limited resources and technologies present challenges for these countries, making cooperation and knowledge exchange crucial factors for successful energy transition.

The article also presents criteria and conditions to assess the openness policies of each side. Furthermore, it analyzes the distinctive features and characteristics of China's and Southeast Asian countries' energy transitions within the context of their openness and international collaboration.

Key words: Energy transitions, China, Southeast Asia, renewable energy sources, international cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.035

HUANG MINGTUO College of Foreign Languages, Nankai University, China

HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF LINGUISTIC AND ETHNIC POLICY IN KAZAKHSTAN

From the period of tsarist Russia until the collapse of the Soviet Union, language planning in Kazakhstan has focused mainly on the Russian and Kazakh languages and has undergone a change from the predominance of Kazakh over Russian to the equal status of both languages. In a complex linguistic and ethnic context and a changing internal and external situation, the management of language and ethnic issues in Kazakhstan is long-term and complex. As an important country in the post-Soviet space, Kazakhstan has faced complex linguistic and ethnic contradictions, but has retained a harmonious linguistic and ethnic environment. Kazakhstan has largely achieved linguistic and ethnic harmony, where the majority of Kazakhs place national identity above ethnic identity, and the task of using language planning to construct the Kazakh nation has achieved notable results.

Key words: linguistic-ethnic policy, Republic of Kazakhstan, Russification, language planning.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.101.8.036

E.A. IVANOV Master of the International Relations Higher School Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

N.V. BOGDANOVA PhD, Associate Professor of International Relations Higher School, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN ENERGY SECTOR IN THE XX-XXI CENTURIES IN THE PROCESS OF ENERGIEWENDE (ENERGY TRANSITION)

This article analyses statistical data on the Energiewende (German energy transition) process in the Federal Republic of Germany: indicators of energy production by different types of energy, changes in the internal political vector in the energy sector in the XX-XXI centuries and significant events associated with this process. The aim of this article is to identify and analyse the main outcomes of German energy policy based on political and social discourse and legislative initiatives. Objectives of the study: to review the development of the German energy sector in the XX-XXI centuries; to trace the German transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources and to assess the risks and prospects for the development of the German energy sector in the current international environment. Methodology and research methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the research of foreign and domestic regional experts in the field of sectoral energy policy. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, statistical and content analysis.

Conclusions: Germany's energy sector is experiencing temporary difficulties at the present stage, but the growth dynamics of the renewable and alternative energy component in total production suggests that Germany is making good progress towards its goal of a complete transition to renewable energy. One cannot ignore the fact that by some indicators nuclear power is safer than renewables in terms of generation stability and environmental impact, however, the issue of nuclear energy in Germany is closed in the short term due to social and political movements. The link between legislative initiatives and social discourse, which has been a decisive factor for the development of the German energy sector, is identified.

Key words: German energy sector, energy policy, Green Industrial Revolution, renewable energy, Path-Dependence, political and social discourse, Energiewende, NPP.

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