№ 2 (119), 2025

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 15. Issue 2 (119), 2025

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Miku N.V., Davydov A.S. Methodologists (Instructors) in Industrial Gymnastics – Organizers of Mass Physical Culture and Sports Work of the Sports Community «Harvest» in the Late 1950s – 1960s. (Based on Materials from the Penza Region)
Tabeykina E.K., Khutorova L.M. Current State of Cultural Heritage Protection in Russia
Uporov I.V. Gulag in the Post-War Period: Features of Functioning and Reasons for Mass Disobedience of Prisoners

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Tumanyan G.V. The History of the Emergence and Development of Participatory Democracy: from Antiquity to Porto Alegre

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Rashchikov A.A. The Phenomenology of Protectionism: Conceptual Foundations and Practical Implementation in Industrial Policy of Russia
Shatkov A.Yu. Migration Policy and Interethnic Relations in the Russian Federation: Socio-Cultural Adaptation and Integration

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

Agasieva M.N. Preservation of Traditional Values as a Priority Direction of State Policy
Balynskaya N.R., Shkurko N.S., Kashuba I.V. Cultural Values of Modern Russian Youth
Shcherbachenko A.K., Grebenkin D.L., Grigoryan D.K. Saving the People of Russia and Developing Human Potential as the Most Important Strategic National Priority

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Shitkov S.V. Digital Technologies in the Practice of Public Diplomacy: the Potential of Meta-Universes in Museum Diplomacy
Demidov A.V. On the Issue of Foreign Policy of Russia During the Reign of Ivan III Vasilievich
Mirzoeva A.R., Mirzoeva R.M. Gender Aspects of Religious Governance in Afghanistan
Yapi Joelle Roland, Mukhamedov R.A. Assessment by Africans of the Educational Cooperation of the USSR under Khrushchev with African Countries from 1954 to 1964
Bakirov E.A. Russian-Azerbaijan Cooperation. New Formats (BRICS and SCO)
Bredikhin A.V., Li Ino. Analysis of China's Soft Power from the Point of View of Cultural Communication
Veliev A.R., Veliev A.R. Politico-Strategic Cooperation Between Russia and Azerbaijan and the Role of the Azerbaijani Diaspora in the Formation of Allied Relations
Oshchepkov E.R. The Problem of Digital Crime in Japan: Latest Trends and Political Implications
Pang Lu. Strategic Competition Between the PRC and the USA and the Indo-Pakistani Conflict in the Context of Multilateral Diplomacy
Petushkov G.V. Approaches to the Formation of the Personnel Base of the Youth Policy Unit of the Council of Europe
Salikhova S.O., Bredikhin A.V. Sakhalin Ainu within the Framework of Interstate Relations Between Russia and Japan

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

Medvedev N.P. Non-Classical Wars: Modern Approaches to Conduct Hybrid Wars. Part I

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.001

N.V. MIKU Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy, Penza University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia

A.S. DAVYDOV Candidate of the Department of History and Philosophy, Penza University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia

METHODOLOGISTS (INSTRUCTORS) IN INDUSTRIAL GYMNASTICS – ORGANIZERS OF MASS PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS WORK OF THE SPORTS COMMUNITY «HARVEST» IN THE LATE 1950S – 1960S. (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE PENZA REGION)

The article examines one of the areas of personnel work in the physical culture and sports sphere in rural areas within the designated chronological framework – the provision of industrial gymnastics by methodologists (instructors), whose duties included establishing on state farms and collective farms, at enterprises not only industrial gymnastics, but mainly mass health and physical culture and sports activities to strengthen the health of the population and increase labor productivity. Regulatory documents are given that regulated the functionality of methodologists (instructors) – Regulations on the instructor-methodologist, decisions and decisions of central and local Soviet-party structures, etc.

The study reflects the requirements for introducing a methodologist's rate (from 500 workers) into the organization's staff; studied the activities of local Soviet-party bodies (regional administration of agriculture, sports union, etc.) and the voluntary sports society «Harvest» for the training of methodologists in the countryside in the region. The situation with the presence of methodologists on collective farms and state farms of the region and their quantitative growth is characterized; shows the level of their professional training (many did not even have a school education). The widespread practice of using methodologists not for mass physical education is analyzed, but in non-core economic affairs. Disclosed is a system for replacing the position of a methodologist with Komsomol workers and, as a result, the priority of their main activity and neglect of involving the population in physical education and sports. There is a clear underestimation by the heads of farms of the importance of physical culture and sports work in general, methodologists, in particular, and the facts demonstrating this are given. Cases of dishonest attitude of methodologists to the performance of their duties were revealed.

Key words: USSR, physical education, sports, voluntary sports society «Harvest», industrial gymnastics methodologist, instructor, Penza region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.002

E.K. TABEYKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan, Russia

L.M. KHUTOROVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan, Russia

CURRENT STATE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION IN RUSSIA

The article discusses the fact that more and more attention is being paid to cultural heritage and its economic significance. Preservation of cultural heritage is necessary for historical memory and connection between generations. It is also a source of values and traditions on which society is based. In times of reform and change, significant norms are revised. For Russia, the study and use of cultural heritage is especially important in times of social, economic and spiritual changes. It can strengthen the spirituality of people and prevent the destruction of national wealth. The study of cultural heritage helps to combat historical falsifications. In the realm of international relations, cultural heritage reflects the history, traditions and values of a society, contributing to its soft power and international reputation. Its protection is not only a matter of national pride, but also a duty under international agreements such as the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.

Key words: heritage, protection, memory, generation, values, traditions, society.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.003

I.V. UPOROV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russia

GULAG IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD: FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING AND REASONS FOR MASS DISOBEDIENCE OF PRISONERS

In the years following the end of the Great Patriotic War, many areas of domestic policy were transformed in the Soviet state. This also concerned the activities of the infamous GULAG, through whose orbit hundreds of thousands of prisoners passed. The article reveals the features of the penal policy of the USSR in the period 1945-1953. The emphasis is placed on two aspects. Firstly, the vector of the GULAG functioning is revealed, connected with some easing of the regime of detention of prisoners in places of deprivation of liberty, and, secondly, the issue of mass disobedience of prisoners in some correctional labor camps is touched upon. At the same time, the question is raised of why, with the easing of the regime in the ITL, nevertheless, the scale of mass disobedience was the most significant in the entire history of the GULAG. The reasons for such a seemingly paradoxical socio-legal phenomenon are substantiated. Accordingly, the normative legal acts regulating the activities of the correctional labor system of that time, archival materials, scientific works that touch upon the stated issues are analyzed, the author's generalizations are made, including the indication that, in general, mass disobedience of prisoners was not a characteristic phenomenon for the GULAG.

Key words: post-war period, Soviet state, GULAG, mass disobedience, detention regime, correctional labor camps, prisoners, code, instruction.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.004

G.V. TUMANYAN Graduate student of the Department of History and Theory of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University; curator of the Digoria Expert Club, Moscow, Russia

THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY: FROM ANTIQUITY TO PORTO ALEGRE

The article describes the process of transformation of participatory democratic practices from the Ancient period to 1989, when the modern history of participatory technologies began to take shape. The publication analyzes the main features of participatory practices and describes the features of various historical periods. The relevance of the topic is caused by the importance of participation for the development of democratic institutions, as well as the growing interest on the part of society and the state in participatory practices. Modern awareness of participation requires a deep study of historical experience in order to improve existing technologies.

Key words: participation, participatory management, public administration, civil society, political motives.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.005

A.A. RASHCHIKOV Postgraduate student, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF PROTECTIONISM: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION IN INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF RUSSIA

This article contains research on the specifics of Russian protectionism, its conceptual foundations, importance and implementation methods for improving industrial efficiency. Since industry is the foundation of any modern economy, special attention is being paid to its development, and special support measures and programs are being developed. The paper focuses on the fact that protectionism is the influence and regulation of industry by the state. At the same time, the formation of the conceptual foundations for the practical implementation of protectionist measures is considered as a fundamental condition for the development of the industrial sector, since external influences and threats are taken into account. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of protectionism. The aim is to analyze the phenomenology of protectionism from the point of view of its conceptual basis and practical implementation in Russia's industrial policy.

The research objectives include a theoretical overview of the term "protectionism", an analysis of industrial development, the study of aspects of protectionism and measures to support domestic producers.

The research methodology includes a theoretical review, analysis, method of deduction and generalization of the obtained results.

The results of the work contain a description of the main foundations of protectionism, taking into account globalization and the transformation of the industrial sector. It is concluded that the modern state policy is aimed at protecting and supporting domestic industrial enterprises. Special attention is paid to protectionist measures aimed at the economic development of the country. The paper also offers a flowchart of the conceptual foundations and practical implementation of protectionist measures for the industrial sector. The paper identifies new approaches to understanding the phenomenology of protectionism from the point of view of industrial policy. It is concluded that the phenomenology of protectionism involves the analysis and study of phenomena in the context of their perception in the economy, politics and the social sphere.

Key words: protectionism, phenomenon, industrial policy, conceptual framework.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.006

A.YU. SHATKOV Applicant, department of political science and political management, institute of social sciences, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

MIGRATION POLICY AND INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: SOCIO-CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION

Within the framework of this study, the author examines the current state of Russian migration policy and the dynamics of the development of interethnic relations in the Russian Federation. The main migration risks are presented in the context of defining institutional practices of socio-cultural adaptation and integration of foreign citizens associated with the increased conflict-prone nature of local informal ethnic and religious communities, the formation of places of compact residence of foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation, the manifestation of various problems in the implementation of migration control, etc. In this regard, the search and implementation of specific measures in the direction of maintaining interethnic and interreligious peace within the framework of protecting the civilizational code and national and state identity of the Russian Federation is being updated. As a result, the author defines the directions for improving the effectiveness of institutions of socio-cultural adaptation and integration as one of the priorities of the migration policy of the Russian Federation.

Key words: migration, migration policy, interethnic relations, nation, ethnos, Russian Federation.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.007

M.N. AGASIEVA Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the General University Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of the Dagestan State Pedagogical University named after R. Gamzatov, Makhachkala, Russia

PRESERVATION OF TRADITIONAL VALUES AS A PRIORITY DIRECTION OF STATE POLICY

Traditional values are moral guidelines that shape the worldview of citizens, passed down from generation to generation, and underlie civic identity. Values play an ambivalent function: on the one hand, they play an important role in a person's life, serving as the foundation on which the individual's further activity is built; on the other hand, the value system is the main factor in consolidating society, a condition for the peaceful and harmonious coexistence of people and the functioning of the state. Among Russian traditional values, it is customary to note the priority of the spiritual over the material, family, creative work, service to the Fatherland, morality and ethics, humanism, mercy, justice, mutual assistance, collectivism, patriotism.

This article examines the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of preserving traditional values and determines its significance for the formation of the conceptual foundations of Russia's future.

Key words: traditional values, state policy, nationality, society, Russian world, politics, strategic planning.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.008

N.R. BALYNSKAYA Doctor of Political Science, Professor Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Chelyabinsk State University”, Chelyabinsk, Russia

N.S. SHKURKO Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov”, Yakutsk, Russia

I.V. KASHUBA Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Magnitogorsk State Technical University named after G.I. Nosov”, Magnitogorsk, Russia

CULTURAL VALUES OF MODERN RUSSIAN YOUTH

The relevance of the study of cultural values of modern Russian youth is due to a number of factors that form a complex and dynamic picture of the socio-cultural landscape of the country. Generational differences in value orientations inevitably arise in the context of social transformations. Globalization, manifested in the strengthening of information flows and cultural exchange, initiates the processes of transformation of traditional values, creating conditions for the formation of a new cultural code among the younger generation. In parallel with this, digitalization, transforming the methods of communication, access to information and social interaction, has a significant impact on the formation of the hierarchy of values among young people.

Key words: culture, youth, patriotism, values.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.009

A.K. SHCHERBACHENKO Doctor of Legal Science, Professor of the Department of Criminalistics and Operational-Investigative Activities of the Rostov Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

D.L. GREBENKIN Undergraduate of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and GS under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

D.K. GRIGORYAN Candidate of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Duma under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

SAVING THE PEOPLE OF RUSSIA AND DEVELOPING HUMAN POTENTIAL AS THE MOST IMPORTANT STRATEGIC NATIONAL PRIORITY

The article examines the key aspect of the national security strategy, which is "preservation of the people of Russia and development of human potential." In the context of a special military operation, one of the fundamental factors of sustainable development of the country is social policy. For its implementation, effective measures are needed in the field of education and health care, they are an important condition for improving the quality of life of citizens. Also, attention is focused on ways to increase the birth rate, the growth of income of the population and the concept of social services as the main indicators of the welfare of society.

Key words: saving the people, human potential, social policy, population income, increasing the birth rate, education, health care, social service.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.010

S.V. SHITKOV Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Acting Rector, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; Vice Rector for Legal Affairs, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: THE POTENTIAL OF META-UNIVERSES IN MUSEUM DIPLOMACY

Meta-universes and their use in diplomacy, including public diplomacy. have become a popular topic in scientific research and in journalistic materials. However, due to the fact that these technologies are in the early stages of development, the practice of using these technologies in diplomacy is currently limited. One of the popular practices within the framework of public diplomacy is museum diplomacy. In particular, the Egyptian authorities have created the city of Metanut, which makes it possible to immerse oneself in the atmosphere of Egypt 1000 years ago with the help of meta-universe technology.

The article aims to outline the subject field of research on the potential of meta-universes in public diplomacy by presenting and summarizing the results of expert surveys of three groups of specialists – practitioners in the field of public diplomacy and international negotiations, researchers of public diplomacy, including in digital form, as well as specialists in the field of information technology.

The article also presents the summarized results of a series of expert interviews, the participants of which were both academic scholars and practicing diplomats. The research allowed to identify common and different approaches of specialists to understanding the promising areas of applicability of meta-universe technologies to the practice of public diplomacy and international negotiations, as well as the main problems associated with the development of this field. In particular, all specialists pointed out the importance of ensuring information security and preventing fragmentation of the information system.

In terms of promising directions for the applicability of these technologies, researchers noted the importance of cultural diplomacy and the potential of immersive technologies to strengthen soft power and spread the values of states. At the same time, practicing diplomats were more reserved in their assessments of the prospects of this technology, compared to specialists in the field of international studies.

Key words: meta-universes, digital technologies, public diplomacy, information security, immersive technology.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.011

A.V. DEMIDOV Ph.D. in Political Science, Associate Professor Moscow Humanitarian and Economic University, Moscow, Russia

ON THE ISSUE OF FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA DURING THE REIGN OF IVAN III VASILIEVICH

The article touches upon the international aspects of the policy of the Moscow Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich on the "gathering of Russian lands". The difficulties of the Moscow state on this path are noted. Attention is drawn to the opposition to the "gathering" on the part of Russia's western neighbors – Lithuania and Poland, who also sought to bring under their control the areas that were previously part of Kievan Rus. The struggle of the Moscow Grand Duke to overcome the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke – the fight against the Great Horde, against the Kazan Khanate – is considered as a separate topic. Moscow's efforts to access the Baltic Sea in order to establish trade relations between Russia and European countries are highlighted as an important area.

Key words: Grand Duke, gathering of Russian lands, autocrat, appanage princes, Orthodoxy, Lithuania, Catholicism, Golden Horde, Pope, Great Horde, Crimean Khanate, Kazan Khanate, Livonia, Sweden, Sophia Paleologue.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.012

A.R. MIRZOEVA Assistant of the Department of Oriental and African Studies Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

R.M. MIRZOEVA Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Moscow, Russia

GENDER ASPECTS OF RELIGIOUS GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

This article examines the role of the religious factor in the policies of the Taliban movement following its rise to power in 2021, as well as the impact of this policy on Afghanistan’s social and economic landscape. Special attention is given to the transformation of the state governance system, where religious norms have become the primary regulator of public relations. The study analyzes the Taliban’s interpretation of Islamic law, which serves as the foundation for their social policies, including restrictions on women’s access to education, employment, and public life. It explores how religious doctrines are not only an ideological framework but also a tool for social consolidation and political legitimacy. The paper highlights the international response to Taliban policies, including the sanctions imposed by Western nations and the diplomatic initiatives of Islamic countries. Emphasis is placed on the strategies of Russia and its partners in the CSTO and SCO, which aim to prevent regional radicalization, stabilize Afghanistan’s socio-economic conditions, and develop mechanisms for the Taliban’s gradual adaptation to international norms. The prospects for humanitarian cooperation are examined, including educational and economic support programs that could contribute to shifts in Kabul’s social policies. Finally, the article explores potential scenarios for Afghanistan’s future development, considering religious, political, and geopolitical factors. It underscores that long-term stability in Afghanistan will depend on the regime’s ability to compromise, particularly regarding social and gender policies, as this will be a crucial condition for the country’s full integration into regional cooperation frameworks and the broader international community.

Key words: Afghanistan, Taliban, religious factor, social policy, international response, CSTO, SCO, Russia, Central Asia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.013

YAPI JOELLE ROLAND Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-6181-3249

ASSESSMENT BY AFRICANS OF THE EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION OF THE USSR UNDER KHRUSHCHEV WITH AFRICAN COUNTRIES FROM 1954 TO 1964

The purpose of this article is to search for information about Soviet cooperation in the field of education with African countries under the leadership of Khrushchev. The author has set himself the task of studying the reaction of Africans, as well as their leaders, during this cooperation. The work is mainly based on data from a survey conducted by the author among Africans from different countries.

In the course of the work, it was revealed that since 1956 the USSR has been focusing on cultural cooperation with African countries in order to enable those states that will soon gain independence from Western countries to solve the problem of training intellectual personnel. This cooperation has generally been highly appreciated by the African people, as well as by their leaders. However, the satisfaction of the Soviet side remains incomplete due to the unwillingness of some African leaders to change their orientation.

The materials contained in this article can be used in educational activities, as well as for in-depth study of the image of the USSR among Africans.

Key words: USSR, Africa, Khrushchev, African leaders, Soviet foreign policy, educational cooperation, assessment, perception.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.014

E.A. BAKIROV Graduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy, Institute of International Relations, history and oriental studies, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

RUSSIAN-AZERBAIJAN COOPERATION. NEW FORMATS (BRICS AND SCO)

The article examines the development of Russian-Azerbaijani relations in a new format on the BRICS and SCO platforms. The purpose of the proposed study is to identify the main tasks and directions of bilateral cooperation in new formats. Analyze and determine the main political and economic reasons for joining BRICS and the SCO. The objectives of this work are to consider the dynamics of development of interaction between Russia and Azerbaijan at these platforms, as well as meetings of heads of state at the highest level. Cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan is of a complex partnership nature and has established political and economic prerequisites. Relations between the two countries are at a high level, and new formats of cooperation on the BRICS and SCO platforms will take bilateral relations to a new level.

Key words: Russian Federation, Republic of Azerbaijan, cooperation, international relations, regional associations, international platforms, BRICS, SCO.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.015

A.V. BREDIKHIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Center "Russia, China, World", Institute of China and Modern Asia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

LI INO Master of Sociology, Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ANALYSIS OF CHINA'S SOFT POWER FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

The article is devoted to the analysis of China's "soft power" from a cultural point of view. The key tools of cultural communication are consistently considered, including the role of Confucius Institutes, video games, cinema and television works, visa-free policy and other mechanisms that contribute to strengthening China's "soft power". This paper discusses the role, effectiveness and challenges of this policy in the process of cultural influence, and also considers the prospects for further development of the “soft power” of Chinese culture.

Key words: “soft power”, cultural communication, China.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.016

A.R. VELIEV Assistant Professor, PhD student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

POLITICO-STRATEGIC COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN AND THE ROLE OF THE AZERBAIJANI DIASPORA IN THE FORMATION OF ALLIED RELATIONS

The article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of politico-strategic cooperation between the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan, with an emphasis on the military-strategic factor as the foundation for the formation of allied relations. It also examines the role of the Azerbaijani diaspora in Russia, which, in modern conditions, is becoming an increasingly significant actor in diplomatic and military spheres. The relevance of the study is determined by the transformation of the geopolitical situation in the South Caucasus, the growing attention of external powers, and the aspiration of Moscow and Baku to strengthen interstate cooperation aimed at maintaining regional stability. The paper explores the historical prerequisites for the establishment of Russian-Azerbaijani partnership, its dynamics after the collapse of the USSR, key directions of bilateral contacts, and factors determining the further deepening of cooperation in the field of defense and security. Special attention is given to the contribution of the Azerbaijani diaspora, which, relying on mechanisms of “soft power” and cultural-social initiatives, not only enhances trust in Moscow-Baku relations but also contributes to the formation of a new security architecture in the region. The key findings emphasize the necessity of further institutionalization of diaspora organizations, expansion of cooperation in the military-strategic sector, and consideration of external geopolitical challenges affecting the allied nature of bilateral relations.

Key words: Russia, Azerbaijan, geopolitics, military-strategic cooperation, military security, South Caucasus, alliance.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.017

E.R. OSHCHEPKOV Research Assistant of the Research and Study Group “ASEAN+, BRICS+, NATO+: Prospects for Asian Integration in the New World Order”, Faculty of World Economy & International Affairs, HSE University, Moscow, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF DIGITAL CRIME IN JAPAN: LATEST TRENDS AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS

Although Japan has positioned itself as a high-tech power for decades, the real situation in the field of information achievements leaves much to be desired. The number of cybercrimes in Japan is increasing annually at such a rate that the police can no longer cope with the growing threat. Relatively minor incidents are investigated, but larger cases remain unsolved. In 2024, the Japanese government issued a national alert and expressed its willingness to adopt American practices to combat hackers. This article attempts to analyze the dynamics of digital crime in Japan, study a few of the most prominent cases, and draw conclusions about the impact of the cyber threat on Japanese society. As scientific and technological progress develops around the world, the negative effects of regular hacking and data breaches will only continue to grow dramatically.

Key words: Crime, security, cybercrime, cybersecurity, Japan, society, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.018

PANG LU Graduate student of Department of Comparative Political Science of Faculty of Political Science Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

STRATEGIC COMPETITION BETWEEN THE PRC AND THE USA AND THE INDO-PAKISTANI CONFLICT IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY

The territorial dispute, conflicts, and disagreements between India and Pakistan remain a complex issue. At the same time, the strategic rivalry between China and the United States in multilateral diplomacy and geopolitics, including in the context of the India-Pakistan conflict and South Asian security issues, strengthens their influence on the regional situation in various ways. This article analyzes the diplomatic policies of China and the United States, presenting different perspectives, prerequisites, and reasons for their actions regarding the India-Pakistan conflict.

Key words: India-Pakistan conflict, China-US competition, South Asia, multilateral diplomacy, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.019

G.V. PETUSHKOV Vice-Rector of the Russian Technological University MIREA, Moscow, Russia

APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF THE PERSONNEL BASE OF THE YOUTH POLICY UNIT OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

The presented study is devoted to the study of approaches to the selection of personnel for the formation of the Youth Policy Division's of the Council of Europe. The methodology of the work is built through a combination of comparative and structural analysis. Based on the study of professional biographies, the specifics of the career tracks of the employees the Youth Policy Division's of the Council of Europe are identified. An assessment is given of the possible influence of this factor on the functioning of the Youth Department of the Council of Europe.

Key words: Council of Europe, Youth Department of the Council of Europe, Youth Policy Division's of the Council of Europe, youth policy, personnel policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.020

S.O. SALIKHOVA Student of the sociological faculty of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

A.V. BREDIKHIN Candidate of historical sciences, leading researcher of the Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

SAKHALIN AINU WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERSTATE RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND JAPAN

Sakhalin Ainu are the indigenous inhabitants of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Their culture, language and way of life have deep roots and are an important part of the historical heritage of the region. In the context of interstate relations between Russia and Japan, the Ainu occupy a special place, since their history and fate are connected with territorial disputes and cultural exchange. It is important to take into account the interests of the Ainu in the framework of interstate negotiations in order to ensure the protection of their rights and the preservation of cultural heritage.

Key words: Sakhalin, Ainu, people, Japan, Russia, international relations, Kuril Islands, historical context.

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.021

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House "Science Today", Moscow, Russia

NON-CLASSICAL WARS: MODERN APPROACHES TO CONDUCT HYBRID WARS PART I

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific articles and studies published in the journals of the Higher Attestation Commission list of the Publishing House "Science Today" on the key concepts of non-classical and hybrid wars. The review consists of three parts. The author considers various approaches to defining the essence of the concepts of "hybrid war", "non-classical wars". It is emphasized that for a comprehensive analysis of non-classical wars, interdisciplinary research is required from political scientists, sociologists, historians and military specialists. It is noted that these studies require further study of the problem in the context of modern challenges and threats associated with the changing nature of military conflicts. As the results of the review of publications show, the study of various military-political aspects of the course of the SVO in Ukraine have great scientific, theoretical and practical significance.

Key words: review of scientific publications, journals of the publishing house "Science Today", interdisciplinary nature, military-political aspect, non-classical wars, hybrid wars, local nature, diplomatic methods, international security, modern challenges, the Armed Forces of Russia, the SVO in Ukraine.

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