№ 3 (120), 2025

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 15. Issue 3 (120), 2025

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Syzdykova Zh.S. The Legacy of Zoroastrianism in Central Asia: Historical and Cultural Aspect
Tereshchenko O.V. The Emergence and Expansion of the Kuban Line During the Development of the North Caucasus
Mazhnikov V.I. Attitude to Historical Memory in Teaching School History Course
Uporov I.V. Stimulation of Labor in the Soviet State on yhe Eve and at the Start of "Kosygin" Reforms: Economic and Legal Aspect
Chernolikh K.V. The Crisis of the Soviet Industrial Economy: Ideological Roots and Impact on the Socio-Economic Development of the USSR in the 1980s.
Pavlenko A.I. Modernization in Russia in 1985-1993: Towards Problem Formulation
Vazerov I.D. Activities of the House of Scientific and Technical Propaganda of the Penza Region in the 1970-1980s.
Komlev D.S. Famine Relief In Simbirsk Province In 1921-1922
Suslov A.Yu. History of the Civil War in Russia in the Scientific Heritage of Professor A.L. Litvin (1931-2023)

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Petropolsky D.I. Populism as an Electoral Strategy of Modern Politicians: the Experience of Representative Democracies

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Kurbanov N.I., Ushakov V.V., Tsapok A.A. Formation of Ideology in Russia after 2022: Problems and Prospects
Veliev A.R. Political Influence of the Azerbaijani Diaspora in Russia on the Development of Russian-Azerbaijani Relations in the Modern Period

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

Kholov S.K., Olimzoda S.S. Terrorism and Extremism as Political Challenges to the Security of the Post-Soviet States

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Sigal D.E., Penkovtsev R.V. Technological Rivalry and Geopolitical Strategies as a Factor in the Impact of American TNCS on US Foreign Policy
Utkin S.A. US-EU Military-Political Cooperation During Donald Trump's First Presidential Term
Iakhnis E.A. Activities of Confucius Institutes in Latin American Countries
Volkov A.P. U.S. Counteraction to BRICS De-Dollarization: Analysis of Threats and Realities
Grigorian S.S. The Islamic Factor in the Rivalry Between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East
Ermilov A.D. Concepts of "Non-Classical Warfare" in Modern International Relations
Khusainova S.S. Geopolitical Dimension of Eurasian Integration

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

Medvedev N.P. Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey: Formation of a New Model of International Relations (Part I)

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.001

Zh.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

THE LEGACY OF ZOROASTRIANISM IN CENTRAL ASIA: HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECT

This article examines a number of important aspects of the formation of Zoroastrianism, which incorporated the features of a number of more ancient beliefs. It is emphasized that a special place was given to the Sun as a deity and the cult of Fire as a manifestation of God on earth. Attention is drawn to the fact that for a long time Zoroastrianism remained the dominant religion in the expanses of Central Asia, as evidenced by the artifacts found in the region. The uniqueness of Zoroastrianism is that it influenced the formation of links between Western and Eastern religious traditions. It is noted that Zoroastrianism has influenced the modern culture of many peoples of the Central Asian region.

Key words: Central Asia, Avesta, Zoroastrianism, sun, fire.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.002

O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

THE EMERGENCE AND EXPANSION OF THE KUBAN LINE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS

The article outlines the principles and features of the emergence of the Kuban Line as the basis for the development of the Caucasian space by the Cossacks and part of the wealthy peasantry. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a more detailed study of the reasons for the creation of the Kuban line, as well as the facts surrounding this event. During the development of the North Caucasus, pride in their ancestors and even a certain pride that separated a Cossack from one village from a Cossack from another often came to the fore in the minds of the Cossacks. The collectivism of Cossack communities and settlements was relevant only in the form in which the system of relationships between different social groups and representatives of different statuses allowed. Courage, boldness, and heroism, of course, occupied a certain place in the Cossack’s picture of the world, but these values cannot at all be called paramount or main. Due to the presence of subpassionaries in the Kuban at the beginning of the XIX century. There was a “displacement” - an artificial, external disruption of the processes of ethnogenesis, which caused passionary tension. We see the manifestation of this both in military everyday life and in housing culture. Within the framework of this study, we use special historical methods and methods of historical anthropology. The results of the study indicate a gradual evolution of the assessments and attitudes of the Cossacks, who developed their own historical ideas about the functions of military service and the expansion of agriculture in the conditions of the frontier.

Key words: Kuban line, Cossacks, frontier, population, fortress, guard, communication.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.003

V.I. MAZHNIKOV Candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor, Moscow financial-industrial university "Synergy", Moscow, Russia

ATTITUDE TO HISTORICAL MEMORY IN TEACHING SCHOOL HISTORY COURSE

Recently, in Russian society, issues of forming historical memory in the younger generation have become the object of increased state attention, and as a result, a topic for various public and scientific discussions. The actualization of attention to the problem of historical memory, the methods and ways of its formation, in our opinion, is mainly due to the urgent need of the state to activate its influence on mass public consciousness. The appeal of the authorities to historical memory has always served as an important legitimizing factor in strengthening really functioning social and political institutions. Today, more than ever, the state's appeal to the past is becoming a source of public justification for achieving clearly defined political goals and preferences. The article rethinks the concept of "historical memory" from the perspective of a special type of social memory, which has its own specific forms of manifestation that must be taken into account in teaching the school history course. It is especially emphasized that as a socio-cultural phenomenon, historical memory is an important factor influencing the formation of an individual's social identity and, above all, his or her civic identity. The article proposes an optimal approach, from the author's point of view, combining both objective-scientific and sensory-emotional components in constructing the content of teaching the school history course.

Key words: memory, historical memory, civil identity, historical policy, historical and cultural standard, historical education, school historical education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.004

I.V. UPOROV D.Sc. (Hist.), Ph.D. (Law), Professor Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russia

STIMULATION OF LABOR IN THE SOVIET STATE ON THE EVE AND AT THE START OF "KOSYGIN" REFORMS: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Soviet economy developed based on the Marxist political and ideological platform, the essence of which, to put it simply, was that the means of production, including land, should belong to the people represented by the socialist state. However, by the turn of the mid-1960s, such large-scale problems had appeared in the economic development of the USSR that the ruling elite considered it necessary to implement economic reforms, which were called "Kosygin" (A.N. Kosygin was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR at that time). The corresponding adjustments to the economic strategy of the USSR were initially and as a guide to action approved in party and government decisions. The article focuses on changes in the issues of economic stimulation of the activities of both socialist state enterprises and employees of enterprises. It is noted that enterprises received additional independence in this regard, in particular, they were allowed to form appropriate incentive and stimulation funds from the profits received. However, the size of the incentives was limited by higher authorities. And in general, the guiding principles of the reforms under consideration did not reflect the real situation in the economy, where there was a desire for greater economic independence than proposed by the reforms. As a result, it was not possible to combine an effective economy and communist ideology, which was demonstrated by the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

Key words: Soviet state, A.N. Kosygin's reforms, enterprise, economic incentives, incentive funds, ideology.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.005

K.V. CHERNOLIKH Doctoral Candidate, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Assistant of the Department, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia

THE CRISIS OF THE SOVIET INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY: IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS AND IMPACT ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR IN THE 1980S.

The crisis of the industrial economy of the USSR in the 1980s was the result of a combination of many factors, among which ideological roots occupy a special place. This article examines the main aspects that contributed to the economic decline, including the dogmatism of the Marxist-Leninist ideology, which was unable to adapt to the changing conditions of the world economy.

The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the ideological factors that contributed to the crisis of the industrial economy. Using such methods as a historical-analytical approach and comparative analysis, it is analyzed how ideological limitations, such as the priority of heavy industry and reliance on the working class, as well as ignoring the consumer sector, became one of the key factors contributing not only to the economic but also to the political crisis of the USSR.

Key words: USSR, industrial economy, post-industrialism, ideology, Soviet ideology, perestroika.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.006

A.I. PAVLENKO Postgraduate Student of Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0000-6032-7409

MODERNIZATION IN RUSSIA IN 1985-1993: TOWARDS PROBLEM FORMULATION

Crisis forces countries to look for options to improve the lives of citizens and the functioning of the political system. Russia is no exception in this regard. The article analyzes the socio-political processes in the USSR and the Russian Federation in 1985-1993 through the prism of modernization theory. The study is based on the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and historiographical tradition. The author, having accumulated the key ideas and concepts of modernization transformation, reveals the problem of half-heartedness, incomplete nature of changes in the country during the period under study. During the study, an attempt was made to consider the Soviet Union as a significant factor in modernization. However, this problem requires further study and scientific discussion.

Key words: perestroika, political history of Russia, modernization, post-Soviet Russia, reforms of the late 20th century, political struggle.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.007

I.D. VAZEROV Assistant of the department «History and Philosophy», Penza University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia

ACTIVITIES OF THE HOUSE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROPAGANDA OF THE PENZA REGION IN THE 1970-1980S.

The article examines the practice of the House of scientific and technical propaganda (РHSTP), created in 1971 by decision of the bureau of the board of the republican society «Knowledge» in Penza, whose scope, in addition to the Penza region, included the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Saratov, Tambov, Ulyanovsk regions, Kuibyshev region (since 1977). Since 1983, began to be called the «Volga House of scientific and technical propaganda», the coverage of which spread to almost all regions of the Volga region.

Forms and methods of work on the promotion of scientific and technical, economic knowledge, advanced production experience of industry and transport, construction, communications and agriculture are studied: conferences, seminars, production excursions, technical exhibitions, Days of innovators and specialists, etc. To participate in the seminars were involved production workers, scientists, including metropolitan. Local specialists, from Moscow and Leningrad, provided advice on topics of interest to local enterprises at the permanent consulting center at РHSTP. As part of the development of international contacts, it was practiced to send specialists abroad – to Poland, Hungary. The efficiency indicators of the measures carried out by РHSTP are analyzed: the use of materials of measures in the production activities of enterprises in the region and outside the region and the economic effect of their implementation, the quality and relevance of РHSTP measures, the availability of business contacts with the management of various industries, etc. The leading and coordination participation of the regional organization «Knowledge» in the activities of РHSTP is characterized (hearing at meetings of the presidium of the regional organization, adopting resolutions, for example, «On the state and measures to improve the work of РHSTP to improve the effectiveness of science and technology propaganda at enterprises, in construction organizations and in transport»).

Key words: USSR, ideology, education, Society «Knowledge», House of scientific and technical propaganda (Volga House of scientific and technical propaganda), Penza region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.008

D.S. KOMLEV Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia ORCID: 0009-0002-8450-411X SPIN code: 6909-0543

FAMINE RELIEF IN SIMBIRSK PROVINCE IN 1921-1922

The main purpose of the article is to study a little-studied topic in Russian historical science, namely, the problem of financial assistance to the starving population of Simbirsk province during the famine of 1921-1922. The methodological basis of the study included work with archival documents using both general scientific and special research methods, following the principle of objectivity.

In the early 1920s, famine raged in forty provinces of the Soviet country. Simbirsk province, which was renamed the Ulyanovsk Region in 1924, was no exception. In the Simbirsk province, as a result of shortages and excesses in carrying out the surplus by local committees, famine spread. According to archival documents, 741 thousand starving adults and 620 thousand children were registered in Simbirsk province. The results of the study showed that many state and regional authorities have been mobilized to fight hunger and help the hungry. However, the actions of local authorities were not always timely and effective, which led to a difficult financial situation for the population of Simbirsk province in the autumn of 1921. Against this background, various international charitable organizations have launched their activities, which have provided invaluable assistance in the fight against hunger by setting up canteens, food rations, medicines and clothing.

Key words: hunger, surplus, pomgol, MACAW, COV.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.009

A.Yu. SUSLOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher, Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia and Regional Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia SPIN-code: 8594-8168

HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA IN THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF PROFESSOR A.L. LITVIN (1931-2023)

The article examines the scientific heritage of the famous Russian historian, Honored Professor of Kazan University Alter Lvovich Litvin (1931-2023). The most important moments of the scientist's biography are recorded, including dissertation defenses, achievements, awards, and community recognition. The article analyzes the works of A.L. Litvin devoted to the history and historiography of the Civil War in Russia (1918-1922), the participation of political parties and the peasantry of the Volga region in it. The most significant individual and collective publications, co-authored work with the historian M.K. Mukharyamov, the topics of research, their place in the development of Russian and world historical science are noted. The problems of repression, red and white terror, the activities of the Tatar Chekists in the first years of Soviet power and the defeat of the anti-Soviet underground are studied. A conclusion is made about the importance and relevance of the scientific heritage of Professor A.L. Litvin.

Key words: A.L. Litvin, history, historiography, source studies, Civil War, Volga region, Kazan, 1918, terror, documents.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.010

D.I. PETROPOLSKY PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POPULISM AS AN ELECTORAL STRATEGY OF MODERN POLITICIANS: THE EXPERIENCE OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACIES

The political practice of modern democratic states demonstrates a steady growth of populism, parties that were previously considered niche, opposing the current political elite, are receiving increasing electoral support, and traditional parties are rapidly moving towards populism in their rhetoric and actions. In this context, the author considers populism as an effective electoral strategy capable of activating voters who are disillusioned with the policies pursued by systemic elites. The article emphasizes that the arena of competition is political discourse, where politicians promote their narratives, and populist narratives are more in demand in society due to the existing high demand from society. The author concludes that there are significant differences between populist leaders and charismatic leaders, and also argues that strong institutions guarantee a high level of protection against long-term stay of populists in power in democracies.

Key words: populism, populist, political leader, narrative, representative democracy, electoral strategy.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.011

N.I. KURBANOV Intern researcher IMI MGIMO, Moscow, Russia SPIN-code 0000-0003-4830-1373

V.V. USHAKOV Lieutenant Colonel FS VNG RF, student Military University MOD RF, Moscow, Russia

A.A. TSAPOK Bachelor's student, Faculty of Management and Politics MGIMO, Moscow, Russia

FORMATION OF IDEOLOGY IN RUSSIA AFTER 2022: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

This article examines the problems of ideology formation in Russia at the present stage, as well as positive trends that have emerged along this path after 2022. In addition, the role and possibilities of the school and the all-Russian youth organizations "Yunarmiya" and "Movement of the First" in the military-patriotic education of youth are analyzed. The authors come to the conclusion that after the start of the special military operation, the basis for the ideology in the form of traditional spiritual and moral values and the idea of the Russian world was formed.

Key words: ideology, patriotism, traditional spiritual and moral values, Russian world.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.013

A.R. VELIEV Assistant Professor, PhD student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF THE AZERBAIJANI DIASPORA IN RUSSIA ON THE DVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN-AZERBAIJANI RELATIONS IN THE MODERN PERIOD

In the context of modern international processes and geopolitical transformations, the interaction between Russia and Azerbaijan is gaining particular significance, creating broad opportunities for the development of trade, investment, and humanitarian projects. This article analyzes the role of the Azerbaijani diaspora as a special factor contributing to the deepening of bilateral relations. The main research hypothesis is that the diaspora, possessing extensive social, economic, and cultural resources, serves as a key intermediary in strengthening interstate cooperation. The article examines a number of practical examples reflecting the diaspora’s involvement in the development of the International North-South Transport Corridor, the implementation of large-scale investment projects, and the support of cultural initiatives. The methodological basis is a comprehensive approach that combines the analysis of statistical data, content analysis of regulatory documents, as well as the study of scientific literature and media materials. The results indicate the growing economic activity of the diaspora, expressed in the establishment of wholesale markets, logistics hubs, and trade centers, as well as a notable contribution to the humanitarian sphere, including the organization of festivals, educational programs, and charitable initiatives. Based on this, the article concludes that there are prospects for further strengthening Russian-Azerbaijani relations, where the Azerbaijani diaspora will continue to play the role of a catalyst, ensuring social, cultural, and economic integration.

Key words: Russia and Azerbaijan; Azerbaijani diaspora; humanitarian cooperation; trade-investment integration; economic interaction; intercultural dialogue.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.014

S.K. KHOLOV Postgraduate, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0002-4018-2366

S.S. OLIMZODA Postgraduate, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0003-1835-4755

TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM AS POLITICAL CHALLENGES TO THE SECURITY OF THE POST-SOVIET STATES

In this article, terrorism and extremism are considered as the main threats to the security of post-Soviet countries from the perspective of political and social security. The relevance of the study is due to the growing risks that are directly related to the radicalization of the population, the expansion of the influence of international terrorist organizations and regional instability (primarily of a political and socio-economic nature). The purpose of this work is to consider terrorism and extremism as security threats in post-Soviet states and identify the main factors influencing them. To achieve this goal, the main characteristics of terrorism and extremism in the region were thoroughly studied and factors that can be identified as influencing and contributing to increased risks were identified. The research process is based on a comprehensive strategy combining source analysis and comparative research.

This study examined the main causes contributing to the spread of terrorism and extremism, including socio-economic (social inequality, economic problems) and political (weakness of state institutions) causes. It evaluates the effectiveness of current measures to combat these problems and identifies important trends and challenges through an integrated approach. Based on this, the study contains proposals to improve regional and national security by strengthening intercultural communication, promoting international cooperation, stabilizing the socio-economic system, and strengthening law enforcement agencies.

Key words: terrorism, extremism, post-Soviet space, national security, radicalization, transnational threats, counteraction to terrorism, prevention of extremism.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.015

D.E. SIGAL Postgraduate student, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

R.V. PENKOVTSEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

TECHNOLOGICAL RIVALRY AND GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGIES AS A FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF AMERICAN TNCS ON US FOREIGN POLICY

In the context of rapid technological progress and increasing geopolitical tensions, the role of multinational corporations in shaping foreign policy is becoming increasingly important. The technological rivalry between the world's leading powers has an impact on global politics. The purpose of the article is to study the mechanisms of the influence of technological rivalry on the foreign policy and activities of American TNCs.

The object of the research is the multinational corporations of the USA, their strategies and influence on international relations. The article focuses on technological rivalry and its implications for foreign policy. The study uses a comprehensive methodological approach involving the analysis of literature, statistical data and case studies. Examples from political and economic practice are used.

The study shows that TNCs play a key role in shaping global politics, actively influencing decision-making through lobbying and international engagement mechanisms. Technological rivalry increases their influence, generating new risks for nation states. The role of TNCs is expected to further strengthen in the future, which will require countries to develop new strategies to ensure a balance between competition and cooperation.

Key words: transnational corporations, foreign policy, lobbying, geopolitics, economic security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.016

S.A. UTKIN Postgraduate, department of International Relations world politics and diplomacy, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

US-EU MILITARY-POLITICAL COOPERATION DURING DONALD TRUMP'S FIRST PRESIDENTIAL TERM

The scientific article is dedicated to examining the fundamental changes in the context of military and political cooperation between the U.S. and the EU from 2017 to 2021, during Donald Trump's presidency.

The article provides a detailed analysis of the key aspects that significantly influenced the dynamics of cooperation between the two sides, as well as the long-term changes in the United States' approach to the North Atlantic Alliance (hereinafter referred to as NATO) following the end of Barack Obama's presidency and the rise of the Trump administration.

Additionally, special attention is given to the security of the European Union as a whole, including the reactions of the analyzed countries to current threats linked to the policies of the American president. A primary area of cooperation was military collaboration, including the financing of military projects and defense programs.

The article employs both quantitative and qualitative research methods, allowing for the identification of key trends and factors in U.S.-EU military-political cooperation during the specified period. The results of the analysis demonstrate that Donald Trump's presidency was a pivotal moment in the process of international engagement between the two sides regarding military-political cooperation. This period not only intensified disagreements but also facilitated the search for relevant forms of interaction in response to global threats.

The author emphasizes the necessity of further research into these changes for a deeper understanding of the future prospects of transatlantic cooperation.

Key words: history of international relations, geopolitics, international cooperation, interaction, transformations, globalization, security, foreign policy, United States of America, European Union, Donald Trump.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.017

E.A. IAKHNIS Postgraduate student, Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

ACTIVITIES OF CONFUCIUS INSTITUTES IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

The article examines the activities of Confucius Institutes in Latin American countries as an instrument of China's "soft power." The purpose of the study is to analyse the scale and nature of the functioning of these institutions, to identify their role in the implementation of the PRC's foreign policy strategy in the region. The tasks include the study of the geography of the spread of institutions, the analysis of their activities, the study of the relationship with the economic interests of China. The methodology is based on a systematic approach using comparative, institutional and content analysis. The results of the study show that Confucius Institutes actively promote the Chinese language and culture, forming a positive image of China among the Latin American population. The conclusion is made about the high effectiveness of Confucius Institutes as a tool of cultural diplomacy, contributing to the realization of China's long-term geopolitical and economic interests in Latin America.

Key words: China, Latin America, Confucius institutes, soft power, cultural diplomacy, Sino-Latin American relations, geopolitical interests.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.018

A.P. VOLKOV Ph.D. Candidate of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

U.S. COUNTERACTION TO BRICS DE-DOLLARIZATION: ANALYSIS OF THREATS AND REALITIES

The article examines the process of de-dollarization in the global financial system and the role of BRICS countries in shaping alternative mechanisms. It focuses on the challenges posed by the dominance of the U.S. dollar and the potential for BRICS nations to propose new approaches to organizing international financial relations. The study underlines that de-dollarization is not only an economic but also a geopolitical process, requiring coordinated efforts among BRICS countries and the implementation of innovative solutions. The attempts by BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) to reduce reliance on the U.S. dollar in international settlements have drawn sharp criticism from Donald Trump, who in January 2024 threatened to impose 100% tariffs on imports from these countries should they create an alternative currency. The article also analyzes the feasibility of such threats, their economic underpinnings, and the strategic and institutional barriers hindering de-dollarization within the BRICS framework.

Key words: US, BRICS, de-dollarization, dollar, reserve currency, sanctions, national currencies, mutual settlements.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.019

S.S. GRIGORIAN Postgraduate student Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE ISLAMIC FACTOR IN THE RIVALRY BETWEEN IRAN AND SAUDI ARABIA IN THE MIDDLE EAST

This article highlights the problem of religious contradictions between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The competition for leadership in the Islamic world and claims to legitimacy lead to tension between them, exacerbated by the incompatibility of the Wahhabi identity of Saudi Arabia and the Shiite identity in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of the scientific article is to analyze the role of religion in the rivalry between the two states.

The article analyzes the events after the 1979 revolution in Iran and the Arab Spring of 2011, and also examines the role of non-state Sunni and Shiite actors.

The author also examines the role of religion as a soft power in the foreign policy of Iran and Saudi Arabia.

Key words: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Axis of Resistance, Peninsula Shield Force, Sunni Islam, Shia Islam.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.020

A.D. ERMILOV Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy at the Institute of International Relations, Kazan Federal University (Volga Region) University Kazan, Russia ORCID: 0009-0000-0659-7715

CONCEPTS OF "NON-CLASSICAL WARFARE" IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The article is devoted to the analysis of key concepts of non-classical wars in modern international relations, including preemptive, hybrid and small wars. The author examines various approaches to the definition of preemptive warfare, emphasizing its connection with preemptive self-defense and the security dilemma, as well as the impact of nuclear strategic parity and the "Bush Doctrine" on its development. Hybrid warfare is analyzed as a multidimensional phenomenon combining military and non-military methods, which leads to a blurring of the boundaries between peace and war. Special attention is paid to small-scale warfare, which is characterized by asymmetry, the use of irregular forces and a combination of military and diplomatic methods. It is emphasized that small wars, despite their local nature, can have significant consequences for international security. It is noted that these concepts require further study in the context of modern challenges and threats related to the changing nature of military conflicts.

Key words: modern international conflicts, non-classical wars, hybrid warfare, small war, preemptive war.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.012

S.S. KHUSAINOVA Assistant of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSION OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION

The Russian Federation as the successor and heir of the Soviet Union in the changing of the world’s area is the center of Eurasian integration. Rapid growth of interest in the region comes not only from the economic leaders of Asia, but also from the countries of Southeast Asia and the states of Central Asia. The classical representation of the post-Soviet space from the point of view of the geopolitical position in the new system of international relations can also use such terminology as Greater Eurasia, Small Eurasia and the countries of North-Eastern Eurasia. In order to maintain the leading role and strengthen the position of the leader in Eurasian integration of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to identify not only geographical zones, but also to determine the criteria by which cooperation in the region will be successful in the long term.

Key words: Russian Federation, Eurasian integration, cooperation, interaction, soft power.

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.021

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House "Science Today", Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA, AZERBAIJAN, TURKEY: FORMATION OF A NEW MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PART I

Based on a review of current publications in scientific journals on the list of the Higher Attestation Commission, the article attempts to characterize the process of formation of a new model of international relations between Russia, Azerbaijan and Turkey. At the same time, positive and negative mechanisms of these interstate relations are analyzed in the context of taking into account the national interests of the Russian Federation. Of particular research interest is the expansion of economic relations and the military-political aspect of the problem, in connection with Turkey's membership in the military-political bloc NATO. As well as the attitude of states to the SVO in Ukraine and to the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The article consists of three parts published in different journals of the publishing house "Science Today".

Key words: scientific review, current publications, international relations, new model, Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, national interests, economic relations, military-political aspect, settlement, SVO in Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

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