№ 4 (97), 2023

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 13. Issue 4 (97), 2023

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Sinitsyn O.V. Towards Interdisciplinarity: the Question of the Specificity of Historical Concepts in Russian Historiography at the Beginning of the 20th Century
Boyko N.S., Alexandrov S.G., Seitumer R.R. Government Loans During the Great Years World War II and their Influence on Patriotic Rise in the Country
Galiullina S.D., Nurgaliev A.R. Formation and Development of Museum Business in Ufa Province (1865-1917)
Olshanskaya L.V. Legislative Policy of the Russian Empire in Domestic and Foreign Trade in the First Quarter of the XIX Century
Galiullina S.D., Kotelnikov A.D. Activities of the Guardian Bodies on People's Sobriety in the Ufa Province. 1865-1917. (Socio-Economic Aspects)
Oskin N.N. Telecommunications in the Russian Empire During the Reign of Nicholas I and Alexander II
Goncharenko O.N. The Formation of Domestic Local Space in a Provincial Town in the Late 1950-s and 1960-s.
Tereshchenko O.V., Ushmaeva K.A., Litvinov V.V., Goncharov A.S. The Foundation Case of the First Cossack Towns in the Space of the Wild Fields (End of XIV – Beginning of XV Centuries)
Boyko N.S., Simonova O.V., Antonova D.A. Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Training and the Deductibility of Students (Kusants), as Well as the Impact of Initial Flight Training on Further Training in General
Golubov M.A., Ushmaeva K.A., Kolosova I.V., Goncharov A.S. Formation of Legal Consciousness of the Wild Fields Population During the Period of Initial Settlement
Pogartsev V.V. Formation of the Genre System of Soviet Radio Journalism in the Far East of the RSFSR in the 1920s – 1930s. (on the Example of Khabarovsk and Primorsky Radio Committees)
Degtyareva N.A. Discussion of the Decisions of the XX Congress of the CPSU in the Country's Komposomol Organizations (by the Example of the Chkalovsk Region)
Kuznetsova Zh.V. National Horse Competitions as Manifestation of the Mentality of Southern Altai
Kolmogorov A.M., Lushchaeva G.M. Reorganization of the School Network Structure in the Krasnoyarskiy Krai in 2012-2020. All-Russian Trends and Regional Peculiarities
Alieva L.V., Tulimonas A.N. Psychology of a Civilian in the Conditions of Occupation of the Pskov Region During the Great Patriotic War
Saprynskaya D.V. Ideas and Representations of the Jadids about the Nation (by the Example of the Works of M. Bigiev)
Allanyazov M.B. Zoning of Central Asia
Merkulov A.V. Labour of Industrial and Agricultural Enterprises of the Ryazan Region During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945
Filippov G.G. Research of the Yakut Pedigree of the Filippovs of the Suntarsky Ulus
Jin Sil. Migrations of Ethnic Minorities of the Far East (1920-1930s) (Historiography of the Problem)

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Boltenkova L.F. Gender Regulation in the Context of Religion (Article One)

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Kryukova E.V., Nadekhina Yu.P. Russia: a Historical View of Clientelism in the State Apparatus and its Current Trends
Davydova N.S. Civil-Identical Model of Party-Electoral Aggregation
Savelyeva A.D. Correlation of Civil and Political Activism in Modern Russia
Savlan R.A. Geopolitical Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessments by Russian Researchers
Tulinov D.O. Procedural Features of the Electoral Process in the Russian Federation
Huseyn Abbasov. Digital Diaspora as One of the Collective Identities of Transnational Youth
Cong Xiaomeng. Modern Regime Transformation: Features and Perspectives
Chepelyuk S.G. Digital Government Formation: International and Russian Experience
Jin Yang. The Essence of Political Bots and the Reasons for their Rise in Modern Digital Communications Practices

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

Borisenkov A.A., Komar I.V., Makarov A.V. Technologies for Internal Political Management of Mass Events Based on Crowd Diagnostics
Sergeeva Z.V. Energy Transition and Energy Security: Two Points of View for Russian Energy Policy

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Pischikova N.P., Savosina Yu.V. The Strategy of «Colliding States» in US Foreign Policy on the Example of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905
Magadiev M.F. Main Areas of Foreign Economic Cooperation in the Russian Federation within the BRICS Conditions Special Military Operation
Li Wenzhen, Wu Yanbin, Sun Yu. Chinese-Russian Trade and Economic Cooperation in the Post-Epidemic Era: Features and Prospects
Ivanchenko M.A. Modern Russian-Latin American Relations
Jiang Lanhui. Sino-Russian Cooperation from China's Point of View
Mishina S.G. Conceptual Approaches to the UK Policyin the Field of Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Pichugin S.A. The Features of Evolution of German Public Opinion about Russia after the Beginning of the Ukrainian Crisis
Shiriyazdanova I.F., Marchenkova V.E., Skorikov V.V., Solodukhina E.A., Tarasov D.S. Problems and Prospects for the Development of Alternative Energy Sources in China
Burtny K.P., Paramonov V.B. The Position of World Powers on the Issue of Separatism in Catalonia (on the Example of the USA, Russia and France)
Shitikova Y.A., Khominok M.E. Digital Currency – the Road to Digital Authoritarianism in China
Abdulazizov K.M. Historical Features of the Emergence and Development of Parliamentarism in Armenia
Volovikov A.G. Red Lines in Europe: the Role of Article 5 of the NATO North Atlantic Treaty
Li Yawen. Consequences of Digital Diplomacy for China
Osmani Abdul Khalid. Ethno-Political Processes in Contemporary Afghanistan
Hussein Khalid Abdalla Elteraifi. The Republic of Sudan and South Sudan: Features of Relations in 2011-2021
Chegodar N.D. Peculiarities of the European Union’s Foreign Policy Decision-Making on the Example of Relations with Russia (2014-2023)
Chen Zihao, Mao Shuo. Impact of US Sanctions Against Chinese Companies on China's National Security

STUDENT SCIENCE

Andreev D.A., Mikheev I.D., Smirnov M.M. The Impact of the Social Network Twitter on the Electoral Process in Sweden
Bratkovskaya D.V., Rogova Ya.D., Tokareva S.A. The Evolution of the Concept of Power in International Relations in the Context of the Information War
Ivantchov S.A. Legal Approaches and Methods in Countering the Threat of International Terrorism
Nitchenko A.N. Changing Approaches to Document Management: Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Records Management Systems
Seraev A.R. The Role of NATO in the Foreign Policy System of European States in 1950-1966

Our authors № 4-2023

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.001

O.V. SINITSYN Doctor of Historical sciences, prof. of Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

TOWARDS INTERDISCIPLINARITY: THE QUESTION OF THE SPECIFICITY OF HISTORICAL CONCEPTS IN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The relevance of studying the dynamics of the development of Russian historical thought, using the method of case studies and intellectual history, through the analysis of historical concepts (historical fact, historical pattern, historical method, value approach), which takes place in all the main traditions of Russian historical science – the historiographic constant, will provide an opportunity consider the problem of "break" or continuation of traditions in the methodological understanding of the process of historical writing. Practical significance: turning to the study of the historical consciousness of society, the historian gets the opportunity to consider the development of science from a new angle: a change in the paradigms of historical knowledge appears as a symptom of worldview changes, the formation of new scenarios of collective identity and the preservation of historical memory. A serious and significant contribution to the development of the problem of the specifics of historical science, historical concepts was made by Russian historiography of the neo-Kantian methodological orientation, which set the tone for all theoretical discussions in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Purpose: searches by Russian neo-кantian historians and sociologists оf A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky, V.M. Khvosto, M.M. Khvostov, N.M. Bubnov а new ideas in the development of theoretical and methodological problems of historical science will allow a deeper understanding of the processes that took place in Russian historiography and a more complete picture of the fate of world historical science as a whole.

Key words: Russian historiography, neo-Kantian methodology of history, historical concepts, historical fact, historical regularity, historical method, value approach.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.002

N.S. BOYKO Candidate of Law, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of Law, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

S.G. ALEXANDROV Graduate student of the Department of History Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, Russia

R.R. SEITUMER Graduate student of the Department of History Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, Russia

GOVERNMENT LOANS DURING THE GREAT YEARS WORLD WAR II AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PATRIOTIC RISE IN THE COUNTRY

The article is devoted to the study of the period of World War II, when the whole country rallied in the face of the enemy and every citizen worked, giving everything for the good of his homeland. The key was the support of the population to the government during state military loans, which took place four times during the war years. The article considers the process of implementing the second state military loan to cities and districts of the Ulyanovsk region, how the subscription loan went, which areas were advanced and which lagged behind, and what were the results of the second state loan.

Key words: state loan, patriotism, bonds, factory, factory, railway station, Soviet government, subscription, debt obligations, cash.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.003

S.D. GALIULLINA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department "International Relations, History and Oriental Studies", Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Ufa, Russia

A.R. NURGALIEV Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Ufa, Russia

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MUSEUM BUSINESS IN UFA PROVINCE (1865-1917)

At present, the Russian Museum World includes state museums, which are funded by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, and private ones, maintained by public funds. Each such object has its own rich history.

This article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of museum business on the example of one of the regional multifunctional social institutions. In this regard, the goals and objectives of this study are to determine the key stages of the formation and development of museum business in the Ufa province in the period from 1865 to 1917, namely, the organization of the Ufa Provincial Museum. Now the National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, located on Zaki Validi Street (since 2008). In the pre-revolutionary period, the original name of this street was "Bolshaya Ilinskaya No. 6".

The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the formation of the first museum in Ufa, its founder Nikolai Aleksandrovich Gurvich, the activities of the committee members of the Ufa provincial museum and the progressive public of the region, who are not indifferent to the cultural heritage of the Ufa province. Particular attention is paid to the structure of the museum, departments and incoming funds at different times of the era of the formation of the national heritage. The turning points in the life of the museum are touched upon, which entailed the investment of great efforts to resume activities. This article is of particular relevance because it uses archival sources, first introduced into scientific circulation. Also shown the lessons of the past that need to be used in the present and future in a modern context.

Key words: museum, museum business, Ufa province, Statistical Committee, Bashkortostan, Ufa, N.A. Gurvich, population census, exhibits, collections, exhibitions, governor, agricultural, mineralogical, mining, paleontological, numismatic, zoological, entomological, instances.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.004

L.V. OLSHANSKAYA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations and Geopolitics of Transport, Russian University of Transport RUT (MIIT); Associate Professor of the Department "Jurisprudence" of the Moscow international university, Moscow, Russia

LEGISLATIVE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN TRADE IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIX CENTURY

In the article, the author considers the legislative acts of the Russian Empire that regulate the policy of the state in the field of domestic and foreign trade. Studied and analyzed the legal regulation of the position of the merchants, the possibility of their migration across the country, permits and prohibitions on various types of trading activities. The data concerning the export of grain outside the country in the first third of the 19th century, as well as the increase and removal of duties in this segment of trade, are systematized.

Key words: foreign trade, domestic trade, decrees, policy, transition from the merchant class, grain trade, prohibition of the export of bread.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.005

S.D. GALIULLINA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department "International Relations, History and Oriental Studies" Ufa State Oil Technical University, Ufa, Russia

A.D. KOTELNIKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies" of the Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Ufa, Russia

ACTIVITIES OF THE GUARDIAN BODIES ON PEOPLE'S SOBRIETY IN THE UFA PROVINCE. 1865-1917. (SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS)

Currently, the problem of combating alcohol addiction and deviant (deviant) behavior is acute in the Russian Federation. Market relations in the Russian economy enable the population to get virtually unlimited access to a whole range of goods and services that were not available to ordinary citizens during the Soviet era. But at the same time, the number of alcoholic beverages produced and supplied to the market of various types and quality has increased.

Despite the fact that the government is taking measures to limit the consumption of alcoholic beverages, such as: a ban on selling in stalls (including beer, which accounts for 80% of the volume sold), trading at night and holidays, limiting alcohol advertising and multiple increases in excise taxes, the issue of alcoholization of the population remains acute.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to optimize and modernize the socio-economic policy of the state at the federal and regional levels. It is necessary to create an effective social protection system. The scientific article examines the socio-economic aspect of the historical experience of cooperation between state authorities and public associations in the fight against alcohol addiction of the population on the example of the Ufa Guardianship of People's sobriety. In Ufa province (1865-1917) there was a developed system of social protection of the population. This rich historical experience should be studied and applied in modern Russia to solve the problem of alcoholization of the population.

Key words: Guardianship of people's sobriety, the Main Directorate of non-payment fees and government sale of drinks, tea houses, alcoholism, Ufa province, a shelter-hospital for alcoholics, folk readings, social protection of the population, library-reading room, people's Park.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.006

N.N. OSKIN Candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Military Institute (national defense administration) of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Federation’s Armed Forces, Moscow, Russia

TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE DURING THE REIGN OF NICHOLAS I AND ALEXANDER II

Telecommunications has been developed from the simplest experiments with electromagnetism to an extensive network of telegraphic communication including more than 2,000 miles of wires. Despite the doubts, Nicholas I had to make a choice in favor of developing a new means of communication. At the same time, the construction of territorial infrastructure was slow during the reign of Nicholas I because the country's leadership seemed to be adapting to the new type of communication, assessing its advantages. Alexander II, on the contrary, took a pragmatic approach to the development of telegraph highways. The formation of his views was greatly influenced by the Crimean War and examples of successful organization of telegraph communications by a coalition of states opposing Russia. Both monarchs contributed to the development of telecommunications, which were the continuers of the traditions of the Romanov dynasty, but radically different in their attitude to innovations. It should be noted that the conservatism of Nicholas I with his desire to maintain stability in the state, along with the reformist approach of Alexander II, left their mark on the development of a completely new means of communication at that time.

Key words: information exchange, communication organization, station maintenance service, telegraph networks, telecommunication, electromagnetic telegraphy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.007

O.N. GONCHARENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy and social sciences and humanities State Agrarian University of Northern Trans-Urals, Tyumen, Russia

THE FORMATION OF DOMESTIC LOCAL SPACE IN A PROVINCIAL TOWN IN THE LATE 1950-S AND 1960-S.

The article is devoted to the study of the history of formation of everyday life in the period of changes in the Soviet society in the late 1950s – 1960s on the example of the provincial city of Tyumen. The methodology of the study is based on the historical approach. The article considers different types of urban development, which influenced the formation of domestic local space: apartment state houses; departmental two-storey houses; individual, self-built houses. It is definite that the study period begins to form four directions of household local space of the family: collective and individual-private; urban and country (dacha). The author substantiates the idea that in the behavior of city dwellers and the acquisition of material values the orientation on neighbors, co-workers, joint leisure and holidays is preserved. The author emphasizes that a certain influence on domestic life and behavior in the urban space had a migration factor. The author concludes with a well-founded conclusion that despite the apparent monotony of Soviet life, there were peculiarities in the everyday life, which shaped the culture of the provincial town.

Key words: soviet everyday life, domestic space, housing, family leisure, culture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.008

O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

V.V. LITVINOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Stavropol College of Economics and Design, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

THE FOUNDATION CASE OF THE FIRST COSSACK TOWNS IN THE SPACE OF THE WILD FIELDs (END OF XIV – BEGINNING OF XV CENTURIES)

The article analyzes the key features of the formation of the first large settlements of the Cossacks, social organization among the «dashing people» who inhabited the Wild Fields. The relevance of the study is due to the need to rethink the early history of the Cossacks, the linear and circular structure of settlements engaged in agriculture or military affairs. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results in restoring fragmentary information about the first dwellings, settlements and social institutions of the Cossacks of the Wild Fields. In the methodological aspect, the results of the study can be used at the level of a higher educational institution, when conducting classes in historical, cultural disciplines and folklore. Scientific novelty lies in the synthesis of different approaches that allow to bring together disparate information about the early history of people who began to call themselves «Cossacks» and reveal the principles of folding the urban structure in the rural environment. Within the framework of this study, we use special historical methods, methods of historical anthropology, as well as methods of folklore. The results of the study testify to the gradual evolution of urban planning, the transformation of linear settlements into circular ones due to the synthesis of domestic, rural occupations of the population with military affairs, which were extremely necessary at that time.

Key words: Wild Fields, Cossacks, city, settlement structure, dwelling, settlement, concept.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.009

N.S. BOYKO Candidate of Law, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of Law, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

O.V. SIMONOVA Art. Lecturer, Department of Law, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

D.A. ANTONOVA Graduate student of the Department of History of Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING AND THE DEDUCTIBILITY OF STUDENTS (KUSANTS), AS WELL AS THE IMPACT OF INITIAL FLIGHT TRAINING ON FURTHER TRAINING IN GENERAL

The article made an attempt, based on the data of academic performance, to consider the maintenance and formation of motivation for the flight profession and the impact of familiarization flights of cadets of flight educational institutions, since performing at least several flights on a training aircraft of any type in the first year will contribute to increasing motivation for continuing study, self-development and self-improvement.

Key words: experience, cadet, flights, knowledge, profession, attention, piloting, academic performance.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.010

M.A. GOLUBOV Candidate of Legal Sciences, associate professor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

I.V. KOLOSOVA Police major, lecturer, Department of Administrative Law and Administrative Activities, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

FORMATION OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE WILD FIELDS POPULATION DURING THE PERIOD OF INITIAL SETTLEMENT

The article analyzes the key social, military and territorial features that influenced the emergence and development of legal consciousness among the Cossack population of the Wild Fields. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a more detailed study of the causes and prerequisites for the formation of legal consciousness among «dashing people» in the absence of written sources of law as such, in conditions when the main pillar of the proceedings in the settlement were the Bible, Domostroy, oral folk tradition and customary law of the Lithuanian Cossacks. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results in restoring data on the formation of the first real legal acts among the Cossack population of the Wild Fields, as well as to search for primary sources of law for the Don and Kuban Cossacks in the XVI-XVII centuries. The methodological potential of the study is revealed in the possibility of using its material at the level of a higher educational institution, when conducting classes in historical and legal disciplines. The scientific novelty lies in a new look at the territorial aspect of the origin of the legal consciousness of the founders of the first settlements of the Cossack type. Within the framework of this study, we use special historical methods, methods of historical anthropology and legal theory. The results of the study testify to the gradual evolution of the legal views, assessments and attitudes of the Cossacks, who developed their own historical ideas about the nature of law based on religious and oral sources.

Key words: Wild Fields, Cossacks, legal consciousness, city, settlement structure, social attitude, mentality.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.011

V.V. POGARTSEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Patriotic and World History Pacific State University, Khabarovsk, Russia

FORMATION OF THE GENRE SYSTEM OF SOVIET RADIO JOURNALISM IN THE FAR EAST OF THE RSFSR IN THE 1920S – 1930S. (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KHABAROVSK AND PRIMORSKY RADIO COMMITTEES)

The article examines the problem of the formation of the system of forms of radio broadcasting and genres of radio journalism in the Soviet Far East in the 1920s – 1930s of the twentieth century. As a reference material, the author chose the activities of the two largest radio centers for the period under study: Khabarovsk and Primorsky (Vladivostok). Radio, as a new source of propaganda, needed the emergence and development of its own tools to influence the consciousness of the population of the Soviet state and the Soviet Far East, in particular. The creation of new genres, their approbation and, as a result, selection, make radio broadcasting original and quite unlike other mass media. The author in the article cites as examples new genres of Soviet radio journalism: radio meetings, radio calls, radio raids, radio films, etc. As an example of the use of various radio genres in the field of agitation and propaganda, the article contains excerpts from archival sources, which are clearly, according to the author, demonstrate the spirit and specifics of the period under consideration.

Key words: radio journalism, radio broadcasting, genres, the Far East of the RSFSR, mass media, propaganda.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.012

N.A. DEGTYAREVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia

DISCUSSION OF THE DECISIONS OF THE XX CONGRESS OF THE CPSU IN THE COUNTRY'S KOMPOSOMOL ORGANIZATIONS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHKALOVSK REGION)

Of all the congresses of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the 20th Congress is mentioned most often in the literature. This is due to the fact that in Moscow in the Grand Kremlin Palace in 1956 the secret report of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences". However, today it is becoming more and more obvious to us that the congress marked the beginning of the collapse of the USSR. We did not see serious historical consequences from the declared rehabilitation, in contrast to negative trends, such as a split in society and a split in the socialist camp, undermining the authority of the country and the system as a whole. In the light of today's international situation, this sounds especially acute when the Russian Federation joins forces with friendly countries such as China, Iran, Syria in order to face new challenges.

The purpose of our study is to consider the activities of the Komsomol Regional Committee for the study and implementation of the decisions of the XX Congress of the CPSU. The work uses problem-chronological, systemic, comparative-historical and descriptive methods.

The author comes to the following conclusions. The decisions of the congress, such as socialism can peacefully coexist with capitalism, the course "to catch up and overtake the capitalist countries", socialism can be built in various ways, condemnation of the personality cult of I.V. Stalin were fully approved by the local regional and city committees of the Komsomol. All work on the training and retraining of propagandists, on the use of the media, on school and university education was carried out formally. The author shows numerous miscalculations and shortcomings in the work of the district party activists. On the other hand, it is obvious that the local authorities were afraid to let the de-Stalinization process out of control. The process of de-Stalinization in the Chkalovsky region took place calmly and imperceptibly, in contrast to opposition speeches at Moscow State University, Ural University, Moscow Mining Institute, Ural Polytechnic and Pedagogical Institute, Bryansk Agricultural Institute and other educational institutions. Familiarization with the decisions of the congress took place in connection with the tasks facing the region.

Key words: XX Congress, CPSU, Komsomol, personality cult, N.S. Khrushchev, thaw, propaganda, Chkalovsky Regional Committee.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.013

Zh.V. KUZNETSOVA Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture, р. Malakhovka, Russia

NATIONAL HORSE COMPETITIONS AS MANIFESTATION OF THE MENTALITY OF SOUTHERN ALTAI

The article is devoted to the national equestrian sport of the southern Altaians as a manifestation of ethnic mentality. Its relevance is due to the increasing role of the ethnic factor both throughout the world and in the life of our country. The purpose of the study is to study the national equestrian sport in terms of the manifestation of the ethnic mentality of the Altaians. The article substantiates the importance of ethnic equestrian competitions both for the ethnic identity of the competing ethnic groups, and for the cultural enrichment of Russians and the establishment of mutual understanding between peoples. The role of the horse in the worldview of the peoples of Altai is considered. The mental psychological foundations and symbolic content of such popular equestrian competitions of the peoples of Altai as Kök böry, Emdik Uredish and Telengit-kuresh are also analyzed. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn that equestrian sport can be considered as a figurative and symbolic marker of both the general Turkic and the Altai mentality itself, as well as a way for the Altaians to feel their closeness with the long-gone ancestors and generations of epic heroes. Equestrian competitions, in addition to the sports component, are part of a sacred action aimed at obtaining mercy from the spirits of Altai, reflecting the features of the figurative-sign realities of the ethnic mentality of the Altai, as well as the social-normative and figurative-sign realities of the mentality of individual Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of Altai.

Key words: ethnic mentality, "shock of the future", national sport, Kok böry, Emdik Uredish, Telengit-kuresh, natural reality, figurative-sign reality, ethnic marker.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.014

A.M. KOLMOGOROV Master student of the Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

G.M. LUSHCHAEVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

REORGANIZATION OF THE SCHOOL NETWORK STRUCTURE IN THE KRASNOYARSKIY KRAI IN 2012-2020. ALL-RUSSIAN TRENDS AND REGIONAL PECULIARITIES

The study is devoted to the analysis of changes in the structure of the school network of the Krasnoyarskiy krai in 2012-2020 in comparison with the average Russian indicators. The dynamics of changes in various quantitative indicators are given, for example, the number of school students, the number of teachers and their gender ratio, the structure of the general education network, the average per capita load on teachers and schools. The article is used open data from Federal State Statistics Service, the socio-economic development Strategy of the Krasnoyarskiy krai until 2030, legal acts of the federal and regional levels, which allowed identifying the main directions of reorganization. The features of the reorganization of the structure of the educational network of the Krasnoyarskiy krai as a whole are revealed, as well as an analysis of rural and city areas is given.

Key words: dynamics of the number of schools, dynamics of the number of school students, Krasnoyarsk region, school statistics, changes in the structure of the school network, reorganization of the structure of education, school network.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.015

L.V. ALIEVA Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Pskov State University, Senior Researcher at the Research and Educational Laboratory for Studying the Events of the Second World War and Counteracting the Falsification of History, Pskov, Russia

A.N. TULIMONAS Master's student of the Pskov State University, Pskov, Russia

PSYCHOLOGY OF A CIVILIAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF OCCUPATION OF THE PSKOV REGION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The article explores the psychology of a person who found himself under Nazi occupation during the Great Patriotic War. Unlike the articles examining the behavior of soldiers at the front, this publication attempts to find out what the civilian population experienced, daily faced with deprivation and fear of being hijacked abroad or killed by Nazi soldiers. In Russian historiography, this topic remains poorly studied – except in the context of the psychology of blockade runners, many of whom suffer from haording more than a decade later. The article publishes oral testimonies of eyewitnesses that allow us to comprehend the psychology of the civilian population in the occupied territory of the Pskov Region.

Key words: Great Patriotic War, Pskov Region, Nazi occupation, human psychology, civilian population.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.016

D.V. SAPRYNSKAYA IAAS Research Fellow, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

IDEAS AND REPRESENTATIONS OF THE JADIDS ABOUT THE NATION (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE WORKS OF M. BIGIEV)

The article reveals the well-known ideas of the Tatar philosopher-theologian and publicist Musa Yarullovich Bigiyev about the discovery of the self-consciousness of Muslims in Russia and the world. The figure of Bigiev spread with a progressive trend within the Muslim Ummah of Russia, promoted in the history of Muslims as "jadidism", that is, the ideology of Muslim modernism. The author highlights a versatile approach to understanding the ideas of a political nation and the context of M. Bigiev's ideas, associated with the transitional events of the early 20th century in world history.

Key words: nation, nationalism, Bigiev, Islam, Jadidism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.017

M.B. ALLANYAZOV Postgraduate student of St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

ZONING OF CENTRAL ASIA

The article discusses the zoning of Central Asia, when zoning in Central Asia began before the national-territorial demarcation in order to unite them economically, the Central Asian Economic Council was created for this purpose. As a result, economic policy in Central Asia becomes the subject of attention of many people, since zoning covered many territories and farms that were previously poorly studied or generally not represented in the state register of some republics of that period.

An integrated approach to the study of the topic has led to the use of common methods of historical research: comparative historical analysis for, historical description, statistical methods. Research about was carried out in a historical-problem-analytical manner.

The source base of the study is archival documents, published materials and literature. A significant group of sources are published materials of party congresses and conferences.

Key words: Zoning, Soviet power, Central Asia, Central Asian Economic Council, kent, shuro, Republic, reform, region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.018

A.V. MERKULOV Postgraduate student (Historical Science and Archeology, National History) of Ryazan State University named for S. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia

LABOUR OF INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES OF THE RYAZAN REGION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1941-1945

This article deals with the events taking place in the Ryazan region during the Great Patriotic War, the evacuation of many key enterprises deep into the rear, the return of these enterprises back in a few months and the operational transition of the specifics of the production of factories and factories to military rails. In particular, about the Murmin cloth factory, which in the first months of the war had to switch to the production of cloth and other products for the Red Army, and about the difficulties the enterprise faced. About the situation that has developed at the Ranenburg Iron Foundry and for which its directors were condemned. Using the example of the Sasovsky district, one can understand what the situation was in the collective farms and state farms of the region at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

Key words: Enterprises of the Ryazan region, Great Patriotic War, Murmansk Cloth Factory, Ranenburg Iron Foundry, Sasovsky district, collective farms, state farms, Red Army, Ryazselmash.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.019

G.G. FILIPPOV Postgraduate student of the Northeastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia

RESEARCH OF THE YAKUT PEDIGREE OF THE FILIPPOVS OF THE SUNTARSKY ULUS

A study of the Yakut Filippov family tree on the territory of the Zharkhan nasleg Suntarsky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The article analyzes scientific research in accordance with the reliability of oral information as a source of primary information in accordance with the ethnographic notes of Seroshevsky V.L. in a comparative aspect with archival sources. The scientific novelty lies in the creation of an objective picture of the construction of a family tree in the context of the historical development of the Suntarsky district.

Key words: genealogy, metric books, pedigrees, foreigners.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.020

JIN SIL Postgraduate student of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

MIGRATIONS OF ETHNIC MINORITIES OF THE FAR EAST (1920-1930s) (HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROBLEM)

The proposed article deals with the issues related to the role and place of small peoples and ethnic minorities of the Soviet Far East in the context of internal migration processes of the 1920-1930s, and also reveals the degree of development of this topic in Russian historiography.

The author analyzes in detail the state policy of the Soviet state in the field of regulation of ethnic migration and the status of national minorities during this period. At the same time, the emphasis in the article is on the study of the socio-economic situation of the Korean and Chinese communities that moved to the Far East during the first decades of the history of the Soviet state.

A differentiated review of key publications in scientific periodicals and monographic works for the period from the 1920s to the 2020s is presented in a differentiated manner in certain scientific areas within the framework of the designated topic. The author points to the fact of the initial orientation of the Soviet government to the pre-revolutionary, "colonial" method of regulating the national ("native") issue, and only later, after the civil war, there was a departure from this method in connection with the formation of a new socialist mechanism for managing state national policy, based on the integrated integration of ethnic minorities into a monolithic Soviet society and the involvement of representatives of diasporas in a new format of management, associated with a change in lifestyle, as well as the influence of updated cultural traditions and ideological attitudes.

When considering primary sources, the author highlights a number of key points: in particular, the pronounced controlling function of the Soviet state in relation to the interpretation of certain events related to the regulation of the status of small peoples and nationalities in the Soviet North (we are talking about the forced resettlement of some national communities, the repressions of the 1930s., the fight against "political banditry", the specifics of the national policy in relation to the Chinese and Korean population of the Far Eastern Territory).

According to the author, the array of currently available scientific papers and published archival data (both domestic and foreign) on the topic of historically determined changes in the structure and dynamics of the demographic situation in the Far East region allows us to hope for the formation of a special scientific school within the framework of Russian historiography, which will put the goal is a comprehensive and systematic study of the history of ethnic minorities in the Russian Far East. Moreover, the results obtained as a result of relevant research can be of obvious value for the development of managerial decisions in the field of national policy at the state level in the present and future.

Key words: historiography, migration, ethnic minorities, resettlement policy, Far East.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.021

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Law, Professor, Moscow, Russia

GENDER REGULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGION (ARTICLE ONE)

In the article, taking into account the growing trend of disregard for spiritual and moral values in the field of sex, the religious (Christian) foundations of sexual policy, philosophical and theological views on this issue are revealed, and proposals are formulated for regulating the problems that have arisen and are being formulated.

Key words: Constitution, Bible, God, God's Commandments, gender, man, woman, family, bisexuality, legislation.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.022

E.V. KRYUKOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

YU.P. NADEKHINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA: A HISTORICAL VIEW OF CLIENTELISM IN THE STATE APPARATUS AND ITS CURRENT TRENDS

This article examines the historical aspect of clientelism in the Russian state apparatus and the current trends of this phenomenon. The issue of this article is to investigate clientelism in the Russian state apparatus as one of the phenomena that has a significant impact on the political and economic life of the country. The authors pay attention to the causes of the emergence of this phenomenon, as well as its influence on the formation of political and economic elites in Russia. The article also discusses modern methods for combating clientelism and evaluates their effectiveness. The research presented in the article is based on archival materials and a review of current literature. As a result of the research, the authors conclude that clientelism continues to exist in Russia and has a significant impact on the political and economic spheres. It is noted that the fight against this phenomenon should be comprehensive and cover not only legal and managerial measures, but also cultural and educational changes in society. Clientelism remains one of the main problems in the Russian state apparatus, which leads to corruption, mistrust of the population and distortion of competition in the labor market for professional employees. Rapid changes in the global economy and the development of information technologies contribute to a revision of personnel policies and the implementation of more objective assessment methods. This can lead to a reduction in clientelism and more effective functioning of the state apparatus.

Key words: clientelism, paternalism, patrimonialism, nomenklatura, state apparatus.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.023

N.S. DAVYDOVA South-Russia Institute of Management – branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

CIVIL-IDENTICAL MODEL OF PARTY-ELECTORAL AGGREGATION

The article presents a "civil-identical" model of party-electoral aggregation, which is based on the consensus of society and government based on national traditional values. The organizational-technical, socio-economic, value-target essential features of this model are analyzed. Political parties act as innovative parties, aggregators of public interests, and mediation institutions, acting alongside and in agreement with such important actors of the country's political and legal democratic system as civil society.

Key words: political system, innovative-type parties, party genesis, elections, traditional values, "Civil-identical" model, party-electoral aggregation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.024

A.D. SAVELYEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

CORRELATION OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL ACTIVISM IN MODERN RUSSIA

In the article, the author considers the main features of the current stage of the formation of civic and political activism, as well as the influence of this process on public and social relations. The author states that the degree of political activity and the development of political activism are influenced by such factors as age, education, qualifications and position, professional activity, financial and material well-being, existing family values, and so on. All these factors determine the development of political interests of a citizen, and, therefore, directly or indirectly affect the formation of political activism in general.

Key words: politicization, civil activism, political activity, public opinion, political parties of the Russian Federation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.025

R.A. SAVLAN PhD Student, Faculty of Global Processes Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

GEOPOLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: ASSESSMENTS BY RUSSIAN RESEARCHERS

The subject of the study is approaches to assessing the impact of the new coronavirus pandemic on geopolitical processes. COVID-19 has become the largest humanitarian crisis in recent times, which has led not only to economic and social problems, but also to the transformation of relations between states and other subjects of geopolitics. It was found that Russian researchers are in fact unanimous in their assessment of the impact of the pandemic on the geopolitical system, noting the failure of the globalist project as well as the tendency of the US and the Western states to reduce their influence on the rest of the world. The novelty of the study lies in the synthesis of existing theoretical approaches, forecasts, and scenarios of changes in the geopolitical environment under the influence of the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection.

Key words: geopolitics, pandemic, COVID-19, forecast, scenario, consequences.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.026

D.O. TULINOV Post-graduate student at the Faculty of Political Science of the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

PROCEDURAL FEATURES OF THE ELECTORAL PROCESS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

This article attempts to define the concept of "electoral process" from a procedural point of view, which allows us to present it as an integral concept, with the help of which there is a general understanding of events related to elections.

The purpose of this article is to identify the procedural features, signs and stages of the electoral process.

The following main methods were used: analysis and synthesis, formal legal and formal legal, systematic research methods.

Results. The article determines that the stage is not characteristic of the electoral process, since various electoral actions can be performed in one time interval. The electoral process is presented as a unity of procedural and material legal relations connected by one goal. The stages of the electoral process are highlighted: the preparatory stage of the electoral process, the stage of the election campaign, the stage of summing up the results.

Key words: electoral process, stages of the electoral process, signs of the electoral process, criteria of the stages of the electoral process.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.027

HUSEYN ABBASOV Postgraduate Student of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

DIGITAL DIASPORA AS ONE OF THE COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL YOUTH

The formation of ethnic diasporas has been one of the leading providers of fundamental transformations in the socio-political field of developed countries, along with exponential international integration and intensification of transnational processes. The development of digital communication has influenced the integration and assimilation of young people in the new social space, providing an efficient platform to be present both in the social field of the receiving and sending parties and employing international networks and resources in lobbying and advocating their interests. The article examines the phenomenon of the digital diaspora through the prism of the collective identity of youth, identifying the components of the cross-border integration of young people into the social field of a different culture, the specifics of the operationalization of virtual youth movements, and the increasing role of the involvement of non-institutional actors in cross-border socio-political processes. The unique role of youth in forming and retransmitting social norms, values, and practices in the transnational cultural, social, and political field determines the necessity of new approaches to conceptualizing virtual collective identities and youth.

Key words: collective identity, youth, diaspora, non-institutional actors, socio-political impact.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.028

CONG XIAOMENG Graduate student, Graduate school of cultural policy Humanities Policy and Management, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

MODERN REGIME TRANSFORMATION: FEATURES AND PERSPECTIVES

The process of political regime transformation, regardless of the type of regime itself, includes several stages, such as the collapse of the old regime, a period of uncertainty of the political regime in transformation, and the establishment of a new regime. Regime transformations are characterized by the need to address critical issues under rather urgent time constraints and a high degree of uncertainty. This article examines the peculiarities of regime transformations in political science and analyzes the prospects for the consequences of the uncertainty of regime transformations.

Key words: democratization, authoritarianism, regime transformations, uncertainty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.029

S.G. CHEPELYUK Postgraduate Student, Department of Russian Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

DIGITAL GOVERNMENT FORMATION: INTERNATIONAL AND RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

Digitalization nowadays is a key trend of government’s development policies. New technologies could make government departments more effective and accountable. To achieve these positive effects, government should to create integral concept of digital transformation. Digital government, follow our opinion, is the most relevant conception, which points out structural changes in public administration. The main goal of the article is to define the level of development of digital government in Russia compared with the best international experience. We analyze the theoretical basis of digital government and experience of Singapore and Sweden digital government – the leaders of digital transformation, according international rates. Furthermore, we compare international and Russia practice. In the result of the study, we conclude, that Russian system of digital government has high technical level, but avoids some pillars of successful government’s digital transformation. Thus, there is no integral strategy of digital transformation, civil society doesn’t participate in changes, the government doesn’t pay much attention to cybersecurity and working with public data.

Key words: digital government, e-government, digital economy, public administration, digital transformation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.030

JIN YANG Postgraduate Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Supervisor:

S.V. Volodenkov Doctor of Political Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE ESSENCE OF POLITICAL BOTS AND THE REASONS FOR THEIR RISE IN MODERN DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PRACTICES

We have entered the era of bots. With the help of bibliometric software, the article found that the study of a political bot as a technology for manipulating public opinion in social networks is one of the most important areas in this field. Based on a review of the literature, the paper also outlines two main schools of definitions of political bots. One believes that its essence is a social media account, while the other emphasizes that it is an intelligent algorithmic program. The author tries to give a new research perspective using the research method of system analysis.

Key words: social bots, bot detection, social networks, manipulation of public opinion, propaganda, extremist hashtag, artificial intelligence.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.031

A.A. BORISENKOV Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Public and Municipal Administration of the Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

I.V. KOMAR Specialist of the Information Technology Center of the Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

A.V. MAKAROV Administrator of the program «Internal Policy and Leadership» of the Faculty of Public and Municipal Administration of the Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTERNAL POLITICAL MANAGEMENT OF MASS EVENTS BASED ON CROWD DIAGNOSTICS

There are periods of political instability in the history of many countries, and it can be said that crowds are crucial during these periods. In conditions of political instability, mistakes in interacting with a tense crowd can become fatal for the political system. The tool proposed in this article is designed for rapid diagnostics of crowd tension factors during the rally itself: employees of the Department of Internal Policy will be able to apply the most effective technologies of interaction with a tense crowd in the shortest possible time.

Key words: internal politics, crowd, matrix of diagnostics of mental tension of the crowd, technologies of interaction with a tense crowd.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.032

Z.V. SERGEEVA Post-graduate student, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MGIMO), Department of Applied Analysis of International Problems (PAMP), Moscow, Russia

ENERGY TRANSITION AND ENERGY SECURITY: TWO POINTS OF VIEW FOR RUSSIAN ENERGY POLICY

This article presents an analysis of two points of view on the problem of energy transition and energy security in the context of Russian energy policy. The first point of view suggests the active development of alternative energy sources, including renewable ones, which will allow Russia to reduce its dependence on oil and gas exports and reduce its carbon footprint. The second point of view argues that Russia should maintain its status as a major oil and gas exporter, develop new fields and cooperate with other countries in order to ensure its energy security and maintain economic stability. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each point of view and offers practical recommendations for Russia's energy policy in a rapidly changing world energy situation. At the beginning of the 21st century, a number of developed countries, including the countries of the European Union (EU), took a course towards the gradual abandonment of such traditional energy sources as oil and gas in order to solve the global problem of climate change. This policy is called the energy transition. It significantly influenced the foreign energy policy of Russia, whose oil and gas industry was under the threat of reduced demand from traditional European partners. However, due to a number of economic, geopolitical and social upheavals since 2020, the problem of ensuring energy security has come to the fore for a number of countries, exposing the contradiction between achieving low-carbon development goals and ensuring the stable functioning of their energy systems. This article discusses the problem of combining the goals of the energy transition and at the same time maintaining energy security for Russia, the largest exporter of natural gas to the European market.

Key words: Energy policy, energy transition, energy security, gas markets, LNG, hydrogen.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.033

N.P. PISCHIKOVA PhD in history, Associate Professor, Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia

Yu.V. SAVOSINA PhD in history, Associate Professor, Ryazan, Russia

THE STRATEGY OF «COLLIDING STATES» IN US FOREIGN POLICY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR OF 1904-1905

In this article, the authors, using the example of the unfolding of the Russian-Japanese war, show what role the United States played in this conflict and draw analogies with today. Today, in world politics, the proclamation of the rejection of open military operations, which are recognized as destroying the world community, has been adopted. The modern system of international relations requires upholding the principles created after the end of the Second World War. However, the situation of a number of states is rapidly changing under the influence of external factors, possible new world leaders are being identified. The United States strives to maintain its dominant position, and often turns to the strategy of "colliding states" to achieve this goal. Analysis of the use of American diplomacy foreign policy strategy in the early twentieth century in the conditions of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905 makes it possible to understand and identify the features, predict the behavior of the United States in relation to the Russian Federation.

Key words: foreign policy, peace conference, negotiations, strategy of «colliding states», indemnity, world mediator, Far East, USA, Russia, Japan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.034

M.F. MAGADIEV Candidate of sociological sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in foreign policy activities of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russian Federation, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Moscow, Russia

MAIN AREAS OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITHIN THE BRICS CONDITIONS SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION

Currently, BRICS is one of the most well-known and authoritative international organizations taking an active part in shaping the global political, financial and economic architecture. This article discusses the main areas of foreign economic cooperation of the Russian Federation within the framework of the BRICS in the context of the Special Military Operation in Ukraine. The first part of the article presents the results of trade cooperation between Russia and China, India, Brazil and South Africa. Further, the author analyzes a number of promising areas for the development of Russia's foreign economic relations in the context of the Special Military Operation with these countries, including: the export of high-tech products, the formation of transport and logistics corridors, cooperation in the digital economy, nuclear and hydropower, the creation of its own payment system BRICS Pay and etc. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the place and role of the BRICS format in Russia's foreign economic policy.

Key words: BRICS, foreign economic cooperation, international relations, Russian Federation, Special Military Operation (SVO), economy, trade relations, G20, G7.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.035

LI WENZHEN Candidate of economic sciences, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

WU YANBIN PhD Student, Faculty of World Politics Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

SUN YU Research Fellow, Lanzhou University, People's Republic of China, Gansu, Lanzhou; postgraduate student of the Department of Mass Communications of the Russian, Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

CHINESE-RUSSIAN TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN THE POST-EPIDEMIC ERA: FEATURES AND PROSPECTS

Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation has made remarkable development achievements in recent years. Cooperation in traditional fields such as trade, investment and finance has entered a new stage of accelerated development, and Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation has also shown obvious characteristics, with large-scale projects becoming important support points and emerging areas of cooperation becoming new growth points. Although the epidemic has impacted the economic development dynamics of both countries, with the major shift in China's epidemic prevention and control policy in late 2022, Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation in the post-epidemic era will have more potential and breakthrough points.

Key words: China, Russia, economy, trade, cooperation, features, prospects.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.036

M.A. IVANCHENKO Teacher KAYA No. 1 MGIMO MFA of Russia, Moscow, Russia

MODERN RUSSIAN-LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS

This article discusses the prospects of cooperation between Russia and Latin America in the context of a sharp aggravation of the international situation. The author draws attention to the positive dynamics in the development of Russian-Latin American relations and emphasizes their strategic importance for the world as a whole. Particular attention is paid to the strengthening of economic ties between Russia and Latin America, as well as the political aspects of partnership. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the need for further development of cooperation between the two regions based on mutual respect and interests. The article is important for understanding the prospects for cooperation between Russia and Latin America in difficult international conditions.

Key words: Russian-Latin American relations, geopolitics, mature partnership, mutual interest, peaceful development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.037

JIANG LANHUI Doctoral student Shanghai international studies University, Shanghai, China

SINO-RUSSIAN COOPERATION FROM CHINA'S POINT OF VIEW

This article notes that the violent reaction of American political and academic circles has shown that in the near future the US strategy in Central Asia will undergo huge changes. Accordingly, the political landscape will change not only in Central Asia, but also in neighboring countries. A joint reaction to the new US strategy in Central Asia is the inevitable and only choice for states such as China and Russia. The article emphasizes that there are a number of unresolved issues in Sino-Russian cooperation, the solution of which depends not only on Sino-Russian relations, but also on the state and prospects for the development of the world.

Key words: Russia, China, cooperation, visits.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.038

S.G. MISHINA Postgraduate student of St. Petersburg state university, St. Petersburg, Russia

CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE UK POLICYIN THE FIELD OF NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION

The article discusses conceptual approaches to the study of the UK's policy in the field of nuclear nonproliferation. The author analyzes theoretical approaches (neorealism, neoliberalism, constructivism and gender studies) and shows their applicability to the study of the UK policy in the nuclear nonproliferation regime in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The work uses the historical-genetic method, which allows us to trace the applicability of approaches to the research problem and identify key features.

Key words: nuclear nonproliferation, Great Britain, NPT, international security, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.039

S.A. PICHUGIN Graduate student of the Institute of International Relations and World History, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia

THE FEATURES OF EVOLUTION OF GERMAN PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT RUSSIA AFTER THE BEGINNING OF THE UKRAINIAN CRISIS

This article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of German public opinion about Russia in 2014-2023. The paper studies the development of the citizens' position regarding bilateral relations, anti-Russian sanctions, as well as changes in the level of Russia’s credibility in the eyes of the Germans during the aforementioned period. The article identifies the main trends within this process and the reasons for their occurrence. Based on the data obtained, the paper assesses the prospects for further evolution of the citizens' approach towards Russia, which is considered to be one of the factors, that influence the formation of German foreign policy towards Russia.

Key words: Russian Federation, Federal Republic of Germany, Russia-Germany relations, Ukrainian crisis, anti-Russian sanctions, public opinion, polls.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.040

I.F. SHIRIYAZDANOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Art. teacher Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

V.E. MARCHENKOVA Student of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

V.V. SKORIKOV Student of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

E.A. SOLODUKHINA Student of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

D.S. TARASOV Student of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN CHINA

In 2020, China has become the absolute world leader in the production and accumulation of renewable energy sources. In the context of the goals and objectives set for the PRC by Xi Jinping at the 75th session of the UN General Assembly, in achieving full carbon neutrality by 2060, it is extremely important to consider the challenges faced by China in the transition period. The potential and possibilities of renewable energy production in the PRC are extremely high, domestic resources predispose to the future ability to completely cover the domestic demand for energy with an alternative method, to transfer the industrial and domestic sectors to the provision of renewable resources.

Key words: China, energy transition, renewable energy resources, ecology, hydrocarbons.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.041

K.P. BURTNY Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

V.B. PARAMONOV Student of the Russian University of Friendship peoples, Moscow, Russia

THE POSITION OF WORLD POWERS ON THE ISSUE OF SEPARATISM IN CATALONIA (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE USA, RUSSIA AND FRANCE)

In the article the authors consider the topical theme related to the position of the world powers on the issue of separatism. The authors emphasize that any actualization of the separatist movement on the territory of any country immediately draws the attention of the world community as a whole. This is due to the fact that in this situation we are talking about a "potential equal actor" in the system of international relations. The authors are trying to understand the position of Russia, the USA and France regarding the separatism in Catalonia. In conclusion, the authors conclude that for the world powers (USA, Russia and France), separatism in the territory of Catalonia between 2014 and 2017 was not the key, but only a component of European security. However, there were other precedents of separatism in modern international history, and the reaction of the world powers then was quite different from the reaction to the events that took place on the territory of Catalonia. According to the authors, the revealed circumstance is caused by the divergence of opinions of Russia and the "Western bloc of countries" led by the United States of America.

Key words: separatism, Catalan separatism, Catalonia, separatist movements, USA, France, Russia, international relations, world powers.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.042

Y.A. SHITIKOVA Senior lecturer of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia

M.E. KHOMINOK Chief Specialist of the Department for Enforcement of Judicial Acts of the Municipal Control Department of the Municipal Property Management Committee of Irkutsk City Administration, Irkutsk, Russia

DIGITAL CURRENCY – THE ROAD TO DIGITAL AUTHORITARIANISM IN CHINA

China is the world's second-largest economy, which is persistently striving to become a global leader in financial technology. Over the past few years, the use of mobile payment platforms in China has increased dramatically, while cash transactions have declined. At the same time, worldwide interest in developing central bank digital currencies has grown, and dozens of central banks are now exploring ways to offer digital versions of their fiat currencies to ordinary citizens. The People's Bank of China is leading this effort, seeking to launch its own central bank digital currency, the largest digital currency project of any major economy in the world. The move to a fully digital yuan is undoubtedly momentous. The move will speed up transactions and provide a range of data that no government has yet been able to collect effectively. All of this could increase Chinese companies' flexibility in global trade and allow the Chinese Communist Party to strengthen its digital authoritarianism at home and export its influence and rule-making abroad.

Key words: China, US, People's Bank of China, digital currency, yuan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.043

K.M. ABDULAZIZOV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

HISTORICAL FEATURES OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTARISM IN ARMENIA

This article is devoted to a conceptual, detailed study of the structure of the modern parliament in Armenia. The author carried out work on the study and specification of individual elements that make up the structural components of the institution of parliamentarism in the country. Solving the problem of researching the structure of parliamentarism, the key mechanisms of modern parliamentarism in the Republic of Armenia were also revealed. The author, using the method of document analysis in the institutional paradigm of the research, was able to identify the most characteristic, institutional features of the formation of a modern parliament in the Republic of Armenia. Using the method of document analysis, namely by thoroughly studying the Constitution of Armenia, the author managed to determine the basic institutional parameters in which the institution of parliamentarism is formed. Also, during the study, it was possible to find out how the parliament is formed, what rights and obligations parliamentarians enjoy, as well as what functions they perform in the framework of the legislative process. The analysis carried out by the author made it possible to determine the formal (legal) conditions under which the modern parliament functions in Armenia, as well as to determine the mechanisms for exercising representative powers within the framework of the institution of parliamentarism.

Key words: parliamentarism, political institutions, representation system, parliament in Armenia, functions of parliament, structure of parliament.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.044

A.G. VOLOVIKOV PhD student (Political Science), The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

RED LINES IN EUROPE: THE ROLE OF ARTICLE 5 OF THE NATO NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

The purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the role and effectiveness of Article 5 in the NATO collective defense strategy.

The article also discusses the challenges that NATO faces in maintaining its unity and authority in the face of evolving security threats. The author argues that the red lines, which represent the threshold for NATO's response to an attack, are necessary to maintain the authority of the Alliance and deter potential aggressors requires a more nuanced understanding of the concept of an armed attack.

The article uses a qualitative research approach, analyzes primary and secondary sources, such as official NATO documents, speeches and scientific publications for the analysis and evaluation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.

In general, the article contributes to the ongoing debate around the role of NATO in European security and provides valuable information about the effectiveness and limitations of Article 5 in ensuring the collective defense of the alliance.

Key words: NATO, USA, North Atlantic Treaty, collective security, European security, new threats.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.045

LI YAWEN Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CONSEQUENCES OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY FOR CHINA

From the point of view of psychology, the distinction, imagination and construction of the identity of the "other” by various national states are usually biased and even alienated. This phenomenon forms the basis for countries to spread their national images to the outside world. With the development of digital information technologies, the space for public diplomacy has undergone changes. Digital public diplomacy has become a new way of building a national image, demonstrating such characteristics as detachment, thematic diversity and sociability. Faced with a new technological picture, in the process of promoting digital public diplomacy, the country should also actively introduce the concept of soft communication, rationally use big data and artificial intelligence technologies, adopt a strategy of polyphonic communication combining official and private, and optimize the construction of the external image of the country.

Key words: China, digital technologies, public diplomacy, national image.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.046

OSMANI ABDUL KHALID PhD student at the institute of socio-philosophical sciences and mass communications of the Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

ETHNO-POLITICAL PROCESSES IN CONTEMPORARY AFGHANISTAN

August 15th, 2021, The Taliban seized control of the country and Afghanistan entered a new chapter. In the second half of the year, the humanitarian situation further deteriorated as a result of ongoing fighting and a severe economic crisis that hit the entire Afghan people.

More than a year after these events, it is vital to comprehend Afghanistan's existing political structure, examine the fundamental precepts for the inclusion of particular groups in the state system, and track the ethno-political processes in Afghanistan and the Taliban regime.

Key words: Afghanistan, Ethno-politics, Taliban, state building, Afghanistan under Taliban.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.047

HUSSEIN KHALID ABDALLA ELTERAIFI Postgraduate student in the Department of Russian Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN AND SOUTH SUDAN: FEATURES OF RELATIONS IN 2011-2021

The article discusses the features of bilateral relations between the Republic of Sudan and South Sudan from 2011-2021. The main directions of bilateral cooperation in the following areas: political and diplomatic, trade and economic, in the field of ensuring regional security, as well as joint activities within the framework of regional cooperation, are analyzed. Stages in the development of bilateral relations were identified, and the conflict zones in the dialogue between Khartoum and Juba were analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion that, since both states had different foreign policy interests and positioning on a number of regional issues, bilateral relations were characterized by both cooperation and confrontation. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of states within the regional framework as well as the problem of building confidence in interstate relations. The study showed that thanks to the efforts of the African Union, as well as several neighboring countries that contributed to the stabilization of bilateral relations, the dialogue between Khartoum and Juba from 2011-2021 generally remained constructive.

Key words: Republic of the Sudan, South Sudan, bilateral relations, cooperation, conflict potential, Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) 2005-2011, African Union.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.048

N.D. CHEGODAR PhD student of the Department of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

PECULIARITIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S FOREIGN POLICY DECISION-MAKING ON THE EXAMPLE OF RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA (2014-2023)

This article is dedicated to the peculiarities of foreign policy decision-making by the European Union (EU), one of the most influential and unique actors of modern world politics in terms of its model of organization, in the context of relations with Russia after the accession of Crimea in 2014. The purpose of the article is to determine the methods and models used by the EU for foreign policy decision-making and analyze their practical application on the case of interaction with the Russian Federation. The article analyzes the international political processes between the EU and Russia after 2014 and the theoretical concepts foreign policy decision-making in the context of the interaction of these actors of international relations. The study uses the method of case study and a systematic approach. The author concludes that the EU's foreign policy decision-making finds its origin in its institutional and normative organization and is based on “collective” and “universal” rationality. In the case of relations with Russia, the EU has formed a unified vector of relations with negative dynamics. The EU has consolidated official decisions in accordance with the rules of its functioning, despite some differences in the positions of the member states in the case of the sanctions, which is one of the main mechanisms of the EU foreign policy towards Russia at the moment.

Key words: European Union, Russia, foreign policy, political decision-making, sanctions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.049

CHEN ZIHAO Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

MAO SHUO Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

IMPACT OF US SANCTIONS AGAINST CHINESE COMPANIES ON CHINA'S NATIONAL SECURITY

Amid escalating trade tensions and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the US government announced sanctions against ZTE, Huawei and TikTok in line with its "America first" policy, followed by the listing of a number of Chinese companies on the sanctions list, an unprecedented tightening of controls on high-tech exports to China, as well as increased threats to impose financial sanctions and increase the outflow of capital from China. The strengthening of US sanctions against China is associated with the current sharp change in relations between the two countries, their transition from a state of "cooperation and competition" to a state of "aggravation of strategic competition." A series of sanctions imposed by the US government not only impedes the development of Chinese enterprises and slows down the speed of their "going out", but also affects China's national interests and national security.

Key words: Sanctions, Chinese enterprises, US-China relations, China's national security.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.050

D.A. ANDREEV Student of St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

I.D. MIKHEEV Student of St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

M.M. SMIRNOV Student of St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

THE IMPACT OF THE SOCIAL NETWORK TWITTER ON THE ELECTORAL PROCESS IN SWEDEN

The article examines the influence of Twitter on electoral processes in Sweden on the example of parliamentary elections in Sweden in 2018 and 2022. As the author's methodology, a detailed analysis of data on tweets of major political figures in Sweden during the election campaign and throughout the year after the election was used. The dependence of the popularity of parties on the activities of party leaders and actors who are not statesmen in the social network Twitter is analyzed.

Key words: electorate, media, social websites,political image.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.051

D.V. BRATKOVSKAYA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

YA.D. ROGOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

S.A. TOKAREVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF POWER IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INFORMATION WAR

The current state of international relations is characterized by a number of experts as a "new cold war". In such conditions, the question of finding the necessary ways to respond to challenges and threats comes to the fore, in connection with which states, having the necessary potential and capabilities for this, seek to influence their opponents in a more sophisticated way to achieve the desired political results. An analysis of the development of information concepts demonstrates that the importance of the category of force in its various manifestations as the main foreign policy resource of any state remains the main method of interstate communication.

In the age of globalization, total informatization and the public Internet, the digital information environment is becoming a new battlefield. New non-coercive tools are destructive threats that can undermine the integrity and well-being of the target state from the inside.

In the article, the author considers non-power tools within the framework of the concept of power, explores its evolution and varieties; explores the phenomenon of information warfare as a platform for the use of non-coercive tools.

Key words: international relations, power concept, soft power, hard power, Joseph Nye, power tools, information warfare.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.052

S.A. IVANTCHOV Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

LEGAL APPROACHES AND METHODS IN COUNTERING THE THREAT OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

Researchers, scientists and politicians agree that terrorist activity is a crime against international, national security, and against the individual in particular. The terrorist threat began to spread beyond the borders of individual states. Over time, in the process of modifying the system of international relations, terrorism has become a regional problem, and today it has covered the scale of the entire globe. This has forced the international community to take more resolute steps to combat international terrorism. The methods of combating international terrorism were also transformed and improved. The methods that are used by states today to prevent the terrorist threat at the regional and international level are different and differ in their degree of effectiveness.

In the article, the author examines the legal methods of countering international terrorism, considers the factors of destabilization of international security in the modern system of international relations, focusing on the phenomenon of "war on terrorism".

Key words: international relations, politics, foreign policy, international terrorism, international law, international security, terrorist organization, Middle East, UN, fight against terrorism, conflicts, international threat, nuclear weapons, nuclear terrorism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.053

A.N. NITCHENKO Master's degree student, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

CHANGING APPROACHES TO DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN RECORDS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

AI-assisted automation is increasingly being used both to scale traditional records management and to experiment with new ways of collecting, organizing and accessing information. In the article, the author considers the functionality of artificial intelligence technologies in records management systems.

Key words: digitalization, electronic document management systems, artificial intelligence technologies, automation, documentation support, management activities, public administration.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.97.4.054

A.R. SERAEV Master's Degree, Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF NATO IN THE FOREIGN POLICY SYSTEM OF EUROPEAN STATES IN 1950-1966

The article examines the role of NATO in the formation of the foreign policy system in Europe in the period 1950-1966. The author defines the strategic directions of the development of European states and the importance of the activities of the North Atlantic Alliance in political and socio-economic processes. The work reveals the main trends of NATO's expansion in Europe and identifies the goals set by this international organization during the above period.

The aim of the work is to study the role of NATO in the foreign policy system of European states in 1950-1966. At the same time, the object is the foreign policy system of European states. The subject of the study is the role of NATO in the formation of the foreign policy system of relations between states.

Key words: NATO, foreign policy system, Europe, political relations, economic development, expansion of the political bloc, political treaty, defense, military spending, Cold War.

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