№ 3 (108), 2024

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 14. Issue 3 (108), 2024

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Syzdykova Zh.S. The Main Stages of the Settlement of the Astrakhan Turkmens and their Ethnographic Features
Hasanov M.R. On the Historical Roots of the Unity of the Dagestani Peoples
Gerasimov M.L. Transformation of the Russian Empire Foreign Policy Position on the Greek Issue in the Period from 1807 to 1832
Gusev D.V. “It Seems to US that there is No Benefit from the Current Citizenship of the Greeks...” On the Issue of Relations Between Russians and Greeks on the Island of Paros in 1771
Gusev P.Yu. Post-War State of the Agricultural Industry and Features of its Restoration in the Occupied Territories (by the Example of the Bryansk Region)
Kovalenko O.Yu. The Experience of Forming a System of Physical Education in Suvorov Military Schools in 1943-1950
Magomedova E.M. Tats – Historical Ethnos of the Caucasus
Orlova D.I. Role of the Delegations of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR and BSSR in Resolving the Problem of Refugees and Displaced Persons (1945-1946)
Temchuk E.I. Russia and the Peoples of Asia Minor in the Conditions of the First World War on the Caucasian Front
Izotov I.A., Chigrin M.V. Training Process of Professional Staff for Advocacy in Pre-Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary Russia (Based on Materials of the Provinces of the Middle Volga Region)

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Lebedev I.Yu. Problems of Property in the Philosophy of New Times in the Works of T. Hobbes, J. Locke and Hegel G.-W.F.
Pankov A.V. Modern Elitology: on the Way from Aristocracy to Non-Democracy

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Nikolaev N.P. Anthropocene – State of Emergency – Sovereignty
Stoliar V.D. Practice of Electronic Voting Through the Lens of Technocratic Theories
Chistov I.S., Kolpakov M.V. Use of Information Resources in the Formation of Reputational Capital on the Example of RF Subjects (Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Chuvash Republic)
Urtaeva E.B. Formation of a New Political Leader: the Role of Image, Communications, and Strategy in Modern Politics
Devterev V.V. The Development of the System of State Regional Government on the Example of the Rostov Region
Asatryan B.A. Modeling of Political Governance in the Context of Changing Paradigms of Scientific Rationality
Atamanenko A.A. Comics Culture as a National Memory Medium: Context, Features, Foreign Experience

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

Pochinalina L.N., Maryina A.A., Olshanskaya L.V. Main Stages of Competitive Production in Bankruptcy of Legal Entities
Shao Zixuan. Priorities and Directions for the Development of Anti-Corruption Work in China in the Next Five Years

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Alaudinov A.A. Modern Approaches to Conducting Hybrid Wars in the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany
Vakhitov R.R. Concepts of Deterrence in Cyberspace
Liangbobo. The System of International Relations in the Context of the Idea of a Multipolar World
Seagal D.E. The Role of Transnational Corporations in Shaping US Foreign Policy
Tabeykina E.K., Khutorova L.M. Lobbying of US Religious Organizations
Akopyan G.A. Modern US Doctrine in the Fight Against International Terrorism: Problems and Prospects
Wang Feixiang. Current Problems and Prospects for the Development of Russia and China
Vlasov M.S. Features of the Information Confrontation Between Russia and the USA in the Hybrid War
Tao Zilong. Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy and Sino-Kazakh, Sino-Russian and Sino-American Relations
Pisarenko S.S. India's Strategic Balancing in the Indo-Pacific Region
Xu Hao. The Trend of Globalization: the Rise of Nationalism and the Collapse of Transnational Cooperation
Trufanova K.S. Stages of Escalation of Russian-American Relations under the Administration of J. Biden
Logvinov D.V. Ideas of L. Mechelin on Russia-Finland Relations
Ling Mengyuan. South Caucasus Research: Motivation, Characteristics and Development in Aspect Russian Literature
Lu Po Lin. Current Status and Policy Orientation of Illegal Immigration and Refugee Issues in the EU
Lian Weiyi. Chinese-Russian International Cooperation in the Field of Education and Youth Development

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

Medvedev N.P. On the Question of Digitalization and Some Modern Trends in the Development of Science and Education

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.001

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN STAGES OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ASTRAKHAN TURKMENS AND THEIR ETHNOGRAPHIC FEATURES

This article is devoted to the consideration of the settlement of Turkmens living on the territory of Russia since the 19th century, whose main places of settlement were the Stavropol Territory and the Astrakhan region. It is noted that currently Turkmens live compactly in the Volga region of the Astrakhan region, in particular, in the villages of Atal and Funtovo-1 and Funtovo-2. Their number is about 2.5 thousand people. It is emphasized that according to written sources in Russia, Turkmen settlements first appeared in 1653 on the right bank of the Volga River, which then migrated to Stavropol. It is emphasized that the migration took place in two main waves. The descendants of the Igdyr Turkmen, along with the Chovdur and Soyunaji tribes, migrated to Astrakhan from the Mangyshlak peninsula in 1793. It is concluded that the main part of the Turkmen migrated from the Mangyshlak peninsula, and the resettlement process itself took place before the beginning of the 19th century.

Key words: Turkmens, Astrakhan region, tribes, settlement.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.002

M.R. HASANOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History, Dagestan State Pedagogical University named after. R. Gamzatova, Makhachkala, Russia

ON THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE UNITY OF THE DAGESTANI PEOPLES

The article examines the issue of the roots of the unity of the Dagestan highlanders. Based on the principle of historicism, based on data from sources and analysis of existing research, it presents material about the economic, political, cultural roots of the unity of the peoples of Dagestan. A prominent place in the article is occupied by examples of the joint struggle of the Dagestan highlanders against foreign conquerors; the significance of the annexation of Dagestan to Russia in the further development of ties between the Dagestan peoples is noted.

Key words: Dagestan, highlanders, Caucasus, conquerors, Russia, connections, trade, struggle, unity, roots, language.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.003

M.L. GERASIMOV Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FOREIGN POLICY POSITION ON THE GREEK ISSUE IN THE PERIOD FROM 1807 TO 1832

The beginning of the 19th century was a difficult, but at the same time full of bright events, period for the foreign policy of the Russian Empire, characterized by two directions: Western and Eastern. The Russian Empire was faced with the task of promoting its interests in the Eastern direction, without allowing damage to the country's interests in the European direction. In this policy, the Greek issue was only part of a complex of foreign policy decisions and processes and did not have the quality of a separate foreign policy direction, and certainly did not represent strategic importance for the foreign policy of the Russian Empire. However, over time, Russia’s foreign policy position on the Greek issue began to change, in connection with the formation of a new European security architecture, as well as the strengthening of the positions of the Russian Empire both in the western and eastern directions. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify and determine the features of the transformation of Russian foreign policy on the Greek issue. Accordingly, the main objective of the study is to analyze the foreign policy position of the Russian Empire on the Greek issue in three stages: in the pre-revolutionary period from 1807 to 1821, in the revolutionary period from 1821 to 1829, and in the post-revolutionary period from 1830 to 1832. The main research methods are: methods of general source study, historical periodization, as well as the principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and consistency. In particular, in order to fulfill the objectives, set in the study, the method of historical periodization is used based on the principle of consistency. Based on the results of the work, it was revealed that the position of the Russian Empire on the Greek issue before the revolution was dictated by interests in the European direction, and did not represent a separate foreign policy strategic direction. Only in the 1820s. The Greek question acquired significant significance in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire.

Key words: Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, foreign policy position, the Greek question, the Greek revolution.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.004

D.V. GUSEV Chief Specialist of the Russian State Naval Archives, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

“IT SEEMS TO US THAT THERE IS NO BENEFIT FROM THE CURRENT CITIZENSHIP OF THE GREEKS...” ON THE ISSUE OF RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIANS AND GREEKS ON THE ISLAND OF PAROS IN 1771

The article analyzes the position of Greek society in the initial period of the establishment of the protectorate of the Russian Empire over the islands of the Archipelago in January-March 1771 and the formation of the so-called “Archipelago Principality” in the conditions of the Russian-Turkish War of 1769-1774. There is a strong opinion in historiography that relations between the Russian military and the local population were good, however, documents from the Russian State Naval Archives also show a number of conflict situations between the peoples of the same faith in Russia and Greece. The office of the Russian squadron located in the Archipelago has both official documents calling on the Greeks to come under the protection of Empress Catherine II and executed in solemn and friendly tones, as well as private complaints from the Greeks about the periodic cruel treatment of Russian soldiers towards them. A comparison of these two types of documents suggests the extent to which such conflict cases were perceived as the norm. The purpose of the work is, based on the cited sources, to analyze the features of Russian-Greek relations on the island of Paros in the context of the First Archipelago Expedition. The methodology of the work is based on the principle of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. Historical-comparative and microhistorical methods are used as a methodological basis. In the process of research, the author comes to the conclusion that cases of oppression of the local population as a whole did not have a significant impact on the perception of the role of Russians in the war with the Turks, and the Greeks themselves continued to see Russia as a friendly country capable of continuing to provide assistance and protection to their coreligionists.

Key words: First Archipelago Expedition, Admiral G.A. Spiridov, Count A.G. Orlov, Ottoman Greece, history of the Navy, Russian-Greek relations, Russian State Naval Archives (RSNA).

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.005

P.Yu. GUSEV Graduate student of Bryansk State University named after ak. I.G. Petrovsky, Bryansk, Russia

POST-WAR STATE OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY AND FEATURES OF ITS RESTORATION IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE BRYANSK REGION)

This article describes the restoration process of collective farms, state farms and MTS. It describes in detail the damage caused by the invaders and the consequences for the region and the country as a whole. The influence of weather factors on this process and government assistance in this and other issues are also described. In addition, this scientific article uses materials from such prominent researchers as Nicolas Werth and Rudolf Pihoya, as well as materials from the State Archive of the Bryansk Region (GABO). It also outlines the importance of social interaction and unity in the difficult recovery process. Considerable attention is paid to the role of the state and, in particular, political authorities, in coordinating interactions and overall coherence.

Key words: MTS, collective farm, agriculture, revival, assistance.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.006

O.YU. KOVALENKO Lecturer at the Department of Culture, Military University named after Prince Alexander Nevsky of the Ministry of defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE EXPERIENCE OF FORMING A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SUVOROV MILITARY SCHOOLS IN 1943-1950

The article examines and analyzes the experience of forming a system of physical education in Suvorov military schools in 1943-1950. Based on normative legal acts, memoir sources and publications in periodicals, archival materials from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the dynamics of the process of formation in Suvorov military schools of the direction of activity aimed at physical training of pupils is presented, the main problem areas are identified and ways of solving them are shown in the designated historical period.

Key words: Suvorov military school, physical education, physical training, physical development, Suvorov students, sports.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.007

E.M. MAGOMEDOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of History of Dagestan State Pedagogical University named after R. Gamzatov, Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan, Russia

TATS – HISTORICAL ETHNOS OF THE CAUCASUS

The article is devoted to some issues of the Tat ethnic group. In order to strengthen their positions in Dagestan, the Sasanian rulers resettled the Tato-speaking population from Iran in the early Middle Ages to the settlements of Southern Dagestan, in particular, the Derbent and Tabasaran regions. The Tats were resettled in the village. Zidyan, Bilgadi, Kamakh, Gimeidi, Maragha, etc. The Tat language belongs to the Iranian group of languages.

Key words: Tats, Derbent, Dzharag, Kamakh, Dagestan, Sasanians, culture, language.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.008

D.I. ORLOVA Postgraduate student, Department of Russian History, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

ROLE OF THE DELEGATIONS OF THE USSR, UKRAINIAN SSR AND BSSR IN RESOLVING THE PROBLEM OF REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS (1945-1946)

The article, based on archival sources and historiographic data, provides a detailed description and detailed analysis of the very initial stage of the work of the delegations of three subjects of international relations (USSR, Ukrainian SSR, BSSR) in the UN Special Committee, which met in London on April 8, 1946, as well as in the subcommittees controlled by the UN. The purpose of the article was to analyze and determine the strategy and tactics of the activities of the Soviet delegations in conditions of confrontation and the division of representatives of 20 countries into two groups, which in some cases and circumstances diplomatically, in others – in the style of realpolitik, declared the differences and irreconcilability of their positions on key issues of the decision problems of refugees and displaced persons in the post-war period.

To study the stated topic, the article used methods such as historicism and objectivity. A comprehensive analysis of documents was carried out in conjunction with comparative research principles. An attempt at terminological analysis was also made.

Thus, the role and activities of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR and BSSR in international politics to resolve the issue of refugees and displaced persons, as one of the vulnerable categories of post-war society, the legislative fixation of their rights at the international level, and the approval of possible options for arranging their destinies were revealed. The article reflects the colossal diplomatic work of the Soviet delegations.

Despite the initial mutual agreement of principles in eliminating the problem of refugees and displaced persons on the part of the three Great Powers, namely, the humane repatriation of citizens, opposition emerged during further discussion of the issue. The policies of the countries concerned were aimed at satisfying personal interests and using human potential for the needs and goals of their country.

Key words: refugees, displaced persons, Special Committee on Refugees and Displaced Persons.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.009

E.I. TEMCHUK Military University of the Ministry of Defense, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA AND THE PEOPLES OF ASIA MINOR IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON THE CAUCASIAN FRONT

The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship that developed between the Russian military-civil administration and the national-religious groups inhabiting the regions of Turkey occupied by the Russian Empire during the First World War, as well as to analyze the basic principles of the national policy of the military general government in relation to the local population.

Key words: World War I, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Caucasian Front, civil-military administration, Armenians, Greeks, Turks, Kurds.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.010

I.A. IZOTOV Dissertation of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

M.V. CHIGRIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

TRAINING PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL STAFF FOR ADVOCACY IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY AND POST-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA (BASED ON MATERIALS OF THE PROVINCES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)

This article is devoted to the analysis of the process of training professional personnel in the provinces of the Middle Volga region for the legal profession in pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary Russia. The authors of the work: examined the systemic process of training sworn attorneys in pre-revolutionary Russia using the example of training professional personnel at the Imperial Kazan University and analyzed the professional competencies of sworn attorneys; the features of the process of training future lawyers in higher educational institutions of post-revolutionary Russia are revealed. The study revealed that, due to the high interest of the population in the legal industry, there was a regular influx of students into educational institutions who wanted to go to work in the legal profession in the future. However, not all graduates of educational institutions later became lawyers due to difficulties with finding employment and reluctance to work for a long time for low wages.

Key words: Advocacy, Imperial Kazan University, sworn attorneys, Simbirsk State University, Middle Volga region.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.011

I.YU. LEBEDEV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State Regulation of Economics, Faculty of MIGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

PROBLEMS OF PROPERTY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF NEW TIMES IN THE WORKS OF T. HOBBES, J. LOCKE AND HEGEL G.-W.F.

The views of T. Hobbes in understanding the role of the state on the problem of justice and property. J. Locke on the state of property in civil society. The doctrine of the “natural” and “civil” state of society. Anthropic principle of the origin and essence of property. Hegel's views on property as the existence of free will. Ownership and production. The role of property in the formation of the type of human personality.

Key words: legal laws and property, justice, freedom, civil society, natural law, property of intellectual work, the existence of free will, alienation of man from the means of production and property, type of human personality, legal law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.012

A.V. PANKOV Postgraduate student of the South Russian Institute management – branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

MODERN ELITOLOGY: ON THE WAY FROM ARISTOCRACY TO NON-DEMOCRACY

The article examines the processes of institutionalization of elitism as a separate scientific field based on the conceptual provisions of political science, sociology, cultural studies, philosophy and other social sciences that explore the problems of leadership and power relations. The analysis of the transformation of elitist concepts made it possible to identify the main trends in changes in ideas about elites and their role in society, depending on the dominant technological structure. Currently, there is a transition to an information non-democratic society, which determines the emergence of a new type of elites, which can be called digital elites.

Key words: elites, elitology, netocracy, aristocracy, political processes, elitogenesis, circulation of elites.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.013

N.P. NIKOLAEV Professor of the National Research University «Higher School of Economics», Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Property, Land and Property Relations, Moscow, Russia

ANTHROPOCENE – STATE OF EMERGENCY – SOVEREIGNTY

The article analyzes the impact of socio-political recognition of the onset of the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch on the problem of sovereignty. The author shows that the theory of the onset of the Anthropocene, which postulates the anthropogenic nature of all biogeophysical changes on the planet and is the basis of international climate policy, is becoming part of the global political discourse. The unprecedented changes in the state and history of humanity, expressed by the theory of the Anthropocene, are also becoming an unprecedented political problem. The Anthropocene, as part of the political, has a number of unique characteristics that are capable and tend to completely change existing political paradigms. This leads to a situation that is exceptional in relation to existing norms, which is the justification for a state of emergency. The latter, in turn, challenges sovereignty as such, which cannot but cause a response from nation states. The author shows that a feature of the confrontation between supporters of the Anthropocene theory and adherents of sovereignty is competition for the right to declare a state of emergency. The purpose of the article is to understand the Anthropocene as a new political phenomenon and its impact on the global political space. In this vein, the study represents the first attempt at a scientific analysis of the Anthropocene as part of the political sphere.

Key words: anthropocene, state sovereignty, state of emergency.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.014

V.D. STOLIAR Phd student, IP RAS, Moscow, Russia

PRACTICE OF ELECTRONIC VOTING THROUGH THE LENS OF TECHNOCRATIC THEORIES

The purpose of the article is to consider the practice of remote electronic voting through the prism of technocratic theories. It is technocratic theories, in our opinion, that can serve as the basis for describing the practices of introducing new technologies into public administration.

The work consists of two parts. In the first part, the theoretical basis of technocracy will be analyzed, the definition of the concept, its history and theoretical ideas about technocratic theories that are relevant for the present time will be considered. This part will also examine the concept of scientism as a broader theoretical framework on which technocratic theories are based. The second part of the article examines the practice of electronic voting from the point of view of technocratic theories. Examples of the current use of electronic voting in various countries are described, trends in improving the technology of remote electronic voting are noted, and prospects for further practical use of this technology are presented.

In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the role played by electronic voting at the current stage of development of human society. The conclusions are presented both from the theoretical concepts discussed in the text of the article and from cases of the practical use of this technology.

Key words: elections, electronic voting, technocratic theories, scientism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.015

I.S. CHISTOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and History State and Law Law Institute of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

M.V. KOLPAKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and History State and Law Law Institute of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

USE OF INFORMATION RESOURCES IN THE FORMATION OF REPUTATIONAL CAPITAL ON THE EXAMPLE OF RF SUBJECTS (REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN, REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN, CHUVASH REPUBLIC)

The article studies the peculiarities of the use of information resources in the formation of reputational capital in the subject of the Russian Federation. Digitalization is an important factor in the development of modern regions, affecting their competitiveness and economic growth. The reputation of power is associated with the category of trust, and in relation to political institutions it is considered as a resource of the state's reputational capital and a kind of bridge over the abyss of uncertainty between power and society. In this regard, reputation capital should be considered as a kind of integral indicator of social efficiency of power, ensuring political stability. Positive reputation is an invaluable asset due to the possibility of identification of the subject with the help of values (identities) that have strong social legitimacy. Using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Chuvash Republic, the authors analyze the impact of information flows on the processes of formation and management of reputation. The article considers key aspects of the use of modern technologies in the sphere of information exchange and their impact on the subjects' reputation strategies. The study includes the analysis of social media, Internet resources and other information platforms in order to identify the specifics of the impact on the reputation of regions. The results of the work can be used for effective management of reputational capital at the level of regional subjects and in the development of strategies to improve the image of these territories.

Key words: information resources, reputation capital, constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.016

E.B. URTAEVA PhD in Politics, associate professor of the Department of Regional Governance and National Politics Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Odintsovo branch, Odintsovo, Russia

FORMATION OF A NEW POLITICAL LEADER: THE ROLE OF IMAGE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND STRATEGY IN MODERN POLITICS

Subject of research: the role of image, communications, and modern political strategy in the formation of new leaders in Russian politics. Methods: literature review, institutional analysis, critical conceptual analysis of scientific literature about research, survey of experts, in-depth interview. Results: the history and modernity of studying aspects of the formation of a new political leader is considered, the significance of the corresponding work for modern Russian politics is characterized. The concept of the image of a new political leader is presented, and preferences for leadership qualities in the views of youth and professional experts are characterized. The specifics of modern communications in the formation of a new political leader are revealed, considering the opinions of experts, and the need to combine modern and traditional forms and channels of political communication is shown. Current strategies for the formation of a new political leader are presented, and the expert choice of the preferential use of communication strategies is discussed. The research materials can be used in practical work on the formation of new political leaders, their education and political promotion. Conclusions and recommendations: the need to create a unique and attractive image of the new political leader is emphasized. Based on the results of the study, practice-oriented recommendations were proposed on key projections for the formation of a new political leader in modern Russian politics.

Key words: political leader, new political leader, politics of the Russian Federation, image of a politician, mass communications, digital communications, political strategies, political communications.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.017

V.V. DEVTEREV Postgraduate student, South-Russia Institute of Management – Branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF STATE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ROSTOV REGION

The article is devoted to the analysis of the history and current state of the system of state regional management on the example of the Rostov region of the Russian Federation. It examines the evolution of regional authorities since the early 1990s, when significant political changes took place that led to the formation of new power structures in response to the loss of the position of the CPSU and the need to adapt to new economic and social conditions. The author analyzes the processes of reorganization of local government in the context of the political and economic crisis, as well as the consequences of the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation for regional governance. Special attention is paid to changes in the distribution of powers between the federal center and the regions, the formation of municipal government and the interaction of various levels of government with public and business structures. The article also highlights the conduct of elections and the formation of.

Key words: region, subject, Russian Federation, state, municipal government, federal center.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.018

B.A. ASATRYAN Head of the regional branch of the All-Russian organization "New Formation", Assistant to the Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of the Rostov region, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

MODELING OF POLITICAL GOVERNANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING PARADIGMS OF SCIENTIFIC RATIONALITY

The article examines from the point of view of various, inscribed in the relevant substantive and relational ontologies, theoretical and methodological approaches (kratological, structural and functional, institutional, communicative, actor-network, etc.) and their historical genesis, systemic structural and functional elements and organizational principles of political management; theoretical and methodological and applied modeling problems are highlighted political management in modern political science, related to the requirement of objectivity, experimental verification of a scientific hypothesis, the theory of "ideal types", "attribution to value" (M. Weber), etc.; correlations between the change of types of scientific rationality and the evolution of paradigms of political management, which are correlated with the classical, non-classical and post-non-classical paradigm of scientific rationality and the corresponding objects of research of simple linear, complex, self-developing nonlinear socio-political systems, are analyzed.

Key words: political management, theoretical and methodological modeling, types of scientific rationality, simple linear, complex, self-developing nonlinear socio-political systems, ideal type.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.019

А.А. ATAMANENKO Junior researcher, department of political science, Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences (INION) RAS, Moscow, Russia

COMICS CULTURE AS A NATIONAL MEMORY MEDIUM: CONTEXT, FEATURES, FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The article analyzes various aspects of the relationship between comics and political communication, emphasizing their importance as a means of forming national identity. The purpose of the article is to explore the role of comics in preserving and transmitting the historical memory of nations.

The study reveals that comics not only reflect past events and personal stories, but also actively participate in the creation of a collective historical narrative. The article draws attention to the variety of approaches to representing the past in comics, including graphic novels, historical comics, and comics adaptations of constitutions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the political and educational aspects of comics, identifying their role in teaching citizenship and the formation of critical thinking. The study also highlights the need to develop a methodological framework for the systematic study of comics as a source of national memory. Overall, the article represents an important contribution to the understanding of comics as a means of transmitting and interpreting historical events and the values of national culture.

Key words: collective memory, national identity, mass culture, comics culture, historical memory.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.020

L.N. POCHINALINA Candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

A.A. MARYINA Candidate of legal sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

L.V. OLSHANSKAYA Candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

MAIN STAGES OF COMPETITIVE PRODUCTION IN BANKRUPTCY OF LEGAL ENTITIES

This article analyzes the current problem of regulating the bankruptcy process within the framework of legislation. The authors examine in detail the key stages of bankruptcy proceedings, emphasizing their importance for ensuring legal clarity and economic stability. The main attention is paid to the need for a bankruptcy procedure, which, according to the authors, is an important tool for maintaining the stable functioning of the country's economy, especially in the context of the increasing number of recorded cases of bankruptcy. The article also highlights the importance of clearly defining the timing of bankruptcy proceedings to ensure the efficiency and predictability of the process. Moreover, attention is drawn to the role and functions of the bankruptcy trustee, who plays a central role in managing the bankruptcy process, including asset valuation, debt management and distribution of funds to creditors. The procedure for satisfying creditors' claims and the payment procedure are also covered in detail, since these aspects are key points affecting the interests of all participants in the process. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the bankruptcy procedure, highlighting its complexity and complexity, as well as its importance for economic progress and legal protection for market participants. It is concluded that bankruptcy proceedings are an effective measure of legislative regulation that plays a key role in creating a favorable business environment, proportionately satisfying the claims of creditors and maintaining the economic stability of the country. At the same time, it is emphasized that bankruptcy proceedings not only help resolve financial difficulties, but also ensure a fair distribution of resources between creditors. Thus, the article contributes to the development of the discussion about the role of bankruptcy proceedings in the bankruptcy of legal entities and can serve as the basis for further analysis and development of various strategies in this area.

Key words: bankruptcy, bankruptcy trustee, creditor, bankruptcy estate, Bankruptcy Law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.021

SHAO ZIXUAN Graduate student of Moscow State University, Higher School of Cultural Policy and Management in the Humanities, Moscow, Russia

PRIORITIES AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-CORRUPTION WORK IN CHINA IN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS

What is the biggest threat to political parties in any country? This is corruption. The “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party's Hundred-Year Struggle” states unequivocally: “Corruption is the greatest threat to the long-term governance of the Party, and fighting corruption is the most important task. This is a political struggle that cannot and should not be lost” [1]. The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China recently published the "Work Plan of the Central Anti-Corruption Coordination Group (2023-2027)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"). It explains the guiding ideology of work for the next five years, and also clarifies the requirements for investigating and solving problems of corruption by the Party Central Committee. Similar plans have existed before, so the question arises: why does this plan deserve more attention from the global anti-corruption academic community? Understanding and studying this issue is critical for today's anti-corruption scholars and makes its analysis the purpose of this article. To achieve it, the following tasks are being solved: the features of the Central Coordination Group for the Fight against Corruption are determined; characterized by the Plan and the key areas of its application. Based on the study, the following conclusions were drawn: firstly, China’s anti-corruption campaign is unlikely to be softened, let alone stopped; secondly, the current anti-corruption campaign is different from the past. In the next few years, China will strengthen its management of new types of corruption and hidden corruption; Thirdly, the goal of the fight against corruption is to eliminate both its symptoms and root causes.

Key words: China, planning, Central Anti-Corruption Coordination Group, anti-corruption, government.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.022

А.А. ALAUDINOV Candidate of Political Sciences, commander of the AKHMAT special forces ‒ deputy commander of the 2nd Army Corps of the 8th Army, Southern Military District, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

MODERN APPROACHES TO CONDUCTING HYBRID WARS IN THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY

This paper explores the concepts of hybrid warfare of four NATO member countries: USA, Great Britain, France and Germany. The use of means and methods of hybrid warfare is considered by these countries as an alternative to the means and methods of traditional wars and armed conflicts.

The purpose of this work is to identify the most important approaches in the hybrid wars of four key NATO countries. Research objectives: 1) to identify the key features of the concepts of hybrid wars of the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany; 2) to show which methods and means of hybrid wars are of interest to these states.

Methodology. In addition to general scientific methods, including analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, the study used comparative and systematic approaches, as well as document analysis.

Results. The main results of the study include the identified approaches in the hybrid wars of the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany. It has been revealed that the United States uses methods and means of non-kinetic and kinetic types of hybrid warfare and uses them on a global scale. The United Kingdom, France and Germany are also active participants in hybrid wars, especially in the cognitive and cyber spheres.

Conclusions. The developed concepts and practical developments of hybrid wars are actively applied by the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany against Russia, supporting the Kiev regime and providing it with comprehensive support in an attempt to inflict a strategic defeat on it. Counteraction measures on the part of Russia are proposed to neutralize the means and methods of hybrid warfare used against it by NATO countries, primarily information and psychological operations.

Key words: hybrid wars, USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, information and psychological operations, cognitive wars, cyber wars.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.023

R.R. VAKHITOV Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

CONCEPTS OF DETERRENCE IN CYBERSPACE

The article is devoted to a current topic in the field of development of cyber technologies in the modern world, namely the concepts of deterrence in the cyberspace field. It is noted that at the beginning of the 21st century, digitalization is forming new guidelines in the field of warfare in all spheres: ground, air, space. The study develops general concepts and rules for deterrence of states and, in particular, reviews the concept of deterrence in cyberspace. The analysis establishes that the concept of cyber deterrence differs significantly from the classical concepts of deterrence in nuclear or other areas. It turns out that in the field of cyberspace it is important not only to communicate clearly, but also to demonstrate the effectiveness of one’s cyber capabilities. The article shows that not only our capabilities as an aggressor state, but also, in particular, the circumstances of the defending side are crucial for the deterrence effect. Her exposure to threats is largely determined by how he discovered his vulnerability. This approach provides not only objective protection from cyber threats, but also the auxiliary impact of threats. Therefore, strategic improvement of resilience in the states of their system remains necessary.

Key words: cyber technologies, international relations, cyber security, cyber threats, deterrence concepts.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.024

LIANGBOBO Graduate student, International Relations of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, History of international relations and foreign policy, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, China

THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IDEA OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD

This article presents theoretical l approaches to assess the creation of multipolarity of this world in the context of international relations. The purpose of the article is to determine the advantages of the system of international relations built on the principle of multipolarity in comparison with the unipolar system. Methods used in this article: the comparative method, method of political analysis, historical method. The results of the study showed that the multipolar system of international relations is more promising, because the multipolar model of the world order corresponds to the interests of all countries in the process of globalization. The author of the article, comparing the multipolar world with unipolar one, concludes that multipolarity is the main factor in the geopolitical shape of the modern world, because it promotes the development of political, economic and cultural interactions between countries and peoples.

Key words: international relations, multipolarity, unipolarity, bipolarity, globalization, hegemony.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.025

D.E. SEAGAL Graduate student, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE ROLE OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN SHAPING US FOREIGN POLICY

The article examines the influence of globalization and technological innovations on the strategies of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the modern economy. The authors analyze the role of TNCs as key players on the international stage, emphasizing their significant contribution to research and development activities, which in many cases surpass the R&D budgets of entire countries. The article also discusses the shift in the balance between traditional factors of production and the new focus on human capital and information technologies as key elements in creating competitive advantage. Furthermore, it considers the theoretical and historical context of TNC development and their role in global politics, as well as the influence of the media, particularly the «CNN effect», on shaping public opinion in the context of the Ukrainian crisis and perceptions of Russia.

Key words: globalization, transnational corporations, R&D, information economy, technological progress, human capital, competitive advantages, global politics, CNN effect, Ukrainian crisis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.026

E.K. TABEYKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

L.M. KHUTOROVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

LOBBYING OF US RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

The article talks about the fact that issues related to lobbying are relevant in the scientific literature. The origins of this concept have not been precisely established. For example, the opinion is voiced that the name comes from the reception room of the English Parliament, the “lobby”, where people gathered who were waiting to be received to introduce a new bill or amend existing legal acts. Other sources trace the origin of this term to a statement by the 18th US President W. Grant, who by it meant petitioners gathering in the hotel lobby. In its modern meaning, this term began to be used in the United States at the beginning of the 19th century. According to most researchers, lobbying is the practice of putting pressure on government officials by a group of people or an individual using means that do not violate existing laws. The goal of lobbying is to achieve the adoption of a particular law or decision.

Key words: lobbying, parliament, church, religion, human rights activist, state, practice, law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.027

G.A. AKOPYAN Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

MODERN US DOCTRINE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The US doctrine in the fight against terrorism is one of the main components of the country's security policy. It is based on the principles of preventive action, coordination with international partners and the use of a variety of tools to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism.

At the center of the doctrine is the principle of constant monitoring and analysis of threats, which allows the government to take measures to prevent terrorist attacks before they occur. This includes collecting information by various specialized services, conducting operational activities, and forecasting possible scenarios.

The doctrine also implies cooperation with other countries, governments and international organizations in the fight against terrorism. Joint operations and information sharing help identify and neutralize terrorist threats in their early stages.

Despite the multilateral scope of the state’s activities to eliminate the terrorist threat in the world, there are serious problems that can affect the vector of anti-terrorism activities.

In general, American doctrine in the fight against terrorism is a comprehensive and flexible strategy based on threat control, cooperation with other countries and preventive measures. It contributes to ensuring national security and maintaining peace and stability in the world community.

Key words: doctrine, approaches, anti-terrorism activities, USA, problems, national security strategies, development prospects.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.028

WANG FEIXIANG Ph.D. of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA AND CHINA

The article discusses issues related to current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China. The purpose of the study is to study current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China, to identify the main features and traits. Basic research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of developing partnerships between Russia and China in the long term. The process of interaction between Russia and China in various fields and areas of activity has been studied: politics, science, culture, trade, etc. The impact of digitalization on the commodity structure of China's exports is considered. The dynamics of oil exports from Russia to China are analyzed. The increase in demand for gas and oil from 2015 to 2040 was studied. According to different forecast options. The author of the article notes that there are great development prospects for partner countries in various fields and areas of activity. To successfully implement the set goals and objectives, it is necessary to develop a long-term development strategy, determine approaches and mechanisms for influencing economic, political and other processes, identify possible problems and risks, and also evaluate the effectiveness of the result obtained.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to study current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China, to identify the main features and traits.

Methods: Basic research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others.

Results: Current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China were studied. The main features and traits are revealed.

Conclusions: In the modern development of Russian-Chinese cooperation, there is a variety of areas of interaction, including powerful exchanges at the highest level, economic and humanitarian integration. There are also many problems that require immediate attention and solutions. The success of achieving the set goals and objectives will depend on management policies, the level of development of international cooperation, as well as internal and external environmental factors.

Key words: current problems, development prospects, Russia, China, cooperation, trade, export.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.029

M.S. VLASOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and history of state and law of the Law Institute Russian Friendship University peoples named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF THE INFORMATION CONFRONTATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE USA IN THE HYBRID WAR

At the beginning of the work, the author analyzes the history of the emergence of hybrid wars, but the main focus is on the information component of a hybrid war, which contains propaganda, counter-propaganda, the creation of disinformation, fake news and the use of rumors to manipulate public opinion and undermine trust within enemy societies.

The article examines the specific strategies and tactics of information warfare used by Russia and the United States, such as cyber attacks, psychological operations and strategic communication, and the author points out the differences in the information strategies of the two countries due to their historical, cultural and political characteristics. It analyzes successful and unsuccessful examples of information campaigns in hybrid conflicts, such as the annexation of Crimea, the conflict in eastern Ukraine and the fight against terrorism, and then highlights the consequences of information operations for international relations, in particular, increasing international isolation and the imposition of sanctions. At the conclusion of the work, the author writes about economic codependence, despite political differences between Russia and the United States.

Key words: hybrid war, information confrontation, Russia, USA, propaganda, cyber attacks, psychological operations, disinformation, strategic communication, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.030

TAO ZILONG Postgraduate Student, Department of Political Science, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, China

KAZAKHSTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY AND SINO-KAZAKH, SINO-RUSSIAN AND SINO-AMERICAN RELATIONS

Introduction: Kazakhstan's foreign policy is undergoing significant changes due to the strengthening of China's role in the region and the world. Kazakhstan, being at the junction of the interests of key players – China, Russia and the United States, seeks to pursue a multi-vector policy, balancing between them. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of Kazakhstan's foreign policy in the context of Sino-Kazakh, Sino-Russian and Sino-American relations.

Materials and methods: Qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis are used in the work. A systematic analysis of documents, agreements and public statements by the leaders of Kazakhstan, China, Russia and the United States for the period from 1991 to 2023 was carried out. Statistical data on trade turnover, investments and joint projects between the countries are collected from official sources and international organizations such as the IMF, the World Bank, the SCO, the EAEU. Comparative analysis has been applied to identify dynamics and trends in relations between countries.

Results: The study showed that Kazakhstan is successfully implementing a multi-vector foreign policy, developing a strategic partnership with China, maintaining close ties with Russia and establishing a constructive dialogue with the United States. The trade turnover between Kazakhstan and China increased from $1.29 billion in 2001 to $25.2 billion in 2022. China has invested over $33 billion in the economy of Kazakhstan, implementing large-scale projects in the energy, transport and manufacturing industries. Kazakhstan supports the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, considering it as an opportunity to modernize infrastructure and strengthen its role as a transit hub. At the same time, Kazakhstan retains membership in the EAEU and the CSTO, considering Russia a key partner in the field of security and economy. Astana is also developing relations with Washington, having signed an expanded trade and investment agreement and an agreement on military cooperation in 2022. The United States views Kazakhstan as an important partner in Central Asia, able to balance the influence of China and Russia in the region.

Key words: Kazakhstan's foreign policy, Sino-Kazakh relations, Sino-Russian relations, Sino-American relations, multi-vector, strategic partnership, investment, trade, infrastructure projects, security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.031

S.S. PISARENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

INDIA'S STRATEGIC BALANCING IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION

This article examines the current state of affairs of India in the Indo-Pacific region. Today, India is opening up new prospects for cooperation in the IPR both to ensure economic and military security with its allies in QUAD and ASEAN, and to strengthen its own economy and security. The need to strengthen relations with its allies across the board is driven by China's growing economic and military presence in the region.

The article analyzed official statements by heads of state, representatives of the ministries of foreign affairs, and ministries of defense.

The study revealed that India in the IPR is actively increasing its dialogue opportunities with Southeast Asian countries and highly appreciates the importance of dialogue with ASEAN and its QUAD allies.

As for Southeast Asia, India is interested in cooperation in promoting all kinds of maritime security initiatives, from building ships and conducting exercises to initiatives to preserve marine biodiversity. Indian elites see ASEAN as one of the main allies in the IPR since the Association is the third largest market in the world in which India can sell its goods.

The Indian government is deliberately strengthening relations with Western countries, in particular with the United States, concluding new contracts for the production and supply of stationary and mobile weapons, as well as new military vessels and information exchange facilities, holding meetings of the heads of defense and foreign affairs departments every month. All this suggests that India is trying to increase its economic and military potential, as well as take a good position in the Indo-Pacific region.

Key words: Indo-Pacific region, Indian foreign policy, US foreign policy, IPR, militarization of IPR.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.032

XU HAO Postgraduate, International Relations and Global Studies Moscow State University, China

THE TREND OF GLOBALIZATION: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND THE COLLAPSE OF TRANSNATIONAL COOPERATION

Over the past decade, nationalist sentiment has been on the rise in many countries around the world. This calls into question the trends towards globalization and deepening international cooperation that had previously been observed. The aim of this study is to analyze the reasons behind the resurgence of nationalism in the context of the unifying effects of globalization.

To achieve this, statistical data from public opinion polls conducted between 2008-2019 in 26 countries was synthesized. The polls were carried out by renowned agencies such as the Pew Research Center and Eurobarometer, with an overall sample of over 500,000 respondents. Additionally, research from the World Bank and regional bodies concerning national identity dynamics was analyzed.

The results reveal concerning trends across multiple countries and regions. For instance, the percentage of people considering their national identity as primary has increased substantially over the past decade in European countries like France (43% to 51%), Italy (37% to 47%), and Hungary (52% to 67%). Similar patterns are observed in the United States, with a 10 percentage point rise in Americans identifying primarily with their nationality. Levels of national pride have also reached historic highs of 76-90% in the last ten years in China, Taiwanese and Vietnam.

This strengthens the argument that globalization may inadvertently incite nationalism rather than diminishing it. As such, detailed investigation is imperative to mitigate rising inter-ethnic tensions that threaten international stability. The next sections analyze factors driving this growth and provide evidence-based recommendations to reverse the trends observed.

Key words: globalization, nationalism, national movements, separatism, multinational state, transnational cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.033

K.S. TRUFANOVA Graduate student of the faculty of global studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

STAGES OF ESCALATION OF RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF J. BIDEN

This scholarly article examines the stages of escalation in Russian-American relations under the Biden administration, analyzing the historical context of bilateral ties, key points of conflict and events, and proposing conflict resolution paths and prospects for further development of relations between the countries in the context of global and regional challenges.

Key words: Russian-American relations, Biden administration, escalation stages, historical context, conflict points, de-escalation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.034

D.V. LOGVINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of History of Social and Political Studies, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

IDEAS OF L. MECHELIN ON RUSSIA-FINLAND RELATIONS

In the nineteenth century the social and political discourse of the Russian Empire centered around the status of the Grand Duchy of Finland. One of the key figures in this polemic was Leopold Mechelin, who defended Finland's right to independence on the basis of legislative acts and historical facts in his own interpretation. Taking into account the role of Mechelin in the struggle for the Independence of Finland, it seems important to analyze his views on the nature of relations between Finland and Russia and their possible future. Because of this it possible to present the socio-political situation of the epoch and the development of the «Finnish question» more fully. This goal is achieved in this article with the methods of historical-bibliographical and political-textual analysis. As a result of the research it was shown that Mechelin perceived the relations between Finland and Russia as relations of two equal subjects within the essentially federal entity – the Russian Power (Derzhava). According to this conception, Russia and Finland should not interfere in each other's internal affairs, developing independently in accordance with their national features but preserving mutual interests. In the international arena, they should act as a single legal entity, ruled by the Russian emperor, pursuing the goals of achieving the security of the lands entrusted to him.

Key words: Leo Mechelin, independence, Russification of Finland, federal relations, Finnish question.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.035

LING MENGYUAN Ph.D. Candidate, Department of International Relations Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU), Beijing, China

SOUTH CAUCASUS RESEARCH: MOTIVATION, CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT IN ASPECT RUSSIAN LITERATURE

The Caucasus is a region whose research has been ongoing for many decades, attracting the attention of both scientists and many writers. In addition, it is a border zone that unites and separates Europe and Asia, which makes it a kind of arena for political clashes. The article provides an overview of research in the Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet periods, and also provides a distinction between the toponyms South Caucasus and Transcaucasia. The main discoveries in various periods in the field of history, economics, geography, ethnography, and archeology are outlined. The South Caucasus is examined from a literary perspective and examples are given. For specialists in history, ethnography, as well as university students.

Key words: South Caucasus, Transcaucasia, research, literature, history, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.036

LU PO LIN Graduate student of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT STATUS AND POLICY ORIENTATION OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE ISSUES IN THE EU

In late 2010, Tunisia and many other countries in the Middle East were involved in a series of social unrest known in the West as the Arab Spring (1). Since then, the influx of refugees from the Middle East, North Africa and Asia into Europe has become a complex issue for the EU and its member states.

In recent years, the Covid-19 pandemic, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the energy crisis have complicated the EU economy. Faced with downward pressure on the domestic economy and problems such as high inflation and unemployment, EU member states may be unable to provide the financial support needed to resettle illegal immigrants and refugees.

To this end, the EU and its Member States have carried out numerous consultations and taken various measures, but the problem of illegal immigration and refugees remains difficult to fully address. More recently, a new round of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Gaza Strip has spread to Europe, causing an influx of new refugees from the Middle East to Europe. The problems of illegal immigration and refugees have risen to a whole new level. This article will examine the growing problems of illegal immigration and refugees through policy changes in EU member states and official data published by the UN.

Key words: EU, immigration policy, problem of illegal immigration, refugees, borders.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.037

LIAN WEIYI Graduate student of the Higher School of Cultural Affairs policy and management in humanitarian sphere (faculty) of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

CHINESE-RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT

Sino-Russian relations are at an all-time high and have been officially established as a “comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era,” which means that China and Russia will cooperate and develop more in the future. Youth is an important component of the development of our time and the country’s hope for the future. Thus, youth development in the two countries is also an important part of the content of Sino-Russian cooperation. Currently, the two countries have launched a number of projects and cooperation opportunities to collaborate on youth education and future development. In particular, "Briefing on Studying in China" provides a convenient and effective service platform for Russian youth to study in China, and also creates a bridge for friendly relations between foreign students from the two countries. From 2024 to 2025, it will be the year of culture between China and Russia. Exchanges between the two countries in the field of cultural industries will be closer. Therefore, the future trend will be a challenge for the development of the youth of the two countries, even if it is an opportunity.

Key words: Chinese-Russian relations, youth, studying abroad, educational cooperation.

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.038

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Science Today", Moscow, Russia

ON THE QUESTION OF DIGITALIZATION AND SOME MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

The article makes an attempt to analyze current trends in the development of science and education in Russia based on a review of current scientific publications of recent years in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The problems of digitalization of Russian science and education are studied separately. Based on the scientific publications of scientists, a conclusion is drawn about the inconsistency of some strategic plans for the transformation of Russian education based on the European model and without taking into account domestic tradition.

Key words: science, education, development trends, digitalization, European model, Russian tradition, review of publications.

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