№ 3 (96), 2023

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 13. Issue 3 (96), 2023

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Verаmeychik A.E. Legal Regulation of Land Ownership in the North-West Region of the Russian Empire in the 19th Century
Dmitriev V.V. Coverage of the Events of the First World War on the Pages of the Newspaper "Southern Vedomosti"
Kulish A.S. The Term "Losy" in Selkup Vocabulary as a Linguistic Criterion of Ethnicity Northern Selkups
Malashenko I.V., Malashenkо A.A. Agrarian Policy of the Soviet State in 1921-25: on the Example of the Bryansk Province
Volodkova E.N., Goncharov A.S. Potestar Tradition as a Source of Implementation of the Criminal Executive Practice of the Don Diving Population
Pasechnikov A.A. Features of the Functioning of Collective Farms in the North-West of the RSFSR in 1942
Bolotin M.S. The Role of Personality in the Formation of the System of Political Investigation in Russia: Spiridovich Alexander Ivanovich
Kulish A.S., Galeeva N.F. Family Rituals of the Northern Selkups. Tradition and Modernity
Antonov A.S. The Formation of Local Self-Government in the Regions of Russia in the Period from 1990 to 2000 as a Little-Studied Layer of Historical Science
Vinogradova M.A. The Contribution of the Northwestern Provinces to the Organization of Psychiatric Care During the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905
Modin V.I. The Main Indicators of the Activity of Local Authorities on the Socio-Economic Development of Ryazan in 1996-1997
Ovcharenko R.V. Metropolitan Cyprian of Kiev and His Contribution to the Development of the Russian Chronicle

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Boltenkova L.F. Hymn to the Lord God (Philosophical and Religious Research in Several Articles). Article Fifteen
Uporov I.V. Social and Political Thought of Russia in the XVIII Century in the Context of Dissent: Organizational and Social Aspect
Alekseeva V.V. About the Conceptual Metaphor in the Journalistic Text
Zhong Xu. Political Culture: Basic Concepts, Essence and Approaches to its Study

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

Ruban L.S. Russia in a Changing Geopolitical and Social Economic Reality
Savelyeva A.D. Prospects and Forecasts for the Development of Civil Activism in Russia

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Mazhnikov V.I. Features of the Dynamics of Development of Regional Party Systems of the Russian Federation at the Present Stage of Partogenesis
Abbasov O.T. Problems of Classification of Federal States
Davydova N.S. Cluster-Network Model of Party-Electoral Aggregation
Xiao L. Selection vs Election or How to Find Reliable Political Leaders in Chinese?
Potapov D.V. Systemic Restructuring of the Transit of Political Regimes
Cheban A.A. Features of the Model of the Current Stage of Digitalization of the Political Process in the Russian Federation

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

Popova N.V. Russia's Participation in International Scientific and Technical Cooperation: Current State and Prospects
Seregina A.A. Some Aspects of the Formation of the Modern Energy Agenda
Sergeeva Z.V. Energy Transition and Energy Security: Two Points of View for Russian Energy Policy
Drozdova E.V. The Influence of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Education System on the Formation of Modern State Educational Policy in Higher Education in the Russian Federation
Jin Lei. Specifics of Audit Activity and its Main Stages

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Choi Jae Duk. A Study on the Competition of the U.S.- China and the Change of International Order
Tabeykina E.K. Implementation of US Foreign Policy in the Muslim World
Gekht A.B., Nerovnyj A.V., Rudenko E.A., Romanenko V.E. The Anti-War Movement in Tye United States During the Vientam War and its Impact on American Society: a Brief Analysis
Khlopov O.A. The Evolution of Energy Cooperation Between Russia and the EU: Problems and Prospects
Laptev E.A. Cooperation Between Academic Organizations of the Russian Federation National Republics and the CIS Countries: Main Directions and Prospects
Shanchuan Zhizi. Soviet Policy Towards Women in Central Asia
Gekht A.B., Yakovlev O.A., Ovchinnikova E.G., Purtova G.M. Mother Svea: the Phenomenon of National Personification In Sweden
Zarbueva A.I., Zarubina I.A., Shitikova Y.A. The Game of Power – How the One Belt, One Road Strategy is Changing the Course of the 21st Century
Lan Penghe. Integration of the Beltand Road Initiative and the National Development Strategy of Georgia
Mohamed Abdalla Abdelrahim Elnur. USSR – Sudan Scientific and Technical Cooperation in the Field of Energy, Geological Exploration and Transport in the 1960s-1970s.
Ometyukh M.N. The Image of Slobodan Milosevic as the Political Leader of Serbia and Yugoslavia in the American Newspapers the Washington Post and the New York Times (Part II)
Pakhomova D.A. Shaping Factors of Astana Negotiation Mechanism of Syrian Crisis Settlement and Russia’s Role
Islamov D.R. Turkey’s Foreign Policy Towards the Western Balkans in the Davutoğlu Era
Chu Chengcheng. Comparative Analysis of the Humanitarian Policy of Russia and China in Central Asia in the Field of Education

STUDENT SCIENCE

Toro Nesterenko Ya.S. The Role of the UN in the Humanitarian Crisis in Venezuela
Korotkova L.G., Svechnikov D.D. The Quest for a Diplomatic Solution to the Cambodian Problem: Framework for Negotiations, Major Decisions, Involvement of UN Structures (1975-1991)

REFLECTIONS ON READING

Medvedev N.P., Slizovsky D.E. To the Question of Theoretical Aspects and Prospects of International Relations (by the Materials of Current Publications)

CONFERENCES

Saparbekova D.S. Focus on Central Asia and the Caucasus: Current Issues and Directions of Scientific Research

Our authors № 3-2023

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.001

A.E. VERАMEYCHIK Candidate of Historical Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor Belarusian State University, Faculty of History, Department of the History of Belarus of Modern and Contemporary Times, Minsk, Belarus

LEGAL REGULATION OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN THE NORTH-WEST REGION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE 19TH CENTURY

The article deals with the transformation of the legal regulation of the ownership and the inheritance of the private land property on the territory of Belarus in the 19th century. The purpose of the study was to determine the main changes in the legal regulation of the rights of ownership and inheritance of the land in the North-Western Territory of the Russian Empire. The main task in studying the stated problem was to identify the peculiarities in the implementation of the legislation on the disposal of landowners' estates on the territory of Belarus. On the basis of the principles of the dialectical method (historicism, concreteness, scientific objectivity) and the introduction of archival materials into scientific circulation, the author showed the influence of the internal political situation and bourgeois reforms in the Belarusian lands on the implementation of a number of laws to streamline private land law. The author determined that on the territory of Belarus there was a gradual adaptation of legislation in the field of private land law to capitalist relations.

Key words: patrimony, ordination, majorat, boyars, gentry, landowner, bourgeois reforms, capitalist relations, North-Western Territory, Belarusian provinces.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.002

V.V. DMITRIEV Candidate of historical sciences, associate professor, Department of History of Russia, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia

COVERAGE OF THE EVENTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON THE PAGES OF THE NEWSPAPER "SOUTHERN VEDOMOSTI"

The article discusses the information capabilities of the Crimean newspaper "Southern Vedomosti" as an important historical source in the study of the events of the First World War. It is shown that since the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne in Sarajevo, the newspaper has covered in detail the intensification of confrontation in Europe, the causes of the world conflict, the attitude of the leading states towards it, and with the outbreak of the war, the course of hostilities. The paper analyzes the impact of the events of the First World War on the situation not only on the territory of the Russian Empire, but also in the Crimea. It is noted that since the beginning of the war, the care of the local administration is to provide assistance to the families of the mobilized, the organization of new hospitals on the territory of the peninsula, the fight against inflation, and the provision of the population with food and essential goods.

Key words: World War I, Yuzhnye Vedomosti newspaper, report from the fronts, martial law, Taurida province, Crimea, local government and self-government bodies.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.003

A.S. KULISH Researcher at the Scientific Center for Arctic Studies, Salekhard, Russia

THE TERM "LOSY" IN SELKUP VOCABULARY AS A LINGUISTIC CRITERION OF ETHNICITY NORTHERN SELKUPS

The study analyses the term «losy» found in the language of the Northern Selkups. The relationship of the term «losy» to the physical and spiritual states of man as well as its connection with animalistic creatures of the Selkup world were defined. The worldview concept of the unified beginning of the human and animal was revealed, the process of transition of the human soul into a sacral being – «losy» was outlined and the assumed sources of the term»s appearance in Selkup culture were given. The present interdisciplinary study, by means of linguistic and cultural analysis, makes it possible to outline a scheme of soul movement and spiritual state in the circle of Selkup life.

Key words: Northern Selkups, animism, semantics, polysemy, cultural interaction, ethnocultural identity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.004

I.V. MALASHENKO Candidate of History, Associate Professor of the Department ofPhilosophy, History and Political Science, Bryansk State Academician I.G. Petrovski University, Bryansk, Russia

A.A. MALASHENKО Candidate of Historical Sciences, teacher of the subject-cycle commission of general education and socio-humanitarian disciplines Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Bryansk, Russia

AGRARIAN POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATE IN 1921-25: ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BRYANSK PROVINCE

Object: The purpose of the article is to study the problem of the development of the agrarian policy of the Soviet state on the example of the Bryansk province in 1921-1925. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the introduction of new archival sources into scientific circulation and the interpretation of facts from the standpoint of the modern historical vision of the achievements of the NEP.

Methods: The principles of objectivity of historical facts and a systematic approach are chosen as methodological principles. The main scientific methods are: historical, comparative and statistical. The authors analyze agrarian transformations using archival data, sources and press materials, reports of provincial and county authorities.

Findings: The authors show the dynamics of the development of agriculture as the main branch of agriculture of the Bryansk province. The problems of expanding the acreage, supplying the population with seeds, spreading agronomic knowledge and improving the techniques of agricultural machinery are considered.

Conclusions: As a result of a comparative analysis of sources, it is revealed that in the Bryansk province, thanks to the organizational measures of the central and local authorities, by the end of 1922.

Key words: agrarian policy, agronomy, Bryansk province, agriculture, peasants, new economic policy, agriculture, soviet state.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.005

E.N. VOLODKOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

POTESTAR TRADITION AS A SOURCE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CRIMINAL EXECUTIVE PRACTICE OF THE DON DIVING POPULATION

The article analyzes the features of the formation of the system of military democracy and potestary tradition among the Cossacks of the Wild Fields. The main sources on the early history of the Cossacks are chronicles, supported by folklore material and archival information extracted from the database of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a private study of the principles of the implementation of military democracy on the example of penitentiary practice and local courts. The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of strengthening the socio-cultural ties of modern Cossack communities in the South of Russia through the popularization of history and traditional values, the bearers of which are those who identify themselves as descendants of the Don Cossacks. The scientific novelty is expressed in a new look at the Cossack potestar tradition, based on the nature of historical ideas and the real apparatus of power, which was borrowed from the Cossacks of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the potestary tradition of the Cossacks of the Wild Fields as a source of implementation of the penitentiary power. The methodological apparatus includes special historical methods, methods of historical anthropology and the theory of military law. The result of the study is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the potestary tradition of the Cossacks of the Wild Fields, as well as the structuring of the system of historical ideas of the Don Cossacks about the principles of early military democracy.

Key words: Cossacks, Wild Fields, potestar tradition, Cossack circle, legal norm, democracy, everyday life.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.006

A.A. PASECHNIKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Social Sciences of the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia

FEATURES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF COLLECTIVE FARMS IN THE NORTH-WEST OF THE RSFSR IN 1942

The article analyzes the main stages of the development of collective farms in the North-West of the RSFSR in 1942. The problem of peasants' life during the war years is more relevant today than ever. In order to conduct a full-fledged analysis of this topic, it is necessary to consider the circumstances that prevented collective farms from implementing their tasks. Only by using the accumulated knowledge and taking into account the mistakes of predecessors can we fully consider the life of the collective farm peasantry.

Key words: collective farms, occupation, agricultural sector, taxation, agriculture, collective farms, famine.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.007

M.S. BOLOTIN Graduate student, Department of National History, Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY IN THE FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL INVESTIGATION IN RUSSIA: SPIRIDOVICH ALEXANDER IVANOVICH

The ambiguous results of liberal reforms, the subsequent political crisis, and the growth of terrorist activity of opposition associations led to the need to reform the political police of Russia. The issues of staffing security departments and gendarmerie departments engaged in political investigation come to the fore. And if the role of the heads of security departments is well studied, then the role of ordinary employees remains invaluable. At the same time, it was on the shoulders of ordinary employees that the entire burden of the fight against political crimes fell, and the quality of the fight against the terrorist activity of the opposition depended on their personal qualities and professionalism. One of such an underestimated figure of political investigation is Alexander Ivanovich Spiridovich – one of the most controversial figures of the political investigation of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century. The article examines the biography and activities in the political investigation of A.I. Spiridovich.

Key words: Spiridovich A.I., political investigation, Moscow security Department, Zubatov S.V., Mednikov E.P., Gershuni G.A., Trepov D.F.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.008

A.S. KULISH Researcher at the Scientific Center for Arctic Studies, Salekhard, Russia

N.F. GALEEVA Post-graduate student of the Institute of Ethnological Research named after A.I. R.G. Kuzeev Ufa Federal Research Center RAS Ufa, Russia

FAMILY RITUALS OF THE NORTHERN SELKUPS. TRADITION AND MODERNITY

The study is devoted to the analysis of the family rituals of the northern Selkups of the XX – XXI centuries living on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. What did researchers of the last century write and what is the current status of the family and ritual culture of the northern Selkups? What role do they play in shaping the picture of the world? We tried to find answers to these questions with the help of field expeditionary material collected in the Krasnoselkupsky region of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District between 2004 and 2020. The following family rituals and customs are considered: meeting and visiting, cleansing, guardianship, protection of the family from the spirit of the deceased, the birth of a child, and mutual aid.

Key words: Northern Selkups, family rituals, rites and customs, ethnic history, traditionalism, family relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.009

A.S. ANTONOV Postgraduate student (Historical Science and Archeology, National History); Public relations specialist of The State Budgetary Institution of Culture of the Ryazan region "Museum of the History of the Youth Movement", Ryazan, Russia

THE FORMATION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA IN THE PERIOD FROM 1990 TO 2000 AS A LITTLE-STUDIED LAYER OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE

This article deals with the problem of little-studied topics of formation and reform of local authorities in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the practical absence of literature devoted to the formation of local self-government in the regions of Russia.

This problem has not been practically studied. Based on the study of the available literature, it is concluded that, despite the fact that the transformation of local self-government bodies took place in a relatively recent historical period, the process of their formation in the regions of Russia is practically not studied, and in the published works of Russian historians, this topic has not received adequate coverage, in general, the bibliography of the modern period does not include publications, in which the formation of local self-government would be the subject of a special study and further study of this problem would allow to recreate a true historical picture of the beginning of the formation of local self-government in the subjects of the Russian Federation and is still waiting for its researchers in the regions.

Key words: the Law, the Russian Federation, the subjects of the Russian Federation, Supreme Council, RSFSR, regions of Russia, local government, decree, President, culture, healthcare, education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.010

M.A. VINOGRADOVA Postgraduate student of the Department of History of Russia, LGU them. A.S. Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE NORTHWESTERN PROVINCES TO THE ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHIATRIC CARE DURING THE RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR OF 1904-1905

The article raises the issue of organizing psychiatric care during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. The reasons for the emergence of the term military psychiatry are characterized, the activities of the Red Cross and the contribution of the northwestern provinces to helping the mentally ill are considered, the features of organizing assistance at the front and in the rear are studied, conclusions are drawn about the features of helping soldiers in wartime conditions and the factors influencing the development of psychiatry.

Key words: North-West, Far East, Russo-Japanese war, mentally ill organization, military psychiatry.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.011

V.I. MODIN Postgraduate student (Historical Science and Archeology, National History), Ryazan State University named for S. Yesenin Public relations specialist of The State Budgetary Institution of Culture of the Ryazan region "Museum of the History of the Youth Movement", Ryazan, Russia

THE MAIN INDICATORS OF THE ACTIVITY OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RYAZAN IN 1996-1997

This article examines the main indicators of the socio-economic situation prevailing in the Ryazan region in 1996-1997. On the basis of statistical data, the main problems in the socio-economic development of the Ryazan region in the designated period are identified. The analysis of the state of industry and small and medium-sized businesses is carried out. Special attention is paid to the socio-economic development of the city of Ryazan itself, as well as the activities of the authorities during this period to solve the difficulties that arise. This problem has been little studied and requires further research. Based on the study of archival materials on the activities of the authorities during this period, as well as statistical data, an attempt is made to analyze the interim results and problems in the socio-economic development of Ryazan.

Key words: statistics, city council, socio-economic situation, economic activity, decree, economy, entrepreneurship, social protection.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.012

R.V. OVCHARENKO PhD student, Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletov, Vladimir, Russia

METROPOLITAN CYPRIAN OF KIEV AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN CHRONICLE

The article examines the significance of Metropolitan Cyprian of Kiev's activity in the Russian chronicle, including his role in the creation of the Trinity Chronicle, as well as his influence on Russian Orthodox literature. The article also examines the beginning of chronicling in Russia, its characteristic features, as well as the political activity of Cyprian. As an analysis of the metropolitan's activities within the framework of the Russian chronicle, the works of various historians are used, already touching on the topic of chronicle writing and the contribution of Metropolitan Cyprian to it, in particular.

Key words: Metropolitan Cyprian of Kiev, Russian chronicle, Trinity Chronicle, Orthodox Church.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.013

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

HYMN TO THE LORD GOD (PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS RESEARCH IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) ARTICLE FIFTEEN

Starting from the content of the Constitutional norm about God (part 2 of Article 67.1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and analyzing the provisions of the Bible, religious-theological and philosophical literature, the author reveals the concepts of God, Hymn to the Lord God and forms of God glorification. Considering these concepts, the process of glorifying God is investigated.

Key words: God, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Bible, Hymn, thank the Lord God.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.014

I.V. UPOROV Doctor of History, Ph.D., Professor, Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Krasnodar, Russia

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT OF RUSSIA IN THE XVIII CENTURY IN THE CONTEXT OF DISSENT: ORGANIZATIONAL AND SOCIAL ASPECT

The features of the formation in the Russian Empire of theoretical views on the socio-political development of the country, the status of public authority during the 18th century are considered. The judgments of Prokopovich, Pososhkov, Radishchev, Catherine II c. and other authors. It is noted that during this century, works began to appear in Russia in which the existing social relations were analyzed. In them, in some way, certain aspects of Russian reality were subjected to critical reflection, however, absolutism as a form of government was not questioned, and there was no question of criticizing the monarch personally. And only Radishchev allowed himself nameless, abstract criticism of the current government, but he was repressed for this.

Key words: dissent, socio-political thought, Russian Empire, power, opposition, monarch.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.015

V.V. ALEKSEEVA PhD, associate professor, FESTU, Khabarovsk, Russia

ABOUT THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN THE JOURNALISTIC TEXT

The article deals with the issue of text metaphorization, the semantic and structural features of conceptual metaphors. The purpose of the work was to observe established linguistic and cognitive metaphorical models in journalistic speech, to create methodological approaches to the development of analyzing skills of conceptual metaphors in classes of the foreign language. The material for the study was taken from the report of the World Economic Forum "The Great Reset" (2020), articles published in The Washington Post, The Telegraph, Russia Today. As a result of the study, it was found that in the conditions of the 21st century, conceptual metaphor becomes one of the most influential linguistic means of forming a world picture in the context of propaganda and information war. The results of the study can be used to teach a foreign language.

Key words: cognitive linguistics, political discourse, traditional metaphor, conceptual metaphor, world picture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.016

ZHONG XU Graduate student of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL CULTURE: BASIC CONCEPTS, ESSENCE AND APPROACHES TO ITS STUDY

The article discusses the main aspects of the formation of such an actual concept as political culture. It is noted that the definition of the concept of "political culture" remains relevant in the new political conditions, which implies specific political attitudes in relation to the political system and its various parts and the attitudes of political actors. It is indicated that there is a periodic transformation of political culture depending on the changes taking place in social development, changing the meaning of political culture depending on the level of democratization of society, the presence of civil liberties, freedom of speech. It is concluded that political culture occupies a stable place between the citizens themselves and political elites, power structures. Political culture contributes to the simplification of dialogue, the exchange of information between the two components of society.

Key words: political culture, Iron Curtain, citizens, society, state, political power.

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.017

L.S. RUBAN Doctor of Sociology, Professor, Head Researcher of Institute of the Socio-Political Researche of FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA IN A CHANGING GEOPOLITICAL AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC REALITY

In the presented article, the Russian Federation is shown as an object and subject of research, as a geopolitical and socio-economic actor. The author set out to: find out and determine how modern external factors affect the development of Russia, what challenges, risks and threats (including the strengthening of tough economic sanctions against the Russian Federation and from the US and EU) our country is currently facing, what answer does it give and how adequate it is to the current situation and effective in order to neutralize and compensate for the negative external impact. The impact of ten packages of anti-Russian sanctions on the economy and social sphere of our country is analyzed in detail, the turbulence in the security sphere and the unprecedented advance of NATO to the East to the borders of the Russian Federation are shown, and the difficulties in Russia's relations with the EU and the USA (as unfriendly countries) are revealed. As a methodology, system analysis was used, which allows us to consider the problem in the complex of interaction of all its constituent components, using comparative analysis, historical comparative and comparative methods, the Sorbonne method of in-depth work with text, scientific documents and information materials were developed using content analysis.

Key words: external factors, challenges, risks, threats, termination of cooperation between the US and the EU with the Russian Federation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.018

A.D. SAVELYEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

PROSPECTS AND FORECASTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL ACTIVISM IN RUSSIA

Modern political processes include civic activity as an indicator of the stability of society. In recent years, in connection with the development of communication technologies, attitudes and values of citizens to protect the rights and freedoms, scientists have actualized the appeal of scientists to the problem of legitimate expression of political interests, without harming the harmonious development and security in society. Due to age characteristics, the participation of the youth age group in protest movements is being actively studied. The task of the state is to provide legitimate platforms and form practices for expressing opinion and participation of young people in solving state problems. The creation of a model of civic activism begins with a theoretical study of the concept within the framework of various scientific areas. The article presents an analysis of the leading schools and scientific directions in understanding the concept of "civil activism". Civic activism is considered in relation to the transformations of political systems and political regimes in the space of modern real geopolitics. Within the framework of political analysis, properties are singled out according to which it is possible to model civic activism, and its optimal and promising functional-equilibrium model is determined.

Key words: civic activism, development of society, social activity of the individual, civic values, forms of civic activity.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.019

V.I. MAZHNIKOV Candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor, Moscow financial-industrial university "Synergy", Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL PARTY SYSTEMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF PARTOGENESIS

The article analyzes the features of the dynamics of the development of regional party systems in conjunction with changes in the political system of the Russian Federation in recent years. It is this approach that allows, according to the author, to single out the main stages in the dynamics of the genesis of both the Russian party system as a whole and its regional component, and also to determine the objective position of political parties in modern Russian society. In addition, the work establishes a number of additional factors that determine the features of the modern regional party system in our country.

Key words: political party, party system, political system, regional party system, party genesis, multi-party system.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.020

O.T. ABBASOV Senior lecturer of the department fundamental legal and social and humanitarian disciplines MFPU "Synergy", Moscow, Russia

PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION OF FEDERAL STATES

This article is devoted to the problem of classification of federal states. The article discusses the grounds according to which one or another type of federal states can be distinguished. The purpose of the article is to analyze the nature of the federation - as a form of territorial structure and, as a result, highlight its various types. The study uses analytical and comparative methods. It is concluded that federations can be classified according to various bases. The bases can be divided into both primary and secondary.

Key words: federation, treaty federations, federations based on union, federations based on autonomy, constitutional federations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.021

N.S. DAVYDOVA South-Russia Institute of Management – branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

CLUSTER-NETWORK MODEL OF PARTY-ELECTORAL AGGREGATION

The article presents a cluster-network model of party-electoral aggregation, which reflects the understanding of the political sphere within the framework of the actor-network theory of modern communications, theories of network, information post-industrial society, etc., organizational-technical, socio-economic, value-target essential features of this model are identified and analyzed.

Key words: political system, actor-network theory of modern communications, theory of network, information post-industrial society, parties, party genesis, elections, Cluster-network model, party-electoral aggregation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.022

L. XIAO Postgraduate student of Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin, Tambov, Russia

SELECTION VS ELECTION OR HOW TO FIND RELIABLE POLITICAL LEADERS IN CHINESE?

The main goal of the article is to consider the Chinese political mechanism for recruiting officials through their multi-level competitive selection. The task is to explain the advantages of selection against the background of the traditional search for political leaders through elections. It is concluded that competitive selection, used in the PRC, most of all contributes to the mobilization of the most capable and morally whole people for public service. The state and society are led by those who should and can do this. As a result, the management system becomes as efficient as possible. The author's position also lies in the fact that in the West political technologies alienate people from the actual elections: the voter becomes the object of political manipulation and the victim of conscious, thoughtful and consistent work of political technologists. The Chinese development model demonstrates the effectiveness of other ways to identify political leaders. The author of the article agrees with the position of the famous Chinese professor Zhang Weiwei, who argues that the paradigm of “democracy – autocracy” is too subjective, and we should talk about a new paradigm of “good governance – bad governance”. The fundamental conclusion of the article is that the effectiveness of the government is much more important than the political form. Accordingly, the state should look for its own forms of establishing an effective official. In China, the goal of the government is effective governance, not holding elections. Ability, morality and administrative experience are the most important grounds for becoming a political leader. Such a system in real practice excludes the possibility of “cadre jumps”, the privatization of public administration by political clans and the inheritance of public service by clans, corporations, interest groups. The Chinese civil service system is consistent, hierarchically structured, competitive and fair. The Chinese model of recruiting officials has passed the test of time and is organic for the country.

Key words: China, China, cadre policy, cadre processes, selection, elections, governance.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.023

D.V. POTAPOV Postgraduate student of the Institute of Socio-Political Research RAS, Moscow, Russia

SYSTEMIC RESTRUCTURING OF THE TRANSIT OF POLITICAL REGIMES

The article deals with the topical issue of changes in autocratic and democratic political regimes. The purpose of the article was to study the change, changes in political regimes at the beginning of the 21st century, in various countries. The dismantling of legitimate political power in various regions of the world at the beginning of the 21st century. never did without the intervention of the United States and Western European countries, only the forms of their direct or indirect participation differed: either it was military expansion (Serbia, Iraq, Libya), or the organization of financing, informational and ideological support for color revolutions (Ukraine, Georgia, Tunisia, Egypt, Kyrgyzstan). The research methods were: structural-functional, comparative, system analysis. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were obtained: a) an informal customer and guiding force of political transit in the 21st century, is the corporatocracy of the United States, b) an instrument of forced transformation of political regimes is being actively introduced (Iraq, Ukraine), c) in the course of the transit of the political regime, it was not the state that became the most powerful, but a network structure operating on the principles of self-organization, which reflects the ideology and requirements of the customer, d) For the sake of carrying out changes in political regimes, the United States and Western European countries are ready to carry out uncontrolled financing of political transitions to the detriment of the development of their countries.

Key words: political regime, political system, power transit.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.024

A.A. CHEBAN Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF THE MODEL OF THE CURRENT STAGE OF DIGITALIZATION OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

In the scientific community, a significant number of researchers are engaged in the digitalization of the political process studies. Obviously, this is a modern megatrend. State institutions consciously or unconsciously use concepts and models with which they intend to implement technologies and transform the structure of power. The digitalization strategy is the central source of these changes. Moreover, the multidirectional actions of the organizers of this process, pursuing their own goals and their own ways of achieving them. This leads to the use of various models and practices of digital transformation at the state level.

In this regard, it seems important to define the concepts used in the implementation of the digitalization policy and highlight the features of the current model. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to conduct a theoretical analysis of the concept of "digitalization of the political process", to assess the dynamics and current position of international indices of the process of political digitalization, and also, using current concepts and scenarios, to highlight the features of the Russian model of digitalization.

The result of the study is the conclusion that the digitalization model has changed in Russia over the past 10 years. In addition, the process of digitalization itself has been transformed not only by technological innovations, but also by changing the power relations themselves. The index of Electronic government and Electronic Citizen Participation at the UN indicates that Russia had the highest rating in 2012 and 2014. Since that time, until 2022, the indicators have been declining or ceasing to grow. The current model of digitalization in Russia is several sets of concepts combined into an unstable structure. Moreover, the dominant concept of recent years can be called the scenario of "soft tyranny".

Key words: digitalization, state strategy, state institutions, digitalization of the political process, transformation, new technologies, e-government.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.025

N.V. POPOVA First Deputy General Director of the “Innopraktika” Non-Governmental Development Institute Candidate of Political Studies, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA'S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

The article examines Russia's participation in international scientific and technical cooperation through the prism of Russian national interests. The article analyzes the tools of international scientific and technological cooperation related to the field of science, as well as the internationalization of Russian universities. A set of recommendations has been formed on the forms, nature and orientation of instruments in the field of international scientific and technological cooperation, designed to ensure more successful implementation of the tasks of development of scientific and technological potential of Russia.

Key words: international scientific and technical cooperation, Russian science, higher education in Russia, human potential.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.026

A.A. SEREGINA Candidate of Political Science, Associate professor of the Department of World Economy, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

SOME ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF THE MODERN ENERGY AGENDA

The form and content of the current energy agenda is determined by the formation of two fundamental components: environmental and climatic. Over time, they not only ceased to be considered as separate elements, but were firmly integrated into the global economic and political system, determining the further course of its development. The environmental component, acting as an initial milestone in the formation of international cooperation, was aimed at environmental issues, calling for joint interaction. The climate was the result of a negative anthropogenic impact, as its predecessor adhered to a multilateral format for solving emerging problems. Nevertheless, over time, the fact became clearer and clearer that the tools for implementing one component contradicted the idea of the other, in other words, transformed and moved away from the originally laid message. The events of recent years have become an indicator of how fragile the maintenance of the international world order is. Motivated by political reasons, including those imposed against the energy sector, torpedo joint projects in the fields of traditional and renewable energy, neutralize the results achieved in the field of sustainable development, and in some cases even have the opposite effect. Thus, the ecological and climatic components of the transformation of the world energy system have led to greater polarization and aggravation of environmental agenda in different regions of the world (mainly developing countries).

Key words: fuel and energy complex, energy transition, climate agenda, green energy, sustainable development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.027

Z.V. SERGEEVA Post-graduate student, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MGIMO), Department of Applied Analysis of International Problems (PAMP), Moscow, Russia

ENERGY TRANSITION AND ENERGY SECURITY: TWO POINTS OF VIEW FOR RUSSIAN ENERGY POLICY

This article presents an analysis of two points of view on the problem of energy transition and energy security in the context of Russian energy policy. The first point of view suggests the active development of alternative energy sources, including renewable ones, which will allow Russia to reduce its dependence on oil and gas exports and reduce its carbon footprint. The second point of view argues that Russia should maintain its status as a major oil and gas exporter, develop new fields and cooperate with other countries in order to ensure its energy security and maintain economic stability. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each point of view and offers practical recommendations for Russia's energy policy in a rapidly changing world energy situation. At the beginning of the 21st century, a number of developed countries, including the countries of the European Union (EU), took a course towards the gradual abandonment of such traditional energy sources as oil and gas in order to solve the global problem of climate change. This policy is called the energy transition. It significantly influenced the foreign energy policy of Russia, whose oil and gas industry was under the threat of reduced demand from traditional European partners. However, due to a number of economic, geopolitical and social upheavals since 2020, the problem of ensuring energy security has come to the fore for a number of countries, exposing the contradiction between achieving low-carbon development goals and ensuring the stable functioning of their energy systems. This article discusses the problem of combining the goals of the energy transition and at the same time maintaining energy security for Russia, the largest exporter of natural gas to the European market.

Key words: Energy policy, energy transition, energy security, gas markets, LNG, hydrogen.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.028

E.V. DROZDOVA Postgraduate Student, Department of Political Science and Political Administration of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET EDUCATION SYSTEM ON THE FORMATION OF MODERN STATE EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The author analyses typical features and gives the main characteristics of the state education-al policy of higher education in the Soviet and post-Soviet period, identifies the main achievements and drawbacks in the development of the domestic higher education system that influenced its further formation. The article considers ideological, socio-political and economic factors that had a significant impact on the priorities of educational university policy in Soviet times, as well as radical changes in the political regime within the country, the growth of international cooperation, socio-economic trans-formations and the increase of market relations that determined the perspective of development of higher education in Russia after the collapse of the USSR.

Key words: educational policy, higher school, Soviet/post-Soviet educational system, private universities, university autonomy, education reform.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.029

JIN LEI Master's Degree State and Municipal Administration Public Administration Lomonosov Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

SPECIFICS OF AUDIT ACTIVITY AND ITS MAIN STAGES

The article discusses issues related to the specifics of auditing activities and its main stages of implementation. The author emphasizes that the most important element of strategic planning and forecasting is audit activity in the field of the state system of management of socio-economic processes of society. Currently, audit activity is important not only in solving the set goals and objectives of long-term strategic development and planning, but also in ensuring the economic security of the country as a whole. The purpose of the study is to study and analyze the specifics of audit activity, its main stages, as well as to develop an algorithm to improve the efficiency of its implementation. The main methods of analysis were: the method of comparison, analysis, logical reasoning. The concept of "audit activity" is considered, and the author's interpretation of this term is also proposed. The functions of auditing activities and their main content are studied. The main stages of the audit activity are considered. The author also presents and discusses the basic principles of auditing in the decision-making and management system. The analysis of the planned audit in the city of Moscow is carried out. Recommendations for improving the efficiency of auditing activities in the system of strategic planning and forecasting in the city of Moscow are proposed. An algorithm has been developed to improve the efficiency of auditing activities, taking into account the modern realities of the time.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to study the specifics of audit activity and its main stages of implementation.

Methods: Basic research methods: the method of comparison, analysis, logical reasoning.

Results: The specifics of audit activity have been studied and analyzed and its main stages of implementation have been considered. An algorithm has been developed to improve the efficiency of auditing activities, taking into account the modern realities of the time.

Conclusions: After analyzing the specifics of audit activity and considering its main stages, it was found out that it makes it possible to increase the efficiency of many business entities due to the timely detection of deviations and violations in their work. A fairly wide range of technologies and tools allows you to achieve your goals and results in practice. It is important to apply an integrated approach that takes into account the specifics of the audit activity, the methods and evaluation tools used.

Key words: audit activity, specifics, main stages, efficiency, development prospects, policy.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.030

CHOI JAE DUK Ph.D., Moscow, Russia

A STUDY ON THE COMPETITION OF THE U.S.- CHINA AND THE CHANGE OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER

In the article the author analyzes the transformation of the international order in the 21st analysis. Analyzes US-China relations. The US, which supported China's accession to the WTO, faced a sharp challenge from China, which has accumulated wealth through rapid growth. Thus, the Indo-Pacific region has become a field for the geopolitical interests of the two countries. In this connection, the risk of a military conflict greatly increases, since countries on a competitive basis introduce advanced weapons for their security, the military sharpness of the escalation. In this article, the author of Cathedral Entrepreneurship interprets the current situation with competition between the US and China through the theory of aggressive realism by Professor John J. Mirsheimer, one of the theories of realism.

Key words: USA, China, geopolitics, security, confrontation, theory of realism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.031

E.K. TABEYKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Kazan State Energy University, Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan, Russia

IMPLEMENTATION OF US FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MUSLIM WORLD

The article deals with the implementation of US foreign policy, taking into account the religious factor. The role of the so-called "Islamic" factor or instrument of US policy is also important. On the one hand, the ever-increasing Muslim community influences the decisions made by the US administration, on the other hand, the US actively participates and uses the contradictions between the various branches of Islam to achieve its goals. These goals are, first of all, to expand its influence and control energy resources. The supply of weapons, resources, and the training of militants are used as tools. So, for example, to counter the USSR, the United States carried out an active campaign to support radical forces in Afghanistan.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the Middle East is still a troubled region for the United States, which is reflected in the search for relevant methods of interaction with the Muslim society.

The goal is to study the degree of influence of the religious factor on the formation of US foreign policy in the 21st century.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the influence of religion on US policy in the external and internal spheres is extremely large and is reflected in all their manifestations. The 21st century, despite the development of modern and digital technologies, the scientific consciousness of man, is still influenced by various global confessions.

Key words: politics, factor, Islam, terrorism, contradiction, pan-Islamism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.032

A.B. GEKHT PhD in history, docent Head of the department of history and regional studies, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. professors M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia

A.V. NEROVNYJ Senior lecturer, department of history and regional studies, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. professors M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia

E.A. RUDENKO Assistant, department of history and regional studies, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. professors M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia

V.E. ROMANENKO Bachelor in regional studies, department of history and regional studies, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. professors M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia

THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT IN TYE UNITED STATES DURING THE VIENTAM WAR AND ITS IMPACT ON AMERICAN SOCIETY: A BRIEF ANALYSIS

The armed intervention of the United States in the conflict on the territory of Vietnam had left a deep mark in the history of the country. The United States suffered huge losses at the front, but the civilian population suffered as well. Millions of people formed an anti-war movement and demanded the end of US intervention. The study of the anti-war movement phenomena is an urgent topic for predicting the stability of the modern system of international relations. The purpose of the research work is to study the main forms of public protests against the Vietnam War in the USA during the Vietnum war, to determine the key causes of their occurrence and the role of the movement in American history.

Key words: the anti-war movement, Vietnam conflict, American society, USA, forms of mass protest.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.033

O.A. KHLOPOV PhD in Political Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations, Political Science and Foreign Regional Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH), Moscow, Russia

THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE EU: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The article analyzes the issues of cooperation in the field of energy between Russia and the EU. The content of the energy strategy of the Russian Federation makes it possible to identify its role as a reliable supplier of hydrocarbon resources. Relations between Russia and the EU in the field of energy today can be clearly defined in two time periods: before and after the start of a special military operation (SMO) in Ukraine in 2022. The conflict has seriously changed the security paradigms in Europe and, as a result, Russia's self-determination in the European space and in the world – from a reliable to an undesirable, but still necessary partner who supplies energy resources. The author shows the evolution of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the EU, identifies restrictions on the normalization of these relations, which indicate that the EU has not overcome the syndrome of suspicious attitude towards Russia, that had been inherited from the era of confrontation between West and East.

Key words: energy strategy, energy security, energy resources, geopolitics, cooperation, Russia, European Union.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.034

E.A. LAPTEV Associate Professor Director of the Recreational and Health Center Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia

COOPERATION BETWEEN ACADEMIC ORGANIZATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION NATIONAL REPUBLICS AND THE CIS COUNTRIES: MAIN DIRECTIONS AND PROSPECTS

The article discusses the participation of the academies of sciences of the national republics of the Russian Federation – Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and the Chechen Republic in the development of cooperation between Russia and the CIS countries in the field of fundamental and applied science. The main directions of interaction of academic organizations of the national republics of the Russian Federation with the national academies of sciences of Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan and a number of other post-Soviet states are highlighted. The demand in the scientific community of Bashkiria, Tatarstan and the countries of Central Asia for joint research and scientific information events in the field of history and culture of the peoples of Eurasia is shown. The participation of the Academies of Sciences of Bashkiria, Tatarstan and Chechnya in the intellectual dialogue in the post-Soviet space contributes to the strengthening of the integration scientific, technological and humanitarian ties of the CIS countries. The article notes that in 2021-2022 the interaction of academic organizations of the national republics of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries is activated and expanded, which is a significant positive factor in the further development of international scientific cooperation in the post-Soviet space.

Key words: Academy of Sciences, scientific cooperation, scientific information activity, scientific diplomacy, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Chechen Republic, CIS, Central Asia, Eurasian integration.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.035

SHANCHUAN ZHIZI Ph.D. student of Institute of Area Studies of Peking University, Peking, China

SOVIET POLICY TOWARDS WOMEN IN CENTRAL ASIA

Addressing the issue of Soviet policy towards women in the Central Asian republics is relevant for understanding modern processes of ensuring gender equality. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current directions of the social policy of the Soviet government to ensure gender equality, the active involvement of women in the industrial and political spheres of public life. Based on the application of the apparatus of general scientific research methods, the historical method, the measures of a political and legal nature aimed at ensuring equal social and political-legal status of women and men in the republics of Central Asia are analyzed. The article emphasizes the uneven and inconsistent nature of the gender policy of the Soviet government, which does not take into account the strength of traditional religiosity, local customs and stereotypes that prevent full-fledged female emancipation. The task of actively involving women in the production sphere was combined with the protection of traditional ideas about the burden of household management, which formed a conflict that was difficult to resolve for the process of emancipation. The dominance of stereotypes about the female role in the family and society created barriers to entry into political institutions, which the Soviet leadership tried to solve by setting quotas. In general, the efforts of the Soviet State to solve the problems of gender equality in education and production were crowned with significant success, but the political participation of women was still insufficient due to the flaws and shortcomings of the emancipation policy.

Key words: gender equality, emancipation, Soviet power, education, customs.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.036

O.A. YAKOVLEV PhD in history, docent, docent of the department of history and regional studies, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. professors M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia

E.G. OVCHINNIKOVA PhD in history, docent, docent of the department of history and regional studies, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. professors M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia

G.M. PURTOVA Bachelor in regional studies, department of history and regional studies, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. professors M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia

MOTHER SVEA: THE PHENOMENON OF NATIONAL PERSONIFICATION IN SWEDEN

The article defines the national symbol as a whole, reveals the concept of national personification, analyzes the gender aspect of personification, examines the main symbol-the personality of Sweden and its history, the position of the image of the country at the present stage. A comprehensive study of the national personification of Sweden will help to identify the distinctive aspects of the development of the nation, which contribute to the dissemination and popularization of Swedish culture, making it possible to successfully preserve historical and cultural heritage aiming to unite the nation.

Key words: national personification, Sweden, Mother Svea.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.037

A.I. ZARBUEVA Assistant of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia

I.A. ZARUBINA Assistant of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia

Y.A. SHITIKOVA Senior lecturer of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia

THE GAME OF POWER – HOW THE ONE BELT, ONE ROAD STRATEGY IS CHANGING THE COURSE OF THE 21ST CENTURY

The United States of America and China are competing to determine the course of the 21st century. At stake is the question of whether the prevailing international order that maintained peace, prosperity, and freedom will persist, or whether a world defined by great power spheres of influence, rigged economic interactions, and ascendant authoritarianism will become a global reality.

China is playing many power games. It is working diligently to offset U.S. military advantages, namely, to transform the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA) into a force capable of confronting the United States. China is also using economic coercion against U.S. allies and partners to change their behavior to suit its interests. Beijing is systematically acquiring foreign technology in order to dominate the innovative industries of the future. Much of these goals are realized in the One Belt, One Road strategy, China's newest power play, which combines economic, diplomatic, military, and information tools of state governance. This strategy is designed to lay the groundwork for an alternative order and place China in a privileged position.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the PRC's One Belt, One Road strategy achievements to date and to examine the changing influence of the PRC in the world.

The paper provides information on the importance of the One Belt, One Road program for the PRC, aspects of the strategy, as well as its successes and failures. The significance of the One Belt, One Road program for PRC's international security was investigated. The article provides information on the PRC's motives, as well as the importance of the program's commercial success to Chinese power. The article also presents the world powers' perspective on the One Belt, One Road strategy.

Key words: PRC, United States, Indian Ocean, One Belt, One Road, PLA, international security, national security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.038

LAN PENGHE PhD student of the faculty of International Relations, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

INTEGRATION OF THE BELTAND ROAD INITIATIVE AND THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF GEORGIA

The author analyzed the integration of the B&R initiative and the National Development Plan of Georgia in terms of exchanges and cooperation in the political, economic, and humanitarian fields. The paper emphasized its successes as well as noted the risks and disadvantages, and proposed for mitigating and overcoming them. The author comes to the conclusion that the integration of the B&R Initiative and the National Development Strategy of Georgia contributes to the comprehensive development of relations between the two countries and stimulates the construction of a new type of international relations on a mutually-beneficial cooperation basis.

Key words: China, Georgia, international cooperation, integration, Belt and Road initiative.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.039

MOHAMED ABDALLA ABDELRAHIM ELNUR Postgraduate student in the Department of Russian Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

USSR – SUDAN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY, GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AND TRANSPORT IN THE 1960S-1970S.

The article is devoted to the problems of USSR-Sudan scientific and technical cooperation in the 1960s-1970s and is relied on a wide source base of both published and archival documents extracted from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Economics (RSAE) and the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (FPA of the Russian Federation). The purpose of this work is to reveal the contribution of the Soviet Union to the development of scientific and technical ties with the Republic of Sudan, to identify the main directions of economic cooperation between the two countries in the period under review. Based on the reports of the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR and the official notes of the Sudan reference office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, the dynamics of Soviet-Sudanese scientific and technical relations, their dependence on the domestic political situation in the country and in the East African region are shown. The article concludes that since Soviet-Sudanese diplomatic relations were established, economic cooperation between the two countries noticeably intensified, which contributed to the development of the national economy of Sudan. The peak of economic cooperation occurred in 1969-1971, when the new leader of Sudan, Jaafar Nimeiry, proclaimed a course towards socialism. Agricultural enterprises, geological exploration, and energy, created with the USSR assistance, occupied leading positions in the Sudanese. It is also noted that the long-term political instability that persists in the country hinders the implementation of economic cooperation projects with Russia at the present stage.

Key words: Africa, economic development, Soviet specialists, agricultural exports, infrastructure.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.040

M.N. OMETYUKH Postgraduate Student, Department of Modern and Contemporary History and methodology of the Moscow State Regional university; history teacher MBOU secondary school No. 10 them. A.K. Astrakhov, Mytishchi, Moscow region, Russia

THE IMAGE OF SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC AS THE POLITICAL LEADER OF SERBIA AND YUGOSLAVIA IN THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS THE WASHINGTON POST AND THE NEW YORK TIMES PART II

In this article, the author continues the analysis of the image of the Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic in the American periodicals the Washington Post and the New York Times. For the study, newspaper issues were taken that reflected the events in Yugoslavia in 1991-1999, starting from the moment Milosevic came to power and ending with the events in Kosovo. The purpose of the work is to show how the American media distorted the real political situation, trying to impose a negative image of S. Milosevic, blaming him for the terrible events that took place on the territory of the former socialist Yugoslavia. The relevance of this work is obvious: modern media is a powerful tool in the information confrontation between different states. With their help, you can impose on people that point of view that is beneficial and does not reflect the essence of ongoing events and phenomena. This is what happened to world public opinion, which, through the prism of newspapers and television, perceived Serbia as the only aggressor to blame for the deaths of many people who died in the wars that began after the collapse of the SFRY. The subject of the study is the personality of S. Milosevic, portrayed in American newspapers in the 1990s, how he is described in the media, how his domestic and foreign political actions are explained. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the American press demonized S. Milosevic by unilaterally providing facts, describing him as a subtle and cunning politician who dreamed of creating a Greater Serbia and started wars in the Balkans, while keeping silent about nationalist sentiments in Croatia, the terrorist activities of the Liberation Army Kosovo, etc. The results of the study contribute to the study of the Yugoslav wars of 1991-1999, the study of the personality of S. Milosevic and his role in the history of Yugoslavia and Serbia.

Key words: disintegration of Yugoslavia, Serbia, USA, Kosovo, Slobodan Milosevic, Dayton Accords, Kosovo crisis, press, The Washington Post, The New York Times.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.041

D.A. PAKHOMOVA Post-graduate student of Diplomacy Department MGIMO University of International Relations, Moscow, Russia

SHAPING FACTORS OF ASTANA NEGOTIATION MECHANISM OF SYRIAN CRISIS SETTLEMENT AND RUSSIA’S ROLE

The article looks at Russia’s diplomacy within multilateral formats of Syrian crisis settlement in 2012 – early 2017, with its political and diplomatic aspect analyzed in constant connection with Russian troops’ activities, which have been assisting Syrian government to combat terrorism since 2015. The research analyzes Geneva talks format led by the UN, which in Russian view has special role in regulating international relations. Russia’s military success since 2015 let Russia assume initiative in the Syrian crisis settlement. Astana format shaping is a result of Russia’s deeper engagement in Syria as well as Turkey and Iran’s readiness to negotiate, despite their opposite positions on principal components of Syrian settlement.

Key words: Syrian crisis settlement, Russia, Syria, UN, Geneva talks, Astana negotiations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.042

D.R. ISLAMOV Postgraduate Student, Institute of International Relations, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

TURKEY’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE WESTERN BALKANS IN THE DAVUTOĞLU ERA

Under the Justice and Development Party (AKP), the Western Balkans’ direction in Turkey’s foreign policy took on a peculiar significance. However, from the 1990s to the mid-2000s, Turkey kept on contributing to NATO's missions and operations supporting Muslims during the civil wars in the former Yugoslavia and being eager to play an active role in stabilizing the region. Turkey also became the second country to recognize the Kosovo’s independence. In addition, Turkey consistently supported the membership of the Western Balkan states in NATO. A. Davutoğlu, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2009 to 2014, gave a new impetus in establishing close relations with the region. Turkey embarked to increase the trade with the Western Balkans and intensively implement the soft-power tools. Moreover, in 2009, the Trilateral Consultation Mechanism was established at Turkey’s initiative to resolve political issues predominately between Serbia and BiH. Initially, this political initiative was held at the ministry of foreign affairs level. In 2010, for the first time the presidents of Turkey, BiH and Serbia met under the Trilateral Mechanism. Hence, the purpose of the paper is to study the core principles of Turkey’s foreign policy towards the Western Balkans in the Davutoğlu Era and to determine to what extent they were put into practice.

Key words: Turkey, Western Balkans, Turkish foreign policy, Davutoglu, trilateral mechanism for negotiation, Neo-Ottomanism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.043

CHU CHENGCHENG Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HUMANITARIAN POLICY OF RUSSIA AND CHINA IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION

Aim. To evaluate the features of the humanitarian policy of Russia and China in Central Asia.

Methodology. The main content of the study is comparative analysis, and a systematic approach is also used as a research method.

Results. The analysis showed that the strategic goals, ways of implementation and results of the humanitarian policy of China and Russia in Central Asia are different. In general, Russia has a unique advantage in Central Asia, China's humanitarian influence in Central Asia still lags behind Russia. At the same time, the expansion of China's role in the region, especially its strong economic and cultural influence, cannot be ignored. Although China and Russia compete in humanitarian policy in Central Asia, cooperation is more important to weaken the influence of Western players and jointly strengthen educational interaction in the region.

Research implications. A comparative analysis of the foreign policy of Russia and China in the humanitarian sphere in Central Asia, especially in the field of education, is proposed. The conducted research gives an idea of the conceptual foundations of the humanitarian strategies of Russia and China and practical actions in Central Asia.

Key words: humanitarian policy, Russia, China, Central Asia, interstate cooperation in the field of education.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.044

Ya.S. TORO NESTERENKO Master's student in international relations Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF THE UN IN THE HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN VENEZUELA

Considered the largest humanitarian crisis of our time - the Venezuelan crisis. The national peculiarities that impede the full development of a democratic society in the country are determined. The role of both the leading world powers and regional countries in their influence on the internal political course of Venezuela, their interaction with the national Government and the President of the country is revealed, and the degree of their participation in the emergence of a national humanitarian crisis is also determined. Its course and stages of development, the current state are analyzed. The role, place and functions of international structures under the auspices of the UN in the emergence of the Venezuelan humanitarian crisis are disclosed in detail, as well as the efforts made by these structures to prevent it are characterized.

The analysis of economic, humanitarian and military prerequisites for the emergence of the Venezuelan humanitarian crisis has been carried out.

A detailed analysis of the actions of the UN structures and committees in overcoming the consequences of the humanitarian Venezuelan crisis is given. Both the positive aspects of the activities of the UN missions in Venezuela and the negative consequences of the work of international humanitarian structures are identified. An algorithm for the operation of international structures providing humanitarian assistance at the present stage has been drawn up, its shortcomings have been identified and a new algorithm of their actions has been proposed that increase the efficiency of the mechanism for providing humanitarian assistance not only to the population of the country, but also to refugees from Venezuela, who are forced to temporarily or permanently leave the territory of the state due to the crisis.

Key words: Venezuela, humanitarian crisis, UN, UNICEF, humanitarian aid, refugees, politics, economics, sanctions, humanitarian aid algorithm.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.045

L.G. KOROTKOVA Student, Department of International Relations (Foreign Regional Studies), Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MGIMO), Moscow, Russia

D.D. SVECHNIKOV Student, Department of International Relations (Foreign Regional Studies), Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE QUEST FOR A DIPLOMATIC SOLUTION TO THE CAMBODIAN PROBLEM: FRAMEWORK FOR NEGOTIATIONS, MAJOR DECISIONS, INVOLVEMENT OF UN STRUCTURES (1975-1991)

This article discusses the settlement of the Cambodian problem in 1975-1991. Special attention is paid to the work of UN structures in the phased resolution of the conflict. It is concluded that, on the one hand, all regional players wanted to avoid conflict, and on the other hand, the People's Republic of Kampuchea and the People's Republic of China relied on intimidating Vietnam and ousting the USSR from Southeast Asia. Despite the contradictions within the SEA region, all ASEAN countries acted as a united front. The article discusses the main meetings of the warring parties, as well as the format of "cocktail parties". An attempt was made to analyze the main decisions on the Cambodian issue and the international implications of the problem. An assessment of the effectiveness of the UN peacekeeping mission (UNTAC), which operated in Cambodia in 1992-1993, is given.

Key words: Cambodia, Kampuchean problem, Khmer Rouge, ASEAN, PRC, People's Republic of Kampuchea.

REFLECTIONS ON READING

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.046

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of political sciences, professor, editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Nauka Segodnya", Moscow, Russia

D.E. SLIZOVSKY Doctor of historical sciences, professor Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

TO THE QUESTION OF THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

(BY THE MATERIALS OF CURRENT PUBLICATIONS)

The article provides an analytical review of the main directions of scientific research on the problems of transformation and radicalization of international relations based on publications in peer-reviewed journals "Political Science Issues", "Eurasian Union: International Relations Issues". Based on an analytical review of current publications and scientifically significant studies, an attempt is made to characterize new areas of cooperation between states in various spheres of public and international life. The special demand for this type of research is caused by the adoption on March 31, 2023 of the updated Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation.

Key words: international relations, Russian foreign policy, Special Military Operation, Ukraine, analytical review, current publications, peer-reviewed journals.

CONFERENCES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.96.3.047

D.S. SAPARBEKOVA Master's student of the Faculty of Journalism of the Russian Academy of Sciences and GS, Moscow, Russia

FOCUS ON CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS: CURRENT ISSUES AND DIRECTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

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