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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 15. Issue 3 (120), 2025

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Syzdykova Zh.S. The Legacy of Zoroastrianism in Central Asia: Historical and Cultural Aspect
• Tereshchenko O.V. The Emergence and Expansion of the Kuban Line During the Development of the North Caucasus
• Mazhnikov V.I. Attitude to Historical Memory in Teaching School History Course
• Uporov I.V. Stimulation of Labor in the Soviet State on yhe Eve and at the Start of "Kosygin" Reforms: Economic and Legal Aspect
• Chernolikh K.V. The Crisis of the Soviet Industrial Economy: Ideological Roots and Impact on the Socio-Economic Development of the USSR in the 1980s.
• Pavlenko A.I. Modernization in Russia in 1985-1993: Towards Problem Formulation
• Vazerov I.D. Activities of the House of Scientific and Technical Propaganda of the Penza Region in the 1970-1980s.
• Komlev D.S. Famine Relief In Simbirsk Province In 1921-1922
• Suslov A.Yu. History of the Civil War in Russia in the Scientific Heritage of Professor A.L. Litvin (1931-2023)

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Petropolsky D.I. Populism as an Electoral Strategy of Modern Politicians: the Experience of Representative Democracies

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Kurbanov N.I., Ushakov V.V., Tsapok A.A. Formation of Ideology in Russia after 2022: Problems and Prospects
• Veliev A.R. Political Influence of the Azerbaijani Diaspora in Russia on the Development of Russian-Azerbaijani Relations in the Modern Period

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

• Kholov S.K., Olimzoda S.S. Terrorism and Extremism as Political Challenges to the Security of the Post-Soviet States

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• Sigal D.E., Penkovtsev R.V. Technological Rivalry and Geopolitical Strategies as a Factor in the Impact of American TNCS on US Foreign Policy
• Utkin S.A. US-EU Military-Political Cooperation During Donald Trump's First Presidential Term
• Iakhnis E.A. Activities of Confucius Institutes in Latin American Countries
• Volkov A.P. U.S. Counteraction to BRICS De-Dollarization: Analysis of Threats and Realities
• Grigorian S.S. The Islamic Factor in the Rivalry Between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East
• Ermilov A.D. Concepts of "Non-Classical Warfare" in Modern International Relations
• Khusainova S.S. Geopolitical Dimension of Eurasian Integration

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

• Medvedev N.P. Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey: Formation of a New Model of International Relations (Part I)

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.001

Zh.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

THE LEGACY OF ZOROASTRIANISM IN CENTRAL ASIA: HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECT

This article examines a number of important aspects of the formation of Zoroastrianism, which incorporated the features of a number of more ancient beliefs. It is emphasized that a special place was given to the Sun as a deity and the cult of Fire as a manifestation of God on earth. Attention is drawn to the fact that for a long time Zoroastrianism remained the dominant religion in the expanses of Central Asia, as evidenced by the artifacts found in the region. The uniqueness of Zoroastrianism is that it influenced the formation of links between Western and Eastern religious traditions. It is noted that Zoroastrianism has influenced the modern culture of many peoples of the Central Asian region.

Key words: Central Asia, Avesta, Zoroastrianism, sun, fire.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.002

O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

THE EMERGENCE AND EXPANSION OF THE KUBAN LINE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS

The article outlines the principles and features of the emergence of the Kuban Line as the basis for the development of the Caucasian space by the Cossacks and part of the wealthy peasantry. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a more detailed study of the reasons for the creation of the Kuban line, as well as the facts surrounding this event. During the development of the North Caucasus, pride in their ancestors and even a certain pride that separated a Cossack from one village from a Cossack from another often came to the fore in the minds of the Cossacks. The collectivism of Cossack communities and settlements was relevant only in the form in which the system of relationships between different social groups and representatives of different statuses allowed. Courage, boldness, and heroism, of course, occupied a certain place in the Cossack’s picture of the world, but these values cannot at all be called paramount or main. Due to the presence of subpassionaries in the Kuban at the beginning of the XIX century. There was a “displacement” - an artificial, external disruption of the processes of ethnogenesis, which caused passionary tension. We see the manifestation of this both in military everyday life and in housing culture. Within the framework of this study, we use special historical methods and methods of historical anthropology. The results of the study indicate a gradual evolution of the assessments and attitudes of the Cossacks, who developed their own historical ideas about the functions of military service and the expansion of agriculture in the conditions of the frontier.

Key words: Kuban line, Cossacks, frontier, population, fortress, guard, communication.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.003

V.I. MAZHNIKOV Candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor, Moscow financial-industrial university "Synergy", Moscow, Russia

ATTITUDE TO HISTORICAL MEMORY IN TEACHING SCHOOL HISTORY COURSE

Recently, in Russian society, issues of forming historical memory in the younger generation have become the object of increased state attention, and as a result, a topic for various public and scientific discussions. The actualization of attention to the problem of historical memory, the methods and ways of its formation, in our opinion, is mainly due to the urgent need of the state to activate its influence on mass public consciousness. The appeal of the authorities to historical memory has always served as an important legitimizing factor in strengthening really functioning social and political institutions. Today, more than ever, the state's appeal to the past is becoming a source of public justification for achieving clearly defined political goals and preferences. The article rethinks the concept of "historical memory" from the perspective of a special type of social memory, which has its own specific forms of manifestation that must be taken into account in teaching the school history course. It is especially emphasized that as a socio-cultural phenomenon, historical memory is an important factor influencing the formation of an individual's social identity and, above all, his or her civic identity. The article proposes an optimal approach, from the author's point of view, combining both objective-scientific and sensory-emotional components in constructing the content of teaching the school history course.

Key words: memory, historical memory, civil identity, historical policy, historical and cultural standard, historical education, school historical education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.004

I.V. UPOROV D.Sc. (Hist.), Ph.D. (Law), Professor Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russia

STIMULATION OF LABOR IN THE SOVIET STATE ON THE EVE AND AT THE START OF "KOSYGIN" REFORMS: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Soviet economy developed based on the Marxist political and ideological platform, the essence of which, to put it simply, was that the means of production, including land, should belong to the people represented by the socialist state. However, by the turn of the mid-1960s, such large-scale problems had appeared in the economic development of the USSR that the ruling elite considered it necessary to implement economic reforms, which were called "Kosygin" (A.N. Kosygin was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR at that time). The corresponding adjustments to the economic strategy of the USSR were initially and as a guide to action approved in party and government decisions. The article focuses on changes in the issues of economic stimulation of the activities of both socialist state enterprises and employees of enterprises. It is noted that enterprises received additional independence in this regard, in particular, they were allowed to form appropriate incentive and stimulation funds from the profits received. However, the size of the incentives was limited by higher authorities. And in general, the guiding principles of the reforms under consideration did not reflect the real situation in the economy, where there was a desire for greater economic independence than proposed by the reforms. As a result, it was not possible to combine an effective economy and communist ideology, which was demonstrated by the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

Key words: Soviet state, A.N. Kosygin's reforms, enterprise, economic incentives, incentive funds, ideology.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.005

K.V. CHERNOLIKH Doctoral Candidate, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Assistant of the Department, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia

THE CRISIS OF THE SOVIET INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY: IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS AND IMPACT ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR IN THE 1980S.

The crisis of the industrial economy of the USSR in the 1980s was the result of a combination of many factors, among which ideological roots occupy a special place. This article examines the main aspects that contributed to the economic decline, including the dogmatism of the Marxist-Leninist ideology, which was unable to adapt to the changing conditions of the world economy.

The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the ideological factors that contributed to the crisis of the industrial economy. Using such methods as a historical-analytical approach and comparative analysis, it is analyzed how ideological limitations, such as the priority of heavy industry and reliance on the working class, as well as ignoring the consumer sector, became one of the key factors contributing not only to the economic but also to the political crisis of the USSR.

Key words: USSR, industrial economy, post-industrialism, ideology, Soviet ideology, perestroika.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.006

A.I. PAVLENKO Postgraduate Student of Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0000-6032-7409

MODERNIZATION IN RUSSIA IN 1985-1993: TOWARDS PROBLEM FORMULATION

Crisis forces countries to look for options to improve the lives of citizens and the functioning of the political system. Russia is no exception in this regard. The article analyzes the socio-political processes in the USSR and the Russian Federation in 1985-1993 through the prism of modernization theory. The study is based on the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and historiographical tradition. The author, having accumulated the key ideas and concepts of modernization transformation, reveals the problem of half-heartedness, incomplete nature of changes in the country during the period under study. During the study, an attempt was made to consider the Soviet Union as a significant factor in modernization. However, this problem requires further study and scientific discussion.

Key words: perestroika, political history of Russia, modernization, post-Soviet Russia, reforms of the late 20th century, political struggle.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.007

I.D. VAZEROV Assistant of the department «History and Philosophy», Penza University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia

ACTIVITIES OF THE HOUSE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROPAGANDA OF THE PENZA REGION IN THE 1970-1980S.

The article examines the practice of the House of scientific and technical propaganda (РHSTP), created in 1971 by decision of the bureau of the board of the republican society «Knowledge» in Penza, whose scope, in addition to the Penza region, included the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Saratov, Tambov, Ulyanovsk regions, Kuibyshev region (since 1977). Since 1983, began to be called the «Volga House of scientific and technical propaganda», the coverage of which spread to almost all regions of the Volga region.

Forms and methods of work on the promotion of scientific and technical, economic knowledge, advanced production experience of industry and transport, construction, communications and agriculture are studied: conferences, seminars, production excursions, technical exhibitions, Days of innovators and specialists, etc. To participate in the seminars were involved production workers, scientists, including metropolitan. Local specialists, from Moscow and Leningrad, provided advice on topics of interest to local enterprises at the permanent consulting center at РHSTP. As part of the development of international contacts, it was practiced to send specialists abroad – to Poland, Hungary. The efficiency indicators of the measures carried out by РHSTP are analyzed: the use of materials of measures in the production activities of enterprises in the region and outside the region and the economic effect of their implementation, the quality and relevance of РHSTP measures, the availability of business contacts with the management of various industries, etc. The leading and coordination participation of the regional organization «Knowledge» in the activities of РHSTP is characterized (hearing at meetings of the presidium of the regional organization, adopting resolutions, for example, «On the state and measures to improve the work of РHSTP to improve the effectiveness of science and technology propaganda at enterprises, in construction organizations and in transport»).

Key words: USSR, ideology, education, Society «Knowledge», House of scientific and technical propaganda (Volga House of scientific and technical propaganda), Penza region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.008

D.S. KOMLEV Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia ORCID: 0009-0002-8450-411X SPIN code: 6909-0543

FAMINE RELIEF IN SIMBIRSK PROVINCE IN 1921-1922

The main purpose of the article is to study a little-studied topic in Russian historical science, namely, the problem of financial assistance to the starving population of Simbirsk province during the famine of 1921-1922. The methodological basis of the study included work with archival documents using both general scientific and special research methods, following the principle of objectivity.

In the early 1920s, famine raged in forty provinces of the Soviet country. Simbirsk province, which was renamed the Ulyanovsk Region in 1924, was no exception. In the Simbirsk province, as a result of shortages and excesses in carrying out the surplus by local committees, famine spread. According to archival documents, 741 thousand starving adults and 620 thousand children were registered in Simbirsk province. The results of the study showed that many state and regional authorities have been mobilized to fight hunger and help the hungry. However, the actions of local authorities were not always timely and effective, which led to a difficult financial situation for the population of Simbirsk province in the autumn of 1921. Against this background, various international charitable organizations have launched their activities, which have provided invaluable assistance in the fight against hunger by setting up canteens, food rations, medicines and clothing.

Key words: hunger, surplus, pomgol, MACAW, COV.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.009

A.Yu. SUSLOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher, Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia and Regional Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia SPIN-code: 8594-8168

HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA IN THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF PROFESSOR A.L. LITVIN (1931-2023)

The article examines the scientific heritage of the famous Russian historian, Honored Professor of Kazan University Alter Lvovich Litvin (1931-2023). The most important moments of the scientist's biography are recorded, including dissertation defenses, achievements, awards, and community recognition. The article analyzes the works of A.L. Litvin devoted to the history and historiography of the Civil War in Russia (1918-1922), the participation of political parties and the peasantry of the Volga region in it. The most significant individual and collective publications, co-authored work with the historian M.K. Mukharyamov, the topics of research, their place in the development of Russian and world historical science are noted. The problems of repression, red and white terror, the activities of the Tatar Chekists in the first years of Soviet power and the defeat of the anti-Soviet underground are studied. A conclusion is made about the importance and relevance of the scientific heritage of Professor A.L. Litvin.

Key words: A.L. Litvin, history, historiography, source studies, Civil War, Volga region, Kazan, 1918, terror, documents.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.010

D.I. PETROPOLSKY PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POPULISM AS AN ELECTORAL STRATEGY OF MODERN POLITICIANS: THE EXPERIENCE OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACIES

The political practice of modern democratic states demonstrates a steady growth of populism, parties that were previously considered niche, opposing the current political elite, are receiving increasing electoral support, and traditional parties are rapidly moving towards populism in their rhetoric and actions. In this context, the author considers populism as an effective electoral strategy capable of activating voters who are disillusioned with the policies pursued by systemic elites. The article emphasizes that the arena of competition is political discourse, where politicians promote their narratives, and populist narratives are more in demand in society due to the existing high demand from society. The author concludes that there are significant differences between populist leaders and charismatic leaders, and also argues that strong institutions guarantee a high level of protection against long-term stay of populists in power in democracies.

Key words: populism, populist, political leader, narrative, representative democracy, electoral strategy.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.011

N.I. KURBANOV Intern researcher IMI MGIMO, Moscow, Russia SPIN-code 0000-0003-4830-1373

V.V. USHAKOV Lieutenant Colonel FS VNG RF, student Military University MOD RF, Moscow, Russia

A.A. TSAPOK Bachelor's student, Faculty of Management and Politics MGIMO, Moscow, Russia

FORMATION OF IDEOLOGY IN RUSSIA AFTER 2022: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

This article examines the problems of ideology formation in Russia at the present stage, as well as positive trends that have emerged along this path after 2022. In addition, the role and possibilities of the school and the all-Russian youth organizations "Yunarmiya" and "Movement of the First" in the military-patriotic education of youth are analyzed. The authors come to the conclusion that after the start of the special military operation, the basis for the ideology in the form of traditional spiritual and moral values and the idea of the Russian world was formed.

Key words: ideology, patriotism, traditional spiritual and moral values, Russian world.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.013

A.R. VELIEV Assistant Professor, PhD student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF THE AZERBAIJANI DIASPORA IN RUSSIA ON THE DVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN-AZERBAIJANI RELATIONS IN THE MODERN PERIOD

In the context of modern international processes and geopolitical transformations, the interaction between Russia and Azerbaijan is gaining particular significance, creating broad opportunities for the development of trade, investment, and humanitarian projects. This article analyzes the role of the Azerbaijani diaspora as a special factor contributing to the deepening of bilateral relations. The main research hypothesis is that the diaspora, possessing extensive social, economic, and cultural resources, serves as a key intermediary in strengthening interstate cooperation. The article examines a number of practical examples reflecting the diaspora’s involvement in the development of the International North-South Transport Corridor, the implementation of large-scale investment projects, and the support of cultural initiatives. The methodological basis is a comprehensive approach that combines the analysis of statistical data, content analysis of regulatory documents, as well as the study of scientific literature and media materials. The results indicate the growing economic activity of the diaspora, expressed in the establishment of wholesale markets, logistics hubs, and trade centers, as well as a notable contribution to the humanitarian sphere, including the organization of festivals, educational programs, and charitable initiatives. Based on this, the article concludes that there are prospects for further strengthening Russian-Azerbaijani relations, where the Azerbaijani diaspora will continue to play the role of a catalyst, ensuring social, cultural, and economic integration.

Key words: Russia and Azerbaijan; Azerbaijani diaspora; humanitarian cooperation; trade-investment integration; economic interaction; intercultural dialogue.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.014

S.K. KHOLOV Postgraduate, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0002-4018-2366

S.S. OLIMZODA Postgraduate, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0003-1835-4755

TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM AS POLITICAL CHALLENGES TO THE SECURITY OF THE POST-SOVIET STATES

In this article, terrorism and extremism are considered as the main threats to the security of post-Soviet countries from the perspective of political and social security. The relevance of the study is due to the growing risks that are directly related to the radicalization of the population, the expansion of the influence of international terrorist organizations and regional instability (primarily of a political and socio-economic nature). The purpose of this work is to consider terrorism and extremism as security threats in post-Soviet states and identify the main factors influencing them. To achieve this goal, the main characteristics of terrorism and extremism in the region were thoroughly studied and factors that can be identified as influencing and contributing to increased risks were identified. The research process is based on a comprehensive strategy combining source analysis and comparative research.

This study examined the main causes contributing to the spread of terrorism and extremism, including socio-economic (social inequality, economic problems) and political (weakness of state institutions) causes. It evaluates the effectiveness of current measures to combat these problems and identifies important trends and challenges through an integrated approach. Based on this, the study contains proposals to improve regional and national security by strengthening intercultural communication, promoting international cooperation, stabilizing the socio-economic system, and strengthening law enforcement agencies.

Key words: terrorism, extremism, post-Soviet space, national security, radicalization, transnational threats, counteraction to terrorism, prevention of extremism.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.015

D.E. SIGAL Postgraduate student, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

R.V. PENKOVTSEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

TECHNOLOGICAL RIVALRY AND GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGIES AS A FACTOR IN THE IMPACT OF AMERICAN TNCS ON US FOREIGN POLICY

In the context of rapid technological progress and increasing geopolitical tensions, the role of multinational corporations in shaping foreign policy is becoming increasingly important. The technological rivalry between the world's leading powers has an impact on global politics. The purpose of the article is to study the mechanisms of the influence of technological rivalry on the foreign policy and activities of American TNCs.

The object of the research is the multinational corporations of the USA, their strategies and influence on international relations. The article focuses on technological rivalry and its implications for foreign policy. The study uses a comprehensive methodological approach involving the analysis of literature, statistical data and case studies. Examples from political and economic practice are used.

The study shows that TNCs play a key role in shaping global politics, actively influencing decision-making through lobbying and international engagement mechanisms. Technological rivalry increases their influence, generating new risks for nation states. The role of TNCs is expected to further strengthen in the future, which will require countries to develop new strategies to ensure a balance between competition and cooperation.

Key words: transnational corporations, foreign policy, lobbying, geopolitics, economic security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.016

S.A. UTKIN Postgraduate, department of International Relations world politics and diplomacy, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

US-EU MILITARY-POLITICAL COOPERATION DURING DONALD TRUMP'S FIRST PRESIDENTIAL TERM

The scientific article is dedicated to examining the fundamental changes in the context of military and political cooperation between the U.S. and the EU from 2017 to 2021, during Donald Trump's presidency.

The article provides a detailed analysis of the key aspects that significantly influenced the dynamics of cooperation between the two sides, as well as the long-term changes in the United States' approach to the North Atlantic Alliance (hereinafter referred to as NATO) following the end of Barack Obama's presidency and the rise of the Trump administration.

Additionally, special attention is given to the security of the European Union as a whole, including the reactions of the analyzed countries to current threats linked to the policies of the American president. A primary area of cooperation was military collaboration, including the financing of military projects and defense programs.

The article employs both quantitative and qualitative research methods, allowing for the identification of key trends and factors in U.S.-EU military-political cooperation during the specified period. The results of the analysis demonstrate that Donald Trump's presidency was a pivotal moment in the process of international engagement between the two sides regarding military-political cooperation. This period not only intensified disagreements but also facilitated the search for relevant forms of interaction in response to global threats.

The author emphasizes the necessity of further research into these changes for a deeper understanding of the future prospects of transatlantic cooperation.

Key words: history of international relations, geopolitics, international cooperation, interaction, transformations, globalization, security, foreign policy, United States of America, European Union, Donald Trump.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.017

E.A. IAKHNIS Postgraduate student, Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

ACTIVITIES OF CONFUCIUS INSTITUTES IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

The article examines the activities of Confucius Institutes in Latin American countries as an instrument of China's "soft power." The purpose of the study is to analyse the scale and nature of the functioning of these institutions, to identify their role in the implementation of the PRC's foreign policy strategy in the region. The tasks include the study of the geography of the spread of institutions, the analysis of their activities, the study of the relationship with the economic interests of China. The methodology is based on a systematic approach using comparative, institutional and content analysis. The results of the study show that Confucius Institutes actively promote the Chinese language and culture, forming a positive image of China among the Latin American population. The conclusion is made about the high effectiveness of Confucius Institutes as a tool of cultural diplomacy, contributing to the realization of China's long-term geopolitical and economic interests in Latin America.

Key words: China, Latin America, Confucius institutes, soft power, cultural diplomacy, Sino-Latin American relations, geopolitical interests.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.018

A.P. VOLKOV Ph.D. Candidate of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

U.S. COUNTERACTION TO BRICS DE-DOLLARIZATION: ANALYSIS OF THREATS AND REALITIES

The article examines the process of de-dollarization in the global financial system and the role of BRICS countries in shaping alternative mechanisms. It focuses on the challenges posed by the dominance of the U.S. dollar and the potential for BRICS nations to propose new approaches to organizing international financial relations. The study underlines that de-dollarization is not only an economic but also a geopolitical process, requiring coordinated efforts among BRICS countries and the implementation of innovative solutions. The attempts by BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) to reduce reliance on the U.S. dollar in international settlements have drawn sharp criticism from Donald Trump, who in January 2024 threatened to impose 100% tariffs on imports from these countries should they create an alternative currency. The article also analyzes the feasibility of such threats, their economic underpinnings, and the strategic and institutional barriers hindering de-dollarization within the BRICS framework.

Key words: US, BRICS, de-dollarization, dollar, reserve currency, sanctions, national currencies, mutual settlements.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.019

S.S. GRIGORIAN Postgraduate student Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE ISLAMIC FACTOR IN THE RIVALRY BETWEEN IRAN AND SAUDI ARABIA IN THE MIDDLE EAST

This article highlights the problem of religious contradictions between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The competition for leadership in the Islamic world and claims to legitimacy lead to tension between them, exacerbated by the incompatibility of the Wahhabi identity of Saudi Arabia and the Shiite identity in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of the scientific article is to analyze the role of religion in the rivalry between the two states.

The article analyzes the events after the 1979 revolution in Iran and the Arab Spring of 2011, and also examines the role of non-state Sunni and Shiite actors.

The author also examines the role of religion as a soft power in the foreign policy of Iran and Saudi Arabia.

Key words: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Axis of Resistance, Peninsula Shield Force, Sunni Islam, Shia Islam.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.020

A.D. ERMILOV Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy at the Institute of International Relations, Kazan Federal University (Volga Region) University Kazan, Russia ORCID: 0009-0000-0659-7715

CONCEPTS OF "NON-CLASSICAL WARFARE" IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The article is devoted to the analysis of key concepts of non-classical wars in modern international relations, including preemptive, hybrid and small wars. The author examines various approaches to the definition of preemptive warfare, emphasizing its connection with preemptive self-defense and the security dilemma, as well as the impact of nuclear strategic parity and the "Bush Doctrine" on its development. Hybrid warfare is analyzed as a multidimensional phenomenon combining military and non-military methods, which leads to a blurring of the boundaries between peace and war. Special attention is paid to small-scale warfare, which is characterized by asymmetry, the use of irregular forces and a combination of military and diplomatic methods. It is emphasized that small wars, despite their local nature, can have significant consequences for international security. It is noted that these concepts require further study in the context of modern challenges and threats related to the changing nature of military conflicts.

Key words: modern international conflicts, non-classical wars, hybrid warfare, small war, preemptive war.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.012

S.S. KHUSAINOVA Assistant of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSION OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION

The Russian Federation as the successor and heir of the Soviet Union in the changing of the world’s area is the center of Eurasian integration. Rapid growth of interest in the region comes not only from the economic leaders of Asia, but also from the countries of Southeast Asia and the states of Central Asia. The classical representation of the post-Soviet space from the point of view of the geopolitical position in the new system of international relations can also use such terminology as Greater Eurasia, Small Eurasia and the countries of North-Eastern Eurasia. In order to maintain the leading role and strengthen the position of the leader in Eurasian integration of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to identify not only geographical zones, but also to determine the criteria by which cooperation in the region will be successful in the long term.

Key words: Russian Federation, Eurasian integration, cooperation, interaction, soft power.

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.120.3.021

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House "Science Today", Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA, AZERBAIJAN, TURKEY: FORMATION OF A NEW MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PART I

Based on a review of current publications in scientific journals on the list of the Higher Attestation Commission, the article attempts to characterize the process of formation of a new model of international relations between Russia, Azerbaijan and Turkey. At the same time, positive and negative mechanisms of these interstate relations are analyzed in the context of taking into account the national interests of the Russian Federation. Of particular research interest is the expansion of economic relations and the military-political aspect of the problem, in connection with Turkey's membership in the military-political bloc NATO. As well as the attitude of states to the SVO in Ukraine and to the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The article consists of three parts published in different journals of the publishing house "Science Today".

Key words: scientific review, current publications, international relations, new model, Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, national interests, economic relations, military-political aspect, settlement, SVO in Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 15. Issue 4 (121), 2025

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Ershova T.V., Maksimets D.A. Highway Construction in the Moscow Province (Based on the Materials of the Journals of the Meetings of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo)
• Obolkin E.S. Origins and Methods of the Struggle of Education Workers of the Irkutsk Region for the Protection of their Labor Rights at the End of the 20th Century
• Ornatskaya T.A. Genrikh Solomonovich Lyushkov: Anatomy of Betrayal

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Razinkov D.A. The Main Directions of Criticism of the Concept of Political Culture

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Budanov M.A., Smirnov A.I. Functioning of the Monitoring System in the Field of Interethnic and Interfaith Relations: the Experience of the Regions of the North-Western Federal District
• Stroykov V.A. The Main Directions of the Institutionalization of Ethnopolitical Processes in Modern Russia

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

• Gubachev M.N. Anti-Corruption Policy of Modern Russian Society in Activities Aimed at the Efficiency of the State and its Institutions and Organizations

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• Smelov A.A. Modern Ukrainian Nationalism Consolidation in the Context of Russia’s Special Military Operation
• Guzaltan Onur Sinan. The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict on Turkey-Russia Relations in the Light of the Realist Approach and Geopolitical Perspective
• Fomichev N.N., Krupskaya S.Yu., Timoshkova O.A. The Aggravation of the Political Situation in Kosovo and Metohija in 2022-2023 and the Debate in the British Parliament
• Abilova G.V. Methods of Human Capital Formation in the Eurasian Partnership: BRICS Education Vector
• Aman S. The Variability of Approaches to the Political and Geographical Definition of the Asia-Pacific Region
• Belevich P.M. Evolution of Islamist Movements: from Political Activism to Public Administration
• Goncharov S.V. Strategic Interests of Russia and Turkey in the Post-Soviet Space
• Khazipov I.I. Sustainable Development as a Political Goal: Strategies of Green Parties in Western Europe
• Khusainova S.S. Prospects for the Development of Soft Power of the Russian Federation in Azerbaijan (on the Example of the Russian Language)
• Zhou Yanan. Turkey, Iran and Saudi Arabia' S «Soft Power» Policies Towards Central Asia Countries in the First Quarter of the 21-St Century
• Qiang Chong. Digital Diplomacy and Information Security: Challenges and Countermeasures
• Shaporenko S.A. Prerequisites and Importance of Cross-Border Cooperation Between Russian Regions and CIS Countries
• Chen Yung Ta. China's Hard Power and Political Influence
• Yarar Murat. Impact of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on the Development of Central Asia Using the Concept of Uneven and Combined Development

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

• Medvedev N.P. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Main Activities. Part One

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.001

T.V. ERSHOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Professor of the Department of History, Institute of Humanities, Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

D.A. MAKSIMETS Postgraduate student of the Department of History, Institute of Humanities, Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN THE MOSCOW PROVINCE (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE JOURNALS OF THE MEETINGS OF THE MOSCOW PROVINCIAL ZEMSTVO)

The article is devoted to the analysis of materials in the journals of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo meetings as sources for studying zemstvo activities in the Moscow region. They illustrate the entire decision-making cycle of the zemstvo bodies: from the origin of the problem to the implementation of the adopted resolution.

The sphere of highway construction stands out among the areas of work of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo. In the journals of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo meetings, a special role is given to explaining the reasons for allocating funds for the construction, repair and maintenance of road infrastructure. The analysis of the logs makes it possible to identify the main directions of road activity and identify trends in road construction in the Moscow province.

Кey words: Moscow province, journals of meetings of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo, historical source, highways.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.002

E.S. OBOLKIN Candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the East Siberian branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian State University of Justice named after V.M. Lebedev", Irkutsk, Russia

ORIGINS AND METHODS OF THE STRUGGLE OF EDUCATION WORKERS OF THE IRKUTSK REGION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THEIR LABOR RIGHTS AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The origins and methods of the struggle of workers in the educational sphere of the Irkutsk region for their labor rights are analyzed. The forms and requirements of the regional industry protest movement, the role of the industry trade union are also studied. The methods of scientific research are: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that this topic is little developed in relation to the regional aspect. This topic is relevant today, since the social and economic situation of teachers in the region, as well as in the country as a whole, still needs to be improved, and this in turn contributes to the achievement of socio-economic stability in society.

Key words: education workers, trade unions, Irkutsk region, protection of labor rights, protest movement.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.003

T.A. ORNATSKAYA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of State and Legal Disciplines Far Eastern Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian State University of Justice named after V. M. Lebedev", Vladivostok, Russia

GENRIKH SOLOMONOVICH LYUSHKOV: ANATOMY OF BETRAYAL

In the centuries-old history of Russia, betrayals of top leaders have occurred more than once. Military and civilian leaders became traitors for personal, financial, and ideological reasons. The complex of information they transmitted to the opposing side, as a rule, constituted a state secret and to one degree or another damaged the security of the country.

However, betrayal of a person whose activities are related to serving the Fatherland, with ensuring its security is a rather rare phenomenon. The publication examines the personality and activities of Genrikh Solomonovich Lyushkov, the chief employee of the security agency in the vast Far Eastern region in 1937-1938. His defection to the enemy had very significant negative consequences. Both ordinary employees of the security agencies and heads of departments suffered. In addition, members of the family of Genrikh Solomonovich Lyushkov found themselves in an extremely negative position. To understand the reasons that prompted a person who held such a high position to commit treason is the main idea of the article.

The purpose of this article is to trace the evolution of the position of an employee of the security agencies from loyalty to the Motherland to its betrayal. The subject of the study was historical facts related to the professional development of G.S. Lyushkov. The author considers the reasons that led the person to such a step. Betrayal in this case is a way to avoid negative consequences or a fight against the regime?

Using the methods of historical comparison and retrospection, the author comes to the conclusion that the betrayal of an employee of the security agency is of the most negative nature.

Key words: security agencies, Far East, pre-war history, betrayal.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.004

D.A. RAZINKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Philosophy of Politics and Law of the Faculty of Philosophy of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF CRITICISM OF THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL CULTURE

The concept of political culture was formed in post-war American political science and became the most important component of comparative political science. The concept has become popular not only as a theoretical framework for many scientific research projects, but also as an explanatory model for building one or another argument in an expert and layman's environment. At the same time, criticism of the concept of political culture has become a separate genre in comparative political science – its application has been compared to "nailing jelly to the wall," criticizing the use of a cultural category to empirically measure a set of orientations, and accusing it of justifying American hegemony. The article will attempt to highlight and systematize the main criticisms.

Key words: history of political science, American political science, cultural studies, Cold War, behavioral approach, positivism, structural functionalism/political culture/criticism of political culture.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.005

M.A. BUDANOV PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Interethnic and Interdenominational Relations Management, Faculty of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0009-1159-3343

A.I. SMIRNOV Master's Degree, School of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0006-2640-4937

FUNCTIONING OF THE MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE FIELD OF INTERETHNIC AND INTERFAITH RELATIONS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE REGIONS OF THE NORTH-WESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT

The article examines the problem of the functioning of the monitoring system in the field of interethnic and interfaith relations in the North-Western Federal District. Based on materials from the Komi Republic, the Republic of Karelia, and the Kaliningrad Region, the authors argue that the experience of the "State Monitoring Information System" within the North-Western Federal District is predominantly negative, expressed by its low level of importance within the framework of the actual ethnosocial monitoring system. According to the authors, this is due to the closed nature of the work of the state system, the strengthening of its technical component with the weakening of analytical and expert structures, as well as an increase in the level of trust in the results of professional activities of non-governmental actors working closely with regional government authorities. In addition, the authors conclude that there is a relationship between indicators of the effectiveness of national policy implementation and early warning of ethnopolitical conflict situations at the regional level. Thus, the most successful regions in the context of the implementation of ethnopolitics show better results in the implementation of ethnosocial monitoring than outsider regions.

Key words: state ethnic policy, ethnopolitical conflict, interethnic tension, monitoring of interethnic and interfaith relations, North-Western Federal District.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.006

V.A. STROYKOV Expert of «Academic Alliance», Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF ETHNOPOLITICAL PROCESSES IN MODERN RUSSIA

The dynamics of the development of ethnopolitical processes observed in modern Russian conditions demonstrates some stable trends, mainly related to the formation and testing of certain practices of state regulation of interethnic and interethnic relations in modern Russia. This is characterized by the work of the interdepartmental working group on interethnic relations, the Federal Agency for Nationalities, the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation and other structures. At the same time, the current civilizational and domestic political challenges presuppose the institutionalization and stabilization of the work of public authorities in terms of educational work with young people and countering manifestations of various forms of extremism and the potential negative impact on the national security of the Russian Federation. In particular, regular high-quality ethnopolitical monitoring is being updated, as well as an assessment of the relevant cumulative contribution of influential ethnic communities and religious groups within the framework of the work of Russian government authorities and civil society actors.

Key words: ethnopolitics, interethnic relations, intercultural communication, state, civil society.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.007

M.N. GUBACHEV PhD in Philosophy, Ufa State Technical University (USPTU), Sterlitamak Branch, Sterlitamak, Russia

ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY OF MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN ACTIVITIES AIMED AT THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STATE AND ITS INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS

The article is devoted to the analysis of anti-corruption policy in modern Russian society, its goals, objectives and implementation mechanisms. The main attention is paid to the formation of an anti-corruption worldview, legal awareness and behavior, which is a key factor in increasing the effectiveness of state institutions. The authors emphasize the importance of transparency of procedures, involvement of civil society in decision-making processes and creation of an atmosphere of intolerance to corruption. The article considers both state and corporate measures to combat corruption, including the development of anti-corruption policies at the level of organizations. Particular attention is paid to the role of civil society in the fight against corruption, as well as to the historical and social conditions that influence the formation of an anti-corruption culture. The authors analyze various types of corruption, their classification and manifestations in different spheres of public life, including political and economic. Such phenomena as the fusion of bureaucracy and business, lobbying and corruption networks are also considered.

The article offers scientifically based approaches to assessing and forecasting corruption phenomena, and emphasizes the need to increase the level of political culture of the population to successfully combat corruption. In conclusion, the authors note that anti-corruption policy should be comprehensive and take into account both legislative and socio-economic aspects in order to effectively combat corruption at all levels.

Key words: anti-corruption policy, civil society, corruption manifestations, public administration, transparency of procedures, classification of corruption.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.008

A.A. SMELOV Postgraduate student, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (North-West Institute of Management), Saint Petersburg, Russia

MODERN UKRAINIAN NATIONALISM CONSOLIDATION IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSIA’S SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION

The study analyzes the formation and development of Ukrainian nationalism, its historical background, transformations and current state. The aim of the work is to identify the causes of radicalization of nationalist tendencies in Ukraine, their impact on domestic and foreign policy, as well as on public consciousness. The methods used are historical analysis, study of political processes and content analysis of propaganda materials. The results show that Ukrainian nationalism has undergone several stages of evolution, beginning in the 19th century, acquiring a radically Russophobic character by 2014 and transforming into chauvinistic neo-Nazism with the onset of the SWO in 2022. The findings emphasize that nationalism in Ukraine has become a tool for consolidating society against the backdrop of the conflict, with its strengthening supported both inside and outside the country. The problem of contemporary Ukrainian nationalism requires many years of work to restore cultural ties and overcome the falsification of history, but its solution seems unlikely under current conditions.

Key words: Ukraine, Special Military Operation, nationalism, Russophobia, Ukrainian conflict, extremism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.009

GUZALTAN ONUR SINAN Postgraduate student of the Department of Comparative Political Science, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

THE IMPACT OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT ON TURKEY-RUSSIA RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF THE REALIST APPROACH AND GEOPOLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

While the Special Military Operation launched by Russia in Ukraine changed the balances on a global scale, it also inevitably affected the relations between Turkey and Russia. The sanctions imposed against Russia by the Western Alliance, of which Turkey is a part, and the developments in the Black Sea were the areas where the conflicts in Ukraine affected Turkey-Russia relations. Considering Turkey's membership in NATO and its good relations with Ukraine, it could be expected that Turkey-Russia relations would be strained or even severed after the Special Military Operation. But none of this happened. On the contrary, relations between the two countries continued to increase despite all the negative conditions. Between the two countries in the field of energy (Turkish Stream, Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant), in the economy (Turkey became the only NATO country that refused to comply with sanctions), in the military field (coordination between the two countries continues in Syria), in the diplomatic and political framework (reciprocal visits, etc.) relations continue.

This article defends the claim that the reasons behind the strengthening of Turkey-Russia relations despite the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the negative conditions it creates, are geopolitical requirements as well as the realist approach of the two countries in mutual relations. In line with this thesis, firstly, the areas and consequences of the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine affecting Turkey-Russia relations were evaluated in general terms, and then the relationship between the concepts of realist approach and geopolitical requirements, which are the underlying reasons for the ongoing relations despite these negative effects, was examined.

Key words: Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Black Sea, Western sanctions, realist approach, geopolitics, NATO.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.010

N.N. FOMICHEV PhD in History, associate professor of the Department of International Relations, Foreign Regional and Political Studies, The Institute of Cross-cultural Communication and International Relations, The National Research University «Belgorod State University», Belgorod, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-7553

S.Yu. KRUPSKAYA PhD in History, associate professor of the Department of International Relations, Foreign Regional and Political Studies, The Institute of Cross-cultural Communication and International Relations, The National Research University «Belgorod State University», Belgorod, Russia https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4850-9573

O.A. TIMOSHKOVA PhD in History, associate professor of the Department of International Relations, Foreign Regional and Political Studies, The Institute of Cross-cultural Communication and International Relations, The National Research University «Belgorod State University», Belgorod, Russia https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4087-6843

THE AGGRAVATION OF THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA IN 2022-2023 AND THE DEBATE IN THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT

This article is devoted to the study of the attitude of various British political forces represented in the British Parliament to the situation in the Serbian autonomous province of Kosovo and Metohija in 2022-2023. This period was characterized by an aggravation of political tension in connection with the repressive acts of the authorities of the unrecognized Kosovo. For the region, the conflict marked the transition to a new legal situation, with the continued intervention of external actors, including the United States, Britain, and the EU. Britain's diplomacy, energetic but destructive. The article examines the attitude of the British political elite towards the situation of the Serbian minority in Kosovo and Metohija, the international component of the conflict, and the reactions of British politicians to dynamically developing events during the crisis.

Key words: Serbia, Kosovo and Metohija, Great Britain, debate.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.012

G.V. ABILOVA Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Department of Pedagogical Culture and Education Management at Moscow State Institute of International Relations, director of BRICS+ International School, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0003-8598-0203

METHODS OF HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN THE EURASIAN PARTNERSHIP: BRICS EDUCATION VECTOR

Human capital formation within the BRICS – where structural asymmetries, regulatory divergence and geopolitical variability intersect – requires an adaptive model of educational cooperation: one that balances national sovereignty and transnational integration, ensuring that institutional heterogeneity does not impede systemic cohesion. This study aims to develop an integration model for BRICS education systems based on institutional adaptability, regulatory convergence and economic alignment to optimise human capital formation through structured international cooperation. Using a comparative-analytical approach, this study synthesises content analysis of national education strategies, econometric modelling of cross-border academic mobility and expert interviews with 50 representatives of leading BRICS universities; statistical techniques – cluster analysis, correlation models – assess interdependencies; and qualitative discourse analysis identifies policy inconsistencies. Policy fragmentation reduces the effectiveness of cross-border cooperation by 23%; economic disparity between BRICS members affects academic mobility by 31% – this requires differential policy synchronisation rather than uniform standardisation. The proposed hybrid governance system, in which modular adaptation replaces rigid harmonisation, increases transnational institutional efficiency by 27% – regulatory elasticity enhances systemic resilience. The study confirms an alternative paradigm for internationalisation of education – based on ‘structural hybridity’ rather than uniform transposition of regulatory requirements (allowing national educational models to retain contextual specificity while participating in integrative structures). Practical applications of the study include policy recommendations for the establishment of a BRICS educational consortium, digital infrastructure initiatives to facilitate academic cooperation, and accreditation harmonisation mechanisms to enhance interoperability among educational institutions. Beyond BRICS, the model is applicable to regional unions with a heterogeneous governance dimension – ASEAN, Mercosur – where regulatory harmonisation needs to be achieved without undermining national policy autonomy. Future research directions include econometric testing of the proposed integration mechanisms, longitudinal tracking of the effectiveness of policy transfer, and an interdisciplinary synthesis involving political economy, educational management and institutional theory to refine transnational human capital development strategies. The overall conclusion of the study combines empirical, theoretical and applied aspects: effective educational integration within BRICS requires governance hybridity, institutional flexibility and strategic economic coordination, without which systemic fragmentation will continue to impede human capital development in the era of globalised knowledge economy.

Key words: transnational academic networks, institutional convergence strategies, regulatory synchronisation mechanisms, cross-border knowledge mobility, education governance models, internationalisation of human resources, strategic policy alignment.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.013

S. AMAN Postgraduate student of the Department of International and National Security of the Diplomatic Academy Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia

THE VARIABILITY OF APPROACHES TO THE POLITICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITION OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION

The article examines various approaches to defining the geographical boundaries of the Asia-Pacific region and the composition of its constituent countries. The Asia-Pacific region (APR) occupies a special position in modern international relations, which determines the importance of this study. The Asia-Pacific region, being the center of economic activity, demonstrates one of the highest dynamics of development in the whole world. The rivalry of the world's leading powers – the United States, Japan, Russia, China, and India – is turning this region into an arena of intense geopolitical confrontation. Therefore, understanding the political and geographical definition of the Asia-Pacific region helps to form an idea of the patterns and trends of the processes taking place in the region, as well as their impact on international relations.

The purpose of the study is to study the main approaches to defining the political and geographical boundaries of the Asia-Pacific region. In accordance with this, the following tasks were solved: to determine the influence of the geographical component on the understanding of the term «Asia-Pacific region»; to establish which countries form the main integration associations in the region; to identify the influence of political goals in defining the borders of the Asia-Pacific region; to identify the purpose of replacing the term «Asia-Pacific region» with the term «Indo-Pacific region»; to determine the position of the Russian Federation in determining the political and geographical borders of the Asia-Pacific region. The research is based on a set of methodological tools, including both general scientific approaches (logic, system analysis, synthesis and analogy) and specialized scientific methods (historical and legal analysis, political science analysis, legal modeling and forecasting). When studying official statements, speeches, and publications, content analysis was used. Interpretive and historical-legal methods were used to analyze international agreements, legislative acts and official documentation. A systematic approach was used to conceptualize the concept of the «Asia-Pacific region».

Key words: Asia-Pacific region, Indo-Pacific region, ESCAP, PECC, APEC, ASEAN.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.014

P.M. BELEVICH Postgraduate student, Department of Political Analysis and Socio-Psychological Processes, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia

EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS: FROM POLITICAL ACTIVISM TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The political transformation of Islamist movements, oscillating between institutionalization and ideological rigidity, requires a comprehensive analytical framework: the interaction of structural determinants – economic stability, political flexibility and international interventions – determines the sustainability of Islamist governance, making any universal explanatory model insufficient. This study examines the mechanisms by which Islamist movements move from political activism to public administration, identifying the determinants of success or systemic fragmentation in different political environments; ideological elasticity and structural adaptability turn out to be central variables in shaping governance trajectories. The study uses a comparative case study approach – focusing on Islamist movements in the Middle East, North Africa and Southeast Asia – including qualitative content analysis of political programs, leaders’ rhetoric and institutional frameworks, while quantitative methods assess the correlation of electoral outcomes with economic indicators; statistical processing (SPSS) clarifies the empirical validity of governance models in Islamist regimes. Three dominant models of Islamist political evolution are identified: “legal integration”, observed in Turkey’s AKP – doctrinal modulation ensures political longevity; “hybrid regimes”, exemplified by Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood – electoral ascent meets institutional resistance; and “state-imitating radicalization”, observed in Afghanistan’s Taliban – coercive governance lacks structural resilience – economic constraints dictate institutional stability, which strengthens the hypothesis (socio-material conditions trump ideological consistency in determining political sustainability). The results of this study challenge deterministic interpretations of Islamist governance – political sustainability correlates with economic viability and systemic adaptation rather than ideological purity; international factors, through sanctions or sponsorship, influence the durability of governance by shaping the strategic positioning of Islamist movements – adaptation depends on structural flexibility rather than doctrinal transformations. Policymakers and analysts should rethink governance models not as fixed trajectories but as “adaptive continua” – Islamist movements, by redefining ideological positions within institutional frameworks, navigate the dialectic of legitimacy and pragmatics of power. Future research should refine predictive models of Islamist governance and integrate structural dependencies and geopolitical contingencies – to assess the viability of political Islam in contemporary polities.

Key words: Islamist governance, political institutionalization, ideological adaptation, state-building in political Islam, electoral success of Islamist movements, geopolitical influence on Islamism, hybrid regimes and religious politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.015

S.V. GONCHAROV Assistant to the Editor-in-Chief of the Scientific and Analytical Journal «IR SCIENTISTS’ HERALD», member of the Council of Young Scientists of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia SPIN-код: 7138-5434 AuthorID: 1268809 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9790-5294

STRATEGIC INTERESTS OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE

The purpose of the research. The article is devoted to the analysis of relations between Russia and Turkey in the post-Soviet space. In the article, the author highlighted the main priorities of Moscow and Ankara in the process of building cooperation with the states of Central Asia and the Caspian countries. For both countries, these regions play an important cultural, military, geopolitical and economic role. Carters’ National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski mentioned this in his book «The Great Chessboard». He calls them the «Eurasian Balkans». Russia, Turkey and Iran are seeking to gain influence in these regions. The importance of the post-Soviet space for Russia is confirmed in the country's Foreign Policy Concept as of the March 31, 2023. In the article, the author also analyzed in detail the relations of Russia and Turkey with Azerbaijan. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that the post-Soviet space will continue to serve as a zone of struggle for influence from Russia and Turkey, as Zbigniew Brzezinski said and whose statements are still relevant. With regard to Azerbaijan, countries will promote soft power to the extent possible.

Key words: Russia, Turkey, the post-Soviet space, Azerbaijan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.016

I.I. KHAZIPOV Postgraduate student of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS A POLITICAL GOAL: STRATEGIES OF GREEN PARTIES IN WESTERN EUROPE

This article analyzes the strategies of Green parties in Western Europe in promoting sustainable development policies. The author examines their participation in coalitions, legislative initiatives, and engagement with civil movements, as well as their influence on national and European politics. Particular attention is given to assessing the effectiveness of these approaches and their impact on reforms in ecology and social justice. This study may be useful for those interested in political processes and environmental policy.

Key words: sustainable development, Green parties, environmental policy, political coalitions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.011

S.S. KHUSAINOVA Assistant of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFT POWER OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN AZERBAIJAN (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE)

Turbulence in the system of international relations is a characteristic of today's world politics. The lack of clarity during the formation of new guidelines is becoming a test for the friendly relations of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan. One of the instruments of soft power of the Russian Federation, contributing to the further development and maintenance of good-neighborly relations between these countries, which are long-standing partners and allies with common political, economic and cultural responsibility in the Caspian region, is the use of the Russian language in the educational, cultural and information space of the Republic of Azerbaijan, interest in which in Azerbaijan does not decrease.

Key words: Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, soft power, Russian language, system, cooperation, relationships, interaction.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.017

ZHOU YANAN Graduate student of Department of Comparative Political Science of Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

TURKEY, IRAN AND SAUDI ARABIA' S «SOFT POWER» POLICIES TOWARDS CENTRAL ASIA COUNTRIES IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 21-ST CENTURY

In the first quarter of the 21st century, Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia have actively employed "soft power" tools in their relations with Central Asian countries, aiming to strengthen their influence in this strategically important region. This article examines the motivations and instruments behind the soft power policies of Ankara, Tehran, and Riyadh in Central Asia during this period, as well as the challenges and prospects these three leading Islamic nations face in the region.

Turkey’s soft power strategy leverages historical-cultural ties and Turkic identity, manifested through educational and cultural programs and the promotion of regional initiatives. Iran, drawing on shared religious and cultural heritage, fosters bilateral connections via religious and educational projects. Saudi Arabia focuses on expanding religious influence, primarily by funding religious institutions, supporting religious programs, and financing educational initiatives to solidify its role as a leader of the Islamic world.

These approaches highlight the growing competition among these states for influence in Central Asia, reflecting their aspirations to secure leading positions within the evolving geopolitical architecture of the region.

Key words: Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Central Asia, soft power policy, foreign policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.018

QIANG CHONG Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, Russia

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND INFORMATION SECURITY: CHALLENGES AND COUNTERMEASURES

This article is devoted to exploring the intersection of digital diplomacy and information security in the context of modern global dynamics. The introduction describes the evolution of diplomatic practice under the influence of digital technologies, highlighting significant advantages such as the speed of communications and the expansion of geographical boundaries of influence, as well as increasing threats – cyberattacks, disinformation, and data leaks. The aim of the research is to identify the key challenges of digital diplomacy in the context of information security and to propose well-founded measures to counter cyber threats.

The methods section employs a comprehensive approach, including an analysis of legal and regulatory documents, a comparative study of national and international strategies for ensuring information security, as well as the case study method, which allows for the assessment of the effectiveness of measures already implemented in certain countries. Additionally, expert interviews were conducted with representatives of the diplomatic community and the IT sector, which provided qualitative data on the realities of modern digital interaction.

The results obtained demonstrate that the use of digital tools in diplomacy is inevitably associated with the risks of losing control over information flows and manipulation of public opinion. The research found that successful countermeasures include the integration of early threat detection systems, the development of cybersecurity within the framework of international cooperation, and the adoption of unified standards of digital ethics. These findings confirm the effectiveness of coordinating efforts between state structures, scientific institutions, and the private sector.

The discussion of the results emphasizes the need to adapt existing information security models to new challenges associated with the rapid development of technologies. The article highlights the importance of creating multidisciplinary platforms for experience exchange and the joint formation of strategic decisions in the field of digital diplomacy. In conclusion, the authors formulate recommendations for improving the legal and regulatory framework, strengthening interstate cooperation, and developing innovative methods of protecting information, which will ensure the sustainability of diplomatic processes in the digital age.

Key words: digital diplomacy, information security, challenges, measures, countermeasures.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.019

S.A. SHAPORENKO Postgraduate student of the Department of International and National Security of the Diplomatic Academy Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

PREREQUISITES AND IMPORTANCE OF CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIAN REGIONS AND CIS COUNTRIES

The article examines the historical, economic and social foundations of cross-border cooperation between Russian regions and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of cross-border cooperation, which creates an opportunity for Russia and the CIS countries to strengthen geopolitical and economic cooperation and support mutual interests. The purpose of the study is to determine the prerequisites and patterns of development of cross-border cooperation in the CIS countries. To achieve this goal, the author set the following tasks: to investigate the factors influencing the development of cross-border cooperation in the CIS; to determine the state of cross-border cooperation between Russian regions and CIS countries; to determine the prospects and directions for the development of cross-border cooperation between Russian regions and CIS countries. General scientific (description, synthesis, analysis, historical) and special (system-structural, formal-legal) methods were used in the preparation of the article.

The conducted research has confirmed that cross-border cooperation, solving socio-economic problems of the border region, preserving and strengthening historically established ties, is an important factor in the development of interstate cooperation, which can have a positive impact on integration processes in the CIS. Initially, the development of cross-border cooperation in the post-Soviet space was predetermined by the fact that after the collapse of the USSR, there was a need to rethink and restructure decades-old economic, cultural and social ties. At present, real and objective prerequisites have been formed for the effective realization by the CIS countries of their socio-economic potential, and cooperation has entered a period of coordinated regional policy, which, in turn, contributes to the development of relations within the framework of cross-border cooperation. Cooperation between the CIS countries contributes to the development of good-neighborly relations, strengthening political and economic stability. Historically developed infrastructure, common linguistic space and cultural proximity create favorable conditions for the development of cross-border cooperation.

Key words: cross-border cooperation, border regions, economic integration, regional development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.020

CHEN YUNG TA Graduate student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

CHINA'S HARD POWER AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE

The article examines the key aspects of China’s policy implementation aimed at strengthening its position on the international stage. Special attention is paid to the components of “hard power,” including economic, military, and technological dominance, as well as cultural influence. The author explores China’s major achievements in the fields of economy, technology, and international politics.

This article investigates the transformation and dissemination of China’s hard power concept in the context of its political influence on the global stage. The introduction outlines the evolution of China’s foreign policy strategies, with special focus on the tools of military pressure, economic sanctions, and information campaigns. The relevance of the study is due to China’s increasing geopolitical importance, which makes an analysis of its approaches to implementing foreign policy necessary for understanding global processes.

The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of empirical data and a critical review of international sources. The use of qualitative analysis methods, particularly case studies, allows for the identification of the characteristic features of China’s hard power in various regions. The data collection and processing methods include an analysis of official documents, international reports, as well as research by leading experts in the field of international relations.

The main findings of the study indicate that China’s hard power policy is multifaceted and dynamic. Key directions in the application of military might, economic pressure, and information warfare tools have been identified, all aimed at strengthening the country’s position in Asia and globally. The analysis shows that the use of hard power contributes not only to the enhancement of economic expansion but also to the development of strategic alliances, enabling China to reinforce its influence in the realms of security and global governance.

The discussion of the results highlights that despite significant achievements, China’s hard power strategy provokes a controversial reaction from the international community. Possible negative consequences for regional stability and the global balance of power are indicated. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity for further research to analyze China’s long-term strategic prospects, as well as to develop mechanisms to counteract aggressive foreign policy practices. The article contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms by which hard power influences international politics, offering a comprehensive view of the contemporary changes in the global political system.

Key words: China, hard power, economy, international multipolar world, technological leadership, cultural diplomacy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.021

YARAR MURAT PhD student at the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia ORCID 0000-0002-7967-765X

IMPACT OF THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL ASIA USING THE CONCEPT OF UNEVEN AND COMBINED DEVELOPMENT

Late capitalist countries undergoing the modernization process are at a lower level of development compared to countries where modernization has already achieved high results. Lagging countries can go through a special process of modernization, turning the disadvantages they face into advantages. This is articulated in the theory of uneven and combined development. In contrast to the discourse of the modernization school, which presents the idea of sequential development (all countries go through the same stages and experience the same patterns of development), inequality can be used as an advantage and stages of distinctive modernization can be carried out as part of the modernization process.

In this article, an examination of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), an international organisation, has been conducted with the theory of uneven and compound development in the modernisation of Central Asia. Thanks to the measures taken by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation for Central Asia, backwardness is being transformed into development by an external push. (Under the whip of external necessity, backwardness is forced to make leaps and bounds).

Key words: SCO, Modernization, Development, Uneven and Combined Development, Central Asia, international organisations.

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.121.4.022

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the Nauka Segodnya Publishing House, Moscow, Russia

SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO): MAIN ACTIVITIES PART ONE

The article, based on an analytical review of publications by Russian and foreign authors in recent years, attempts to comprehensively study the main areas of activity of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Particular attention is paid to the SCO as an instrument of foreign policy and mutually beneficial cooperation between Russia and China. The author of the article emphasizes the main problems of the development of the international organization and gives forecast characteristics for some aspects of the main areas of cooperation of the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The article consists of three parts. The second and third parts of the review will be published in the April 2025 issues of the journals "Problems of Political Science" and "Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations".

Key words: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), analytical review of publications, comprehensive study, main areas of activity, foreign policy instrument, Russia, China.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 15. Issue 2 (119), 2025

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Miku N.V., Davydov A.S. Methodologists (Instructors) in Industrial Gymnastics – Organizers of Mass Physical Culture and Sports Work of the Sports Community «Harvest» in the Late 1950s – 1960s. (Based on Materials from the Penza Region)
• Tabeykina E.K., Khutorova L.M. Current State of Cultural Heritage Protection in Russia
• Uporov I.V. Gulag in the Post-War Period: Features of Functioning and Reasons for Mass Disobedience of Prisoners

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Tumanyan G.V. The History of the Emergence and Development of Participatory Democracy: from Antiquity to Porto Alegre

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Rashchikov A.A. The Phenomenology of Protectionism: Conceptual Foundations and Practical Implementation in Industrial Policy of Russia
• Shatkov A.Yu. Migration Policy and Interethnic Relations in the Russian Federation: Socio-Cultural Adaptation and Integration

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

• Agasieva M.N. Preservation of Traditional Values as a Priority Direction of State Policy
• Balynskaya N.R., Shkurko N.S., Kashuba I.V. Cultural Values of Modern Russian Youth
• Shcherbachenko A.K., Grebenkin D.L., Grigoryan D.K. Saving the People of Russia and Developing Human Potential as the Most Important Strategic National Priority

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• Shitkov S.V. Digital Technologies in the Practice of Public Diplomacy: the Potential of Meta-Universes in Museum Diplomacy
• Demidov A.V. On the Issue of Foreign Policy of Russia During the Reign of Ivan III Vasilievich
• Mirzoeva A.R., Mirzoeva R.M. Gender Aspects of Religious Governance in Afghanistan
• Yapi Joelle Roland, Mukhamedov R.A. Assessment by Africans of the Educational Cooperation of the USSR under Khrushchev with African Countries from 1954 to 1964
• Bakirov E.A. Russian-Azerbaijan Cooperation. New Formats (BRICS and SCO)
• Bredikhin A.V., Li Ino. Analysis of China's Soft Power from the Point of View of Cultural Communication
• Veliev A.R., Veliev A.R. Politico-Strategic Cooperation Between Russia and Azerbaijan and the Role of the Azerbaijani Diaspora in the Formation of Allied Relations
• Oshchepkov E.R. The Problem of Digital Crime in Japan: Latest Trends and Political Implications
• Pang Lu. Strategic Competition Between the PRC and the USA and the Indo-Pakistani Conflict in the Context of Multilateral Diplomacy
• Petushkov G.V. Approaches to the Formation of the Personnel Base of the Youth Policy Unit of the Council of Europe
• Salikhova S.O., Bredikhin A.V. Sakhalin Ainu within the Framework of Interstate Relations Between Russia and Japan

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

• Medvedev N.P. Non-Classical Wars: Modern Approaches to Conduct Hybrid Wars. Part I

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.001

N.V. MIKU Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Philosophy, Penza University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia

A.S. DAVYDOV Candidate of the Department of History and Philosophy, Penza University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia

METHODOLOGISTS (INSTRUCTORS) IN INDUSTRIAL GYMNASTICS – ORGANIZERS OF MASS PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS WORK OF THE SPORTS COMMUNITY «HARVEST» IN THE LATE 1950S – 1960S. (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE PENZA REGION)

The article examines one of the areas of personnel work in the physical culture and sports sphere in rural areas within the designated chronological framework – the provision of industrial gymnastics by methodologists (instructors), whose duties included establishing on state farms and collective farms, at enterprises not only industrial gymnastics, but mainly mass health and physical culture and sports activities to strengthen the health of the population and increase labor productivity. Regulatory documents are given that regulated the functionality of methodologists (instructors) – Regulations on the instructor-methodologist, decisions and decisions of central and local Soviet-party structures, etc.

The study reflects the requirements for introducing a methodologist's rate (from 500 workers) into the organization's staff; studied the activities of local Soviet-party bodies (regional administration of agriculture, sports union, etc.) and the voluntary sports society «Harvest» for the training of methodologists in the countryside in the region. The situation with the presence of methodologists on collective farms and state farms of the region and their quantitative growth is characterized; shows the level of their professional training (many did not even have a school education). The widespread practice of using methodologists not for mass physical education is analyzed, but in non-core economic affairs. Disclosed is a system for replacing the position of a methodologist with Komsomol workers and, as a result, the priority of their main activity and neglect of involving the population in physical education and sports. There is a clear underestimation by the heads of farms of the importance of physical culture and sports work in general, methodologists, in particular, and the facts demonstrating this are given. Cases of dishonest attitude of methodologists to the performance of their duties were revealed.

Key words: USSR, physical education, sports, voluntary sports society «Harvest», industrial gymnastics methodologist, instructor, Penza region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.002

E.K. TABEYKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan, Russia

L.M. KHUTOROVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan, Russia

CURRENT STATE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION IN RUSSIA

The article discusses the fact that more and more attention is being paid to cultural heritage and its economic significance. Preservation of cultural heritage is necessary for historical memory and connection between generations. It is also a source of values and traditions on which society is based. In times of reform and change, significant norms are revised. For Russia, the study and use of cultural heritage is especially important in times of social, economic and spiritual changes. It can strengthen the spirituality of people and prevent the destruction of national wealth. The study of cultural heritage helps to combat historical falsifications. In the realm of international relations, cultural heritage reflects the history, traditions and values of a society, contributing to its soft power and international reputation. Its protection is not only a matter of national pride, but also a duty under international agreements such as the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.

Key words: heritage, protection, memory, generation, values, traditions, society.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.003

I.V. UPOROV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russia

GULAG IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD: FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING AND REASONS FOR MASS DISOBEDIENCE OF PRISONERS

In the years following the end of the Great Patriotic War, many areas of domestic policy were transformed in the Soviet state. This also concerned the activities of the infamous GULAG, through whose orbit hundreds of thousands of prisoners passed. The article reveals the features of the penal policy of the USSR in the period 1945-1953. The emphasis is placed on two aspects. Firstly, the vector of the GULAG functioning is revealed, connected with some easing of the regime of detention of prisoners in places of deprivation of liberty, and, secondly, the issue of mass disobedience of prisoners in some correctional labor camps is touched upon. At the same time, the question is raised of why, with the easing of the regime in the ITL, nevertheless, the scale of mass disobedience was the most significant in the entire history of the GULAG. The reasons for such a seemingly paradoxical socio-legal phenomenon are substantiated. Accordingly, the normative legal acts regulating the activities of the correctional labor system of that time, archival materials, scientific works that touch upon the stated issues are analyzed, the author's generalizations are made, including the indication that, in general, mass disobedience of prisoners was not a characteristic phenomenon for the GULAG.

Key words: post-war period, Soviet state, GULAG, mass disobedience, detention regime, correctional labor camps, prisoners, code, instruction.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.004

G.V. TUMANYAN Graduate student of the Department of History and Theory of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University; curator of the Digoria Expert Club, Moscow, Russia

THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY: FROM ANTIQUITY TO PORTO ALEGRE

The article describes the process of transformation of participatory democratic practices from the Ancient period to 1989, when the modern history of participatory technologies began to take shape. The publication analyzes the main features of participatory practices and describes the features of various historical periods. The relevance of the topic is caused by the importance of participation for the development of democratic institutions, as well as the growing interest on the part of society and the state in participatory practices. Modern awareness of participation requires a deep study of historical experience in order to improve existing technologies.

Key words: participation, participatory management, public administration, civil society, political motives.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.005

A.A. RASHCHIKOV Postgraduate student, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF PROTECTIONISM: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION IN INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF RUSSIA

This article contains research on the specifics of Russian protectionism, its conceptual foundations, importance and implementation methods for improving industrial efficiency. Since industry is the foundation of any modern economy, special attention is being paid to its development, and special support measures and programs are being developed. The paper focuses on the fact that protectionism is the influence and regulation of industry by the state. At the same time, the formation of the conceptual foundations for the practical implementation of protectionist measures is considered as a fundamental condition for the development of the industrial sector, since external influences and threats are taken into account. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of protectionism. The aim is to analyze the phenomenology of protectionism from the point of view of its conceptual basis and practical implementation in Russia's industrial policy.

The research objectives include a theoretical overview of the term "protectionism", an analysis of industrial development, the study of aspects of protectionism and measures to support domestic producers.

The research methodology includes a theoretical review, analysis, method of deduction and generalization of the obtained results.

The results of the work contain a description of the main foundations of protectionism, taking into account globalization and the transformation of the industrial sector. It is concluded that the modern state policy is aimed at protecting and supporting domestic industrial enterprises. Special attention is paid to protectionist measures aimed at the economic development of the country. The paper also offers a flowchart of the conceptual foundations and practical implementation of protectionist measures for the industrial sector. The paper identifies new approaches to understanding the phenomenology of protectionism from the point of view of industrial policy. It is concluded that the phenomenology of protectionism involves the analysis and study of phenomena in the context of their perception in the economy, politics and the social sphere.

Key words: protectionism, phenomenon, industrial policy, conceptual framework.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.006

A.YU. SHATKOV Applicant, department of political science and political management, institute of social sciences, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

MIGRATION POLICY AND INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: SOCIO-CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION

Within the framework of this study, the author examines the current state of Russian migration policy and the dynamics of the development of interethnic relations in the Russian Federation. The main migration risks are presented in the context of defining institutional practices of socio-cultural adaptation and integration of foreign citizens associated with the increased conflict-prone nature of local informal ethnic and religious communities, the formation of places of compact residence of foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation, the manifestation of various problems in the implementation of migration control, etc. In this regard, the search and implementation of specific measures in the direction of maintaining interethnic and interreligious peace within the framework of protecting the civilizational code and national and state identity of the Russian Federation is being updated. As a result, the author defines the directions for improving the effectiveness of institutions of socio-cultural adaptation and integration as one of the priorities of the migration policy of the Russian Federation.

Key words: migration, migration policy, interethnic relations, nation, ethnos, Russian Federation.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.007

M.N. AGASIEVA Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the General University Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of the Dagestan State Pedagogical University named after R. Gamzatov, Makhachkala, Russia

PRESERVATION OF TRADITIONAL VALUES AS A PRIORITY DIRECTION OF STATE POLICY

Traditional values are moral guidelines that shape the worldview of citizens, passed down from generation to generation, and underlie civic identity. Values play an ambivalent function: on the one hand, they play an important role in a person's life, serving as the foundation on which the individual's further activity is built; on the other hand, the value system is the main factor in consolidating society, a condition for the peaceful and harmonious coexistence of people and the functioning of the state. Among Russian traditional values, it is customary to note the priority of the spiritual over the material, family, creative work, service to the Fatherland, morality and ethics, humanism, mercy, justice, mutual assistance, collectivism, patriotism.

This article examines the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of preserving traditional values and determines its significance for the formation of the conceptual foundations of Russia's future.

Key words: traditional values, state policy, nationality, society, Russian world, politics, strategic planning.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.008

N.R. BALYNSKAYA Doctor of Political Science, Professor Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Chelyabinsk State University”, Chelyabinsk, Russia

N.S. SHKURKO Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov”, Yakutsk, Russia

I.V. KASHUBA Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Magnitogorsk State Technical University named after G.I. Nosov”, Magnitogorsk, Russia

CULTURAL VALUES OF MODERN RUSSIAN YOUTH

The relevance of the study of cultural values of modern Russian youth is due to a number of factors that form a complex and dynamic picture of the socio-cultural landscape of the country. Generational differences in value orientations inevitably arise in the context of social transformations. Globalization, manifested in the strengthening of information flows and cultural exchange, initiates the processes of transformation of traditional values, creating conditions for the formation of a new cultural code among the younger generation. In parallel with this, digitalization, transforming the methods of communication, access to information and social interaction, has a significant impact on the formation of the hierarchy of values among young people.

Key words: culture, youth, patriotism, values.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.009

A.K. SHCHERBACHENKO Doctor of Legal Science, Professor of the Department of Criminalistics and Operational-Investigative Activities of the Rostov Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

D.L. GREBENKIN Undergraduate of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and GS under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

D.K. GRIGORYAN Candidate of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Duma under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

SAVING THE PEOPLE OF RUSSIA AND DEVELOPING HUMAN POTENTIAL AS THE MOST IMPORTANT STRATEGIC NATIONAL PRIORITY

The article examines the key aspect of the national security strategy, which is "preservation of the people of Russia and development of human potential." In the context of a special military operation, one of the fundamental factors of sustainable development of the country is social policy. For its implementation, effective measures are needed in the field of education and health care, they are an important condition for improving the quality of life of citizens. Also, attention is focused on ways to increase the birth rate, the growth of income of the population and the concept of social services as the main indicators of the welfare of society.

Key words: saving the people, human potential, social policy, population income, increasing the birth rate, education, health care, social service.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.010

S.V. SHITKOV Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Acting Rector, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; Vice Rector for Legal Affairs, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: THE POTENTIAL OF META-UNIVERSES IN MUSEUM DIPLOMACY

Meta-universes and their use in diplomacy, including public diplomacy. have become a popular topic in scientific research and in journalistic materials. However, due to the fact that these technologies are in the early stages of development, the practice of using these technologies in diplomacy is currently limited. One of the popular practices within the framework of public diplomacy is museum diplomacy. In particular, the Egyptian authorities have created the city of Metanut, which makes it possible to immerse oneself in the atmosphere of Egypt 1000 years ago with the help of meta-universe technology.

The article aims to outline the subject field of research on the potential of meta-universes in public diplomacy by presenting and summarizing the results of expert surveys of three groups of specialists – practitioners in the field of public diplomacy and international negotiations, researchers of public diplomacy, including in digital form, as well as specialists in the field of information technology.

The article also presents the summarized results of a series of expert interviews, the participants of which were both academic scholars and practicing diplomats. The research allowed to identify common and different approaches of specialists to understanding the promising areas of applicability of meta-universe technologies to the practice of public diplomacy and international negotiations, as well as the main problems associated with the development of this field. In particular, all specialists pointed out the importance of ensuring information security and preventing fragmentation of the information system.

In terms of promising directions for the applicability of these technologies, researchers noted the importance of cultural diplomacy and the potential of immersive technologies to strengthen soft power and spread the values of states. At the same time, practicing diplomats were more reserved in their assessments of the prospects of this technology, compared to specialists in the field of international studies.

Key words: meta-universes, digital technologies, public diplomacy, information security, immersive technology.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.011

A.V. DEMIDOV Ph.D. in Political Science, Associate Professor Moscow Humanitarian and Economic University, Moscow, Russia

ON THE ISSUE OF FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA DURING THE REIGN OF IVAN III VASILIEVICH

The article touches upon the international aspects of the policy of the Moscow Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich on the "gathering of Russian lands". The difficulties of the Moscow state on this path are noted. Attention is drawn to the opposition to the "gathering" on the part of Russia's western neighbors – Lithuania and Poland, who also sought to bring under their control the areas that were previously part of Kievan Rus. The struggle of the Moscow Grand Duke to overcome the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke – the fight against the Great Horde, against the Kazan Khanate – is considered as a separate topic. Moscow's efforts to access the Baltic Sea in order to establish trade relations between Russia and European countries are highlighted as an important area.

Key words: Grand Duke, gathering of Russian lands, autocrat, appanage princes, Orthodoxy, Lithuania, Catholicism, Golden Horde, Pope, Great Horde, Crimean Khanate, Kazan Khanate, Livonia, Sweden, Sophia Paleologue.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.012

A.R. MIRZOEVA Assistant of the Department of Oriental and African Studies Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

R.M. MIRZOEVA Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Moscow, Russia

GENDER ASPECTS OF RELIGIOUS GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

This article examines the role of the religious factor in the policies of the Taliban movement following its rise to power in 2021, as well as the impact of this policy on Afghanistan’s social and economic landscape. Special attention is given to the transformation of the state governance system, where religious norms have become the primary regulator of public relations. The study analyzes the Taliban’s interpretation of Islamic law, which serves as the foundation for their social policies, including restrictions on women’s access to education, employment, and public life. It explores how religious doctrines are not only an ideological framework but also a tool for social consolidation and political legitimacy. The paper highlights the international response to Taliban policies, including the sanctions imposed by Western nations and the diplomatic initiatives of Islamic countries. Emphasis is placed on the strategies of Russia and its partners in the CSTO and SCO, which aim to prevent regional radicalization, stabilize Afghanistan’s socio-economic conditions, and develop mechanisms for the Taliban’s gradual adaptation to international norms. The prospects for humanitarian cooperation are examined, including educational and economic support programs that could contribute to shifts in Kabul’s social policies. Finally, the article explores potential scenarios for Afghanistan’s future development, considering religious, political, and geopolitical factors. It underscores that long-term stability in Afghanistan will depend on the regime’s ability to compromise, particularly regarding social and gender policies, as this will be a crucial condition for the country’s full integration into regional cooperation frameworks and the broader international community.

Key words: Afghanistan, Taliban, religious factor, social policy, international response, CSTO, SCO, Russia, Central Asia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.013

YAPI JOELLE ROLAND Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-6181-3249

ASSESSMENT BY AFRICANS OF THE EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION OF THE USSR UNDER KHRUSHCHEV WITH AFRICAN COUNTRIES FROM 1954 TO 1964

The purpose of this article is to search for information about Soviet cooperation in the field of education with African countries under the leadership of Khrushchev. The author has set himself the task of studying the reaction of Africans, as well as their leaders, during this cooperation. The work is mainly based on data from a survey conducted by the author among Africans from different countries.

In the course of the work, it was revealed that since 1956 the USSR has been focusing on cultural cooperation with African countries in order to enable those states that will soon gain independence from Western countries to solve the problem of training intellectual personnel. This cooperation has generally been highly appreciated by the African people, as well as by their leaders. However, the satisfaction of the Soviet side remains incomplete due to the unwillingness of some African leaders to change their orientation.

The materials contained in this article can be used in educational activities, as well as for in-depth study of the image of the USSR among Africans.

Key words: USSR, Africa, Khrushchev, African leaders, Soviet foreign policy, educational cooperation, assessment, perception.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.014

E.A. BAKIROV Graduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy, Institute of International Relations, history and oriental studies, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

RUSSIAN-AZERBAIJAN COOPERATION. NEW FORMATS (BRICS AND SCO)

The article examines the development of Russian-Azerbaijani relations in a new format on the BRICS and SCO platforms. The purpose of the proposed study is to identify the main tasks and directions of bilateral cooperation in new formats. Analyze and determine the main political and economic reasons for joining BRICS and the SCO. The objectives of this work are to consider the dynamics of development of interaction between Russia and Azerbaijan at these platforms, as well as meetings of heads of state at the highest level. Cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan is of a complex partnership nature and has established political and economic prerequisites. Relations between the two countries are at a high level, and new formats of cooperation on the BRICS and SCO platforms will take bilateral relations to a new level.

Key words: Russian Federation, Republic of Azerbaijan, cooperation, international relations, regional associations, international platforms, BRICS, SCO.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.015

A.V. BREDIKHIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Center "Russia, China, World", Institute of China and Modern Asia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

LI INO Master of Sociology, Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ANALYSIS OF CHINA'S SOFT POWER FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

The article is devoted to the analysis of China's "soft power" from a cultural point of view. The key tools of cultural communication are consistently considered, including the role of Confucius Institutes, video games, cinema and television works, visa-free policy and other mechanisms that contribute to strengthening China's "soft power". This paper discusses the role, effectiveness and challenges of this policy in the process of cultural influence, and also considers the prospects for further development of the “soft power” of Chinese culture.

Key words: “soft power”, cultural communication, China.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.016

A.R. VELIEV Assistant Professor, PhD student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

A.R. VELIEV Assistant Professor, PhD student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

POLITICO-STRATEGIC COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN AND THE ROLE OF THE AZERBAIJANI DIASPORA IN THE FORMATION OF ALLIED RELATIONS

The article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of politico-strategic cooperation between the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan, with an emphasis on the military-strategic factor as the foundation for the formation of allied relations. It also examines the role of the Azerbaijani diaspora in Russia, which, in modern conditions, is becoming an increasingly significant actor in diplomatic and military spheres. The relevance of the study is determined by the transformation of the geopolitical situation in the South Caucasus, the growing attention of external powers, and the aspiration of Moscow and Baku to strengthen interstate cooperation aimed at maintaining regional stability. The paper explores the historical prerequisites for the establishment of Russian-Azerbaijani partnership, its dynamics after the collapse of the USSR, key directions of bilateral contacts, and factors determining the further deepening of cooperation in the field of defense and security. Special attention is given to the contribution of the Azerbaijani diaspora, which, relying on mechanisms of “soft power” and cultural-social initiatives, not only enhances trust in Moscow-Baku relations but also contributes to the formation of a new security architecture in the region. The key findings emphasize the necessity of further institutionalization of diaspora organizations, expansion of cooperation in the military-strategic sector, and consideration of external geopolitical challenges affecting the allied nature of bilateral relations.

Key words: Russia, Azerbaijan, geopolitics, military-strategic cooperation, military security, South Caucasus, alliance.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.017

E.R. OSHCHEPKOV Research Assistant of the Research and Study Group “ASEAN+, BRICS+, NATO+: Prospects for Asian Integration in the New World Order”, Faculty of World Economy & International Affairs, HSE University, Moscow, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF DIGITAL CRIME IN JAPAN: LATEST TRENDS AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS

Although Japan has positioned itself as a high-tech power for decades, the real situation in the field of information achievements leaves much to be desired. The number of cybercrimes in Japan is increasing annually at such a rate that the police can no longer cope with the growing threat. Relatively minor incidents are investigated, but larger cases remain unsolved. In 2024, the Japanese government issued a national alert and expressed its willingness to adopt American practices to combat hackers. This article attempts to analyze the dynamics of digital crime in Japan, study a few of the most prominent cases, and draw conclusions about the impact of the cyber threat on Japanese society. As scientific and technological progress develops around the world, the negative effects of regular hacking and data breaches will only continue to grow dramatically.

Key words: Crime, security, cybercrime, cybersecurity, Japan, society, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.018

PANG LU Graduate student of Department of Comparative Political Science of Faculty of Political Science Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

STRATEGIC COMPETITION BETWEEN THE PRC AND THE USA AND THE INDO-PAKISTANI CONFLICT IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY

The territorial dispute, conflicts, and disagreements between India and Pakistan remain a complex issue. At the same time, the strategic rivalry between China and the United States in multilateral diplomacy and geopolitics, including in the context of the India-Pakistan conflict and South Asian security issues, strengthens their influence on the regional situation in various ways. This article analyzes the diplomatic policies of China and the United States, presenting different perspectives, prerequisites, and reasons for their actions regarding the India-Pakistan conflict.

Key words: India-Pakistan conflict, China-US competition, South Asia, multilateral diplomacy, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.019

G.V. PETUSHKOV Vice-Rector of the Russian Technological University MIREA, Moscow, Russia

APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF THE PERSONNEL BASE OF THE YOUTH POLICY UNIT OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

The presented study is devoted to the study of approaches to the selection of personnel for the formation of the Youth Policy Division's of the Council of Europe. The methodology of the work is built through a combination of comparative and structural analysis. Based on the study of professional biographies, the specifics of the career tracks of the employees the Youth Policy Division's of the Council of Europe are identified. An assessment is given of the possible influence of this factor on the functioning of the Youth Department of the Council of Europe.

Key words: Council of Europe, Youth Department of the Council of Europe, Youth Policy Division's of the Council of Europe, youth policy, personnel policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.020

S.O. SALIKHOVA Student of the sociological faculty of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

A.V. BREDIKHIN Candidate of historical sciences, leading researcher of the Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

SAKHALIN AINU WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERSTATE RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND JAPAN

Sakhalin Ainu are the indigenous inhabitants of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Their culture, language and way of life have deep roots and are an important part of the historical heritage of the region. In the context of interstate relations between Russia and Japan, the Ainu occupy a special place, since their history and fate are connected with territorial disputes and cultural exchange. It is important to take into account the interests of the Ainu in the framework of interstate negotiations in order to ensure the protection of their rights and the preservation of cultural heritage.

Key words: Sakhalin, Ainu, people, Japan, Russia, international relations, Kuril Islands, historical context.

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.119.2.021

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House "Science Today", Moscow, Russia

NON-CLASSICAL WARS: MODERN APPROACHES TO CONDUCT HYBRID WARS PART I

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific articles and studies published in the journals of the Higher Attestation Commission list of the Publishing House "Science Today" on the key concepts of non-classical and hybrid wars. The review consists of three parts. The author considers various approaches to defining the essence of the concepts of "hybrid war", "non-classical wars". It is emphasized that for a comprehensive analysis of non-classical wars, interdisciplinary research is required from political scientists, sociologists, historians and military specialists. It is noted that these studies require further study of the problem in the context of modern challenges and threats associated with the changing nature of military conflicts. As the results of the review of publications show, the study of various military-political aspects of the course of the SVO in Ukraine have great scientific, theoretical and practical significance.

Key words: review of scientific publications, journals of the publishing house "Science Today", interdisciplinary nature, military-political aspect, non-classical wars, hybrid wars, local nature, diplomatic methods, international security, modern challenges, the Armed Forces of Russia, the SVO in Ukraine.