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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations” Volume 14. Issue 4 (109), 2024

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Makina A.I. Separate Customs of Help from the Khakas
• Zuev A.V. Russian Shipbuilding in the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Centuries
• Ryabova M.M. Theoretical Foundations of Solidary Economy as an Object of Specific Historical Research (Based on the Example of Old Believer Entrepreneurship)
• Sibiryakov M.N. The Fuel Crisis in Yakutsk in the Winter of 1922
• Bill M.V. Formation of the USSR State Arbitration in 1931
• Borodin M.P., Platonov A.V., Rubtsov S.N. Main Directions of Material and Technical Condition of the Professional Fire Team Depot in Ensuring Fire Safety of the Capital of the Russian Empire
• Ladovich A.A. Development of Transportation System in Western Siberia in the XIX Century
• Miku N.V. Legal Education and Legal Propaganda in the USSR in the Early 1970s. (Based on the Materials of the Activities of Cultural Institutions of the Penza Region)
• Osinskaya A.A., Osipov A.A., Maximova M.V., Kolodeznikova M.I., Guryeva A.B. The Study of the Ecogeographic Features of the Brush Structure on the Example of Students of the North-Eastern Federal University
• Ptashko T.G., Perebeynos A.E., Trofimova N.V., Pavlenko E.F. Increasing the Economic Literacy of Workers at Ural Factories in the Second Half of the 20th Century
• Snezhkova I.A. Crimea Before and After its Accession to Russia

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Elistratova S.S., Rodionova M.E. Forms of Administrative-Territorial Division in Modern Federal States: Foreign and Russian Experience

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Borisova N.R., Ilyazarova D.V. Regulatory and Legal Support of Activities Clubs of Young Voters
• Muradyan L.O. Results of the “Parade of Sovereignities” and Ratification of the Belovezha Agreements by the Supreme Council of Russia
• Vasil'chenko M.A. On the Issue of Private Finance Political Parties in Russia
• Putina O.V. Religions in the Media Sphere: Problems and Challenges of Our Time
• Dadaev Z.A. The Specifics of the Impact of Mass Media on the Formation of Political Consciousness of Young People
• Palitay I.S., Devochkina A.S. Young Citizens Perceive the System of Recruiting Political Leaders in Modern Russia (on the Example of the Yaroslavl Region)
• Akopyan G.A. Modern Terrorism: Key Features of Development and Problems of its Eradication
• Trofimov V.A. Sakhalin Oblast as an Ethnopolitical Space and a Regional Community

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

• Fedotova M.S. The Policy of Commercialization of Higher Education in Russia: Cultural and Historical Dimensions

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

• Makarov E.P., Fedotov V.V. Impact of the French and Indian War 1754-1763 to Economic Development of Virginia in the Mid-18th Century
• Li Yawen. China-Kazakhstan Relations within the Framework of Theinitiative “One Belt, One Road”
• Telenga M.P., Prokopets I.V., Nefyodova Yu.I. The Problem of Vulnerability of Russian Business in Trade and Economic Relations Between Russia and China
• Alaudinov A.A. Concepts and Approaches of Conducting Hybrid Wars of the People's Republic of China
• Dong Dan. The Evolution of Diplomatic Relations Between Russia and China: Problems and Prospects for Development
• Wang Xinyue, Wang Gang. Sino-Russian Relations under the "Belt and Road" Initiative
• Zinnurov I.Kh. Features of the Development of Socio-Political, Scientific and Educational Cooperation Between Russia and Azerbaijan at the Present Stage
• Kuruma Yunussa, Kaba Laye, Toure Gnalen. Formation and Implementation of Foreign Policy Strategies of the Republic of Guinea
• Lan Yujing. The Basic Logic of Modernizing the Political System of China
• Nasirov E.Kh., Yashkova T.A., Aliyev A.M. Azerbaijan at the Present Stage of Development: a New Vector
• Pisarenko S.S. Strengthening Australia's Military Capabilities in the IPR
• Sviridov A.A. Main Trends in the Global Energy Market
• Skutina S.G., Gerasimova I.V., Afonin M.V., Grishin V.O. Main Directions of Improvement of State Policy on Voluntary Resettlement of Compatriots from Abroad
• Spasov A.A. Political Analysis of the Dayton Accords as a Fundamental Document in the Settlement of the Ethnopolitical Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Iliopoulou Areti, Stenko A.I. Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy: 30 Year-Long Success Story of Religious and Parliamentary Diplomacy Synergy and a Promising Platform for Dialogue in the New Political Reality
• Tikhonov A.E. Environmental Agenda in the Strategies of Global Cities: a Comparative Analysis of London and New York Policies
• Kobzarev V.N., Shitikova Y.A. Japanese and Chinese Public Opinion on the Ownership of the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

• Medvedev N.P. Foundations of Russian Statehood: on the Question of the Use of Some Current Scientific Publications in Developing a Training Course

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.005

A.I. MAKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Fundamental Medicine, Khakas State University after N.F. Katanov, Abakan, Russia

SEPARATE CUSTOMS OF HELP FROM THE KHAKAS

Economic and household forms of assistance and mutual assistance characterize the archaic stage of social work, are aimed at ensuring the life and well-being of members of the clan, community, and people as a whole. Forms of assistance and mutual assistance in the traditional Khakass society covered all aspects of ensuring the life of the people, including housing construction, assistance in extreme situations. The identification and description of the traditions of assistance in housing construction, extreme situations among Khakas will allow us to substantiate the existence of a prototype of the institute of social work in the region. Research objectives: to highlight the presence of a tradition of assistance in housing construction, to characterize the tradition of assistance in housing construction, to describe the traditions of assistance in extreme situations. Research methods: systematic and comparative analysis. The period under study: the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The results of the study: during the period under study, the Khakass people had traditions of helping.

Key words: mutual assistance, housing, community, clan, social assistance, construction, traditions of assistance, Khakassia, Khakass ethnic group.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.001

A.V. ZUEV Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the of private law departments, Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, St. Petersburg, Russia

RUSSIAN SHIPBUILDING IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The article examines the state of commercial shipbuilding in post-reform Russia. The transition from sailing ships to steam ships required a radical reorganization and modernization of the existing network of public and private admiralties, factories, shipyards and workshops. Over several decades, the number of ships in the maritime fleet has increased many times. The progressive development of domestic shipbuilding in pre-revolutionary Russia is confirmed. However, it can be stated that despite the progress, Russian shipyards did not have sufficient capacity to meet the needs of the commercial fleet.

Key words: Shipping companies, merchant shipping, merchant fleet, shipbuilding, ship repair, mechanical plants, shipyards, docks, admiralty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.002

М.М. RYABOVA Senior Lecturer of the Department of History and Humanities, State University of Humanities and Technology, Moscow, Russia

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOLIDARY ECONOMY AS AN OBJECT OF SPECIFIC HISTORICAL RESEARCH (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF OLD BELIEVER ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

The article discusses the theoretical foundations of the solidarity economy, which are fully compatible with the principles of Old Believer entrepreneurship. Today, researchers are increasingly turning to the Old Believer identity, emphasizing their characteristic qualities, such as community, mutual trust and high social responsibility. Thanks largely to these features, the Old Believers created a special economic structure based on elements of a solidarity economy. It should be emphasized that the author’s understanding of the term “solidarity” as the consolidation of society to solve certain cultural, socio-economic, political problems aimed at achieving the common good, presupposes the presence of formed common values, goals, beliefs or interests, which was always present in the communities of the “old faith." Certain stories related to the formation of the foundations of the solidarity economy are already present in historical research. In this regard, the study of the principles of Old Believer entrepreneurship, which are fully compatible with the principles of the solidarity economy, also deserve special attention.

Key words: solidarity economy, entrepreneurship, Old Believers, consolidation, community.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.003

M.N. SIBIRYAKOV Postgraduate student of the Faculty of History of the M.K. Ammosov NEFU, Yakutsk, Russia

THE FUEL CRISIS IN YAKUTSK IN THE WINTER OF 1922

The scientific article is devoted to a little-studied problem in Russian historiography – the wood crisis that arose in the city of Yakutsk during the siege of 1922 as a result of military operations and the difficult political situation around the city. This article examines the crisis situations caused by the wood famine and the measures to combat the crisis situation that were taken by the city's leadership. The purpose of this article is to study the crisis and its impact on the life of the city's population. The research is based on the analysis of publications in the press of those years and archival documents. The author examines the impact of the fuel crisis on the cultural and socio-economic life of the city. The article discusses ways to solve these problems, which were undertaken by local governments that worked in harsh conditions of a harsh winter. The author comes to the conclusion that one of the main problems was the provision of fuel wood to the residents of the city, which were used for heating buildings. The causes and consequences of the crisis in Yakutsk in 1922 were studied. The destruction of land and river transport routes, lack of financing led to a catastrophic situation with the provision of essential goods to citizens in the winter of 1921-1922.

Key words: Russian Civil War, siege of Yakutsk, insurgency, fuel forest, fuel crisis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.004

M.V. BILL Graduate student Surgut State University, Surgut, Russia

FORMATION OF THE USSR STATE ARBITRATION IN 1931

In this article, based on a wide range of historical literature and archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, an attempt is made through the use of narrative, historical-comparative, chronological and statistical methods of historical research to analyze the socio-economic reasons for the creation and functioning of the State Arbitration of the USSR. In order to identify the main reasons for the decision to create a State arbitration with the redirection of the tasks of arbitration commissions to it, the author pays great attention to the study of socio-economic processes taking place in the Soviet Union during the period under consideration.

Noting the differences in the activities of State Arbitration and Arbitration Commissions, he notes the peculiarities of its formation, the natural result of which was the creation of an institution that met the historical challenges of the period under study and greatly contributed to the growth of the economic potential of the country.

Key words: State Arbitration of the USSR, arbitration commission, jurisdiction, legal regulation, social and economic reasons, professional training, socialist competition, economic policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.006

M.P. BORODIN Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Retraining and Advanced Training of Specialists, St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia named after Hero of the Russian Federation General of the Army E.N. Zinicheva, St. Petersburg, Russia

A.V. PLATONOV Candidate of philosophical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of socio-economic and humanitarian disciplines, Leningrad Regional Branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia

S.N. RUBTSOV Doctor of historical sciences, Professor of the Departments of social sciences Northwest Institute of Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg, Russia

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE PROFESSIONAL FIRE TEAM DEPOT IN ENSURING FIRE SAFETY OF THE CAPITAL OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

The article carried out a study of the main areas of the material and technical condition of the professional fire brigade depot of the capital of the Russian Empire as part of improving fire safety. The relevance of the article is due to the continuity of the main aspects of the material and technical condition of the depot of the professional fire brigade of the capital of the Russian Empire in the activities of the fire service at the present time. The purpose of the study is to identify the accents of the main directions of development and improvement of the material and technical condition of the imperial fire brigade depot, which contributes to the fulfillment of the tasks of modern fire and rescue units in extinguishing fires and eliminating emergency situations, based on historical experience and professional competencies in the field of fire safety. An analysis of the main directions of development and improvement of the material and technical condition of the depot of the Imperial Capital professional fire brigade indicates its relevance at the present stage in organizing fire suppression and emergency response, taking into account optimization and corresponding technical progress in the architectural and functional components.

Key words: fire station, telegraph office, barracks, pipe shed, fire stables, fire tower.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.007

А.А. LADOVICH Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Documentology Kurgan State University, Kurgan, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN WESTERN SIBERIA IN THE XIX CENTURY

The article analyzes the sources, which are devoted to the specifics of transport proper, as well as judgments and assessments of the history of transport in Western Siberia in the XIX century. The purpose of the article is to study the historical aspects of the development of transportation infrastructure in Western Siberia in the XIX century. Objectives: 1) to characterize the economic situation of the territories of Western Siberia and its influence on the dynamics of transport system development; 2) to study the demographic condition in the region and its role in the formation of transport routes; 3) to describe the benefits for the treasury and the state due to the development of transport in Western Siberia. Methods: the basis of the study is the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism. The work used historical and general scientific methods of research, namely: analysis and synthesis, historical-genetic, historical-typological, biographical, historical-comparative, problem-historiographical and others. Results: in the process of research it was established that in the development of transport system in Western Siberia in the XIX century the economic specialization of the region, socio-economic parameters and socio-cultural aspect of life of the population, as well as the relationship with internal external markets were of great importance. For the state treasury, transportation companies and peasants with developed economies, especially for postal functions, were of considerable commercial and profitable interest. Conclusions – the growth of Siberian population became a prerequisite for the strengthening and development of the transportation network. In Siberia there was constantly felt an acute shortage of local people, because of what roads with high possibility to build and operate, repair was very problematic.

Key words: development, transportation system, Western Siberia, post-Soviet historiography, population, economy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.008

N.V. MIKU Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Philosophy of Penza State University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia

LEGAL EDUCATION AND LEGAL PROPAGANDA IN THE USSR IN THE EARLY 1970S. (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE PENZA REGION)

The article considers issues of content and types of work of Soviet-state bodies on legal education and propaganda of legal knowledge among citizens at the regional level – in the Penza region in the designated chronological framework – in the early 1970s. A study of the practice of Penza organizations in legal education allows you to recreate an objective picture of the daily life of the Soviet population; supplement the historical knowledge of the essence of state policy in the social sphere during the period under review.

The article sets a goal – to study the content and forms of work of cultural institutions of the Penza region of the early 1970s. on legal education and legal propaganda. The understanding of the term «legal education» is specified as the actions of state and public structures to develop Soviet legal awareness and raise the legal culture of the population.

The tasks of the study were implemented on the basis of analysis and generalization of materials from the Foundation of the Department of Culture of the Penza Oblast Executive Committee of the State Archive of the Penza Region (F. r-2357). Based on the documents of the archive, the key directions and organization of the dissemination of legal knowledge in the context of Soviet-party decisions were studied; analyzed the practice of creating coordination and methodological councils for legal propaganda; forms of propaganda are indicated – lectures, corners, wall newspapers, «Days of legal culture», visiting sessions of courts, etc.

The work uses methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative.

The study of the main directions and methods of implementing legal propaganda in the early 1970s. in the Penza region made it possible to identify the main trends and difficulties in the development of cultural institutions, to determine the direction of the subsequent study of the scientific problem.

Key words: USSR, legal awareness, legal education, legal propaganda, cultural institutions, Penza region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.009

А.А. OSINSKAYA Candidate of Medical Sciences, associate Professor of the Department of Human Anatomy at the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov Yakutsk, Russia

А.А. OSIPOV Student of the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia

M.V. MAXIMOVA Student of the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia

M.I. KOLODEZNIKOVA Student of the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia

A.B. GURYEVA Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Human Anatomy at the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov Yakutsk, Russia

THE STUDY OF THE ECOGEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE BRUSH STRUCTURE ON THE EXAMPLE OF STUDENTS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

Purpose: to determine the ecogeographic features of the structure of the brush in NEFU students.

Methods: The paper presents an analysis of anthropometric measurements of the hand of 43 male students of the NEFU Medical Institute. The surveyed were divided into groups according to the region of permanent residence. The height and anthropometric parameters of the brush were measured. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the SPSS application software package for Windows (version 22.0).

Results: It was revealed that with indistinguishable values of height, the indicators of the length and width of the hand are greater in students from Egypt than in Yakuts. The width of the metacarpal of the hand in the examined from the first group is significantly higher than in the examined from the second. In Egyptians, the average values of the lengths of the proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges of all fingers of the hand are significantly higher than those of Yakut students. It was found that the length of the hand of Egyptian students is longer due to the length of the phalanges of the fingers of the hand.

Conclusions: The conducted anthropometric study showed the presence of ecogeographic features of the brush.

Key words: boys, brush length, brush width, length of the phalanges of the brush, anthropometry, Yakutia, Egypt.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.010

T.G. PTASHKO Сandidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Assistant professor, Social work, Pedagogics and Psychology Department, Southern Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

A.E. PEREBEYNOS Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant professor, General History Department, Southern Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

N.V. TROFIMOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the Department of General History, South Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Department of World History, Chelyabinsk, Russia

E.F. PAVLENKO Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology and Social Work, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

INCREASING THE ECONOMIC LITERACY OF WORKERS AT URAL FACTORIES IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Organization of economic education of the population is a current direction of social policy of a modern state. The requirements of civil society are aimed at developing financial literacy among people, including the younger generation, which contributes to the quality of life, ensuring a correct understanding of economic aspects that affect all spheres of human life – professional, family, personal.

This issue has deep historical roots, the study of which allows for a competent approach to organizing the financial literacy system today. Objectives of the study: to reveal the issue of increasing the economic education of workers at Ural enterprises in the middle of the 20th century, to characterize the features of the functioning of the institute of propagandists, to identify the specific issues of working on the personnel of propagandists, improving the level of their theoretical and methodological skills through courses, seminars, conferences, and the work of methodological councils in factories, carrying out certification, as well as using the work experience of propagandists.

Research methods: system analysis, generalization. Period under study: second half of the 20th century.

Results: the management of Ural enterprises has developed a special system for organizing the economic education of workers, which is characterized by the selection of personnel to increase the economic level of workers, improving the level of methodological skills of propagandists through the use of a variety of training methods (courses, seminars, conferences, work of methodological councils at factories, certification of propagandists), using the work experience of propagandists.

Conclusion: description of the issue of organizing increased economic literacy of workers in Ural factories in the second half. The 20th century allows us to study the experience and state that it can be used in modern conditions in order to increase the level of economic education of workers.

Key words: economic education, propagandists, training, methods of training propagandists.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.012

I.A. SNEZHKOVA Cand. Sci. (Hist.), Senior Researcher, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology name after N.N. Miklukho-Maklay, RAS, Russia, Moscow

CRIMEA BEFORE AND AFTER ITS ACCESSION TO RUSSIA

In March 2024, the accession of Crimea to Russia after a 10-year break was widely celebrated in our country. The proposed paper analyzed the existence of Crimea as part of Ukraine from the early 90's and after its accession to Russia in 2014. Crimeans, being a part of Ukraine, have severely experienced the attempts of Ukraine to reduce the teaching of the Russian language in schools, the transformation of historical science in order to reformat the consciousness of the people to the Ukrainian way. In this regard, after the coup d'état in 2013, the Crimeans tried to secede from Ukraine, which they succeeded with the support of Russia. Since becoming a part of Russia, the region has undergone numerous changes related to large-scale construction and improvement of the region. The Crimean Bridge, the Tavrida highway, and a new airport were built. Numerous kindergartens and schools appeared. The number of well-equipped hospitals increased. The living standards of Crimeans have improved – salaries and pensions have increased, unemployment has decreased. All these reasons led to almost 100 percent support of people for Crimea as part of Russia and a wide celebration of its 10th anniversary.

Key words: Crimea as part of Ukraine – infringement of the Russian language and transformation of history, coup d'état 2013. Referendum on the of Crimea to Russiа 2014 a. Large-scale construction in Crimea after the accession and rise of the living standards of Crimeans with the active support of Russia.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.013

S.S. ELISTRATOVA Marketer at Resultative Marketing LLC, graduate of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia

M.E. RODIONOVA Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Mass Communications, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Procurement and Public, Department of Economics Faculty of the State University of Enlightenment, Moscow, Russia

FORMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISION IN MODERN FEDERAL STATES: FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of administrative-territorial division as well as their forms in federal states. The purpose of the work is highlighting the features of the forms of administrative and territorial division of modern federations. The analysis confirms the concept of symmetric and asymmetric federations. Some federations seek to give subjects the same status, rights and opportunities (for example, Germany), and there are those who constitutionally fix the imbalance of status and powers of territorial units within the federation (for example, Canada, India, Russia). Moreover, there are countries where the principle of symmetry formally applies, but in practice asymmetric trends are manifested (UAE). All this is conditioned by historical development, cultural, geographical and demographic factors.

Key words: administrative-territorial division, forms of administrative-territorial division, administrative-territorial structure, federal state, symmetric federations, asymmetric federations, Russia, USA, Canada, Germany, India, UAE and Nigeria.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.014

N.R. BORISOVA Senior Lecturer, Department of Theory and History of State and Law and Public Law Disciplines, Nizhnekamsk Branch of Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov, Nizhnekamsk, Russia

D.V. ILYAZAROVA Student of the Faculty of Law of Nizhnekamsk branch of Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov, Nizhnekamsk, Russia

REGULATORY AND LEGAL SUPPORT OF ACTIVITIES CLUBS OF YOUNG VOTERS

Currently, clubs of young voters have established themselves as an effective form of work with young and future voters, which requires detailed study and institutionalization based on the generalization of the most effective practices. Despite the fact that the current domestic legislation encourages the creation and functioning of youth associations designed to promote the formation of electoral awareness and electoral activity, it is premature to talk about the existence of the necessary and sufficient consolidation of the legal status of clubs of young voters. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and legal regulation of the activities of clubs of young voters established and successfully operating in the Russian Federation. The object of the study is public relations arising in the process of regulatory regulation of the creation and functioning of clubs of young voters. The subject of the study is the norms of domestic legislation in the field of regulatory regulation of the activities of clubs of young voters, as well as their practical implementation. The methodological basis of the research is a dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which allows analyzing them in their historical development and functioning, in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, as well as general scientific (systemic, functional) and general logical methods (analysis, synthesis, analogy), which made it possible to comprehensively and objectively examine the object, establish a list of the most acute questions related to the subject of the study. The scientific and practical relevance of this study lies in the fact that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory regulation of the activities of clubs of young voters was carried out, on the basis of which proposals for its further improvement were formulated.

Key words: legal regulation, young voters, clubs of young voters, electoral socialization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.015

L.O. MURADYAN Applicant for the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

RESULTS OF THE “PARADE OF SOVEREIGNITIES” AND RATIFICATION OF THE BELOVEZHA AGREEMENTS BY THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF RUSSIA

The events of the end of 1991 turned out to be a point of no return in the history of the Soviet Union. At a time when the power was falling apart, a new rapid course of events was awakening, uncontrollable and dictating its own rules. One of the episodes of this piece of time, called the "parade of sovereignties", and the ratification of the Belovezhskaya Agreements by the Supreme Council of Russia, are key historical periods that had an unpredictable impact on future events.

The relevance of this topic has not decreased now, decades after these events. In fact, they still occupy a central place in the historical analysis of the transition period of the Russian state. The parade of Sovereignties, organized in early December 1991 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, was a meeting of the heads of the member republics of the USSR, their heads and higher authorities. Here, at this iconic place, a decisive blow was struck against the unified Soviet state, which formally marked the end of its existence.

The Belovezhskaya Agreements, signed by the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, served as an official act on the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. They became the cause of the impulse that served for the subsequent collapse of other Soviet republics and the formation of new, independent states. This event, of course, became a turning point in the history of Russia and the entire post-Soviet space.

The signed Belovezhskaya Agreements eventually led to the official dissolution of the Soviet Union and marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the Russian state. The gradually changed political movement of the country since its stay in the USSR led to the restructuring and state-building, widely known as the "legal continuum" of the Soviet administration, which is now called Russia.

Considering this, the results of the "parade of sovereignties" and the ratification of the Belovezhskaya Agreements by the Supreme Council of Russia became key factors that determined the subsequent course of development of the country and its position on the world stage. It was thanks to these events that Russia embarked on the path of building a new state, bringing to life the principles of democracy, freedom, and sovereignty of nations.

Thus, the period of the "parade of sovereignties" and the ratification of the Belovezhskaya Agreements by the Supreme Council of Russia is an integral historical part of the development of Russia and the post-Soviet space. The relevance of this topic is confirmed by the significance and influence that these events had on a turning point in the country's history. Their understanding and analysis allow us to better understand the causes, consequences and dynamics of Russia's development and its position in the global context.

Key words: parade, sovereignty, Bialowieza Agreements.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.016

M.A. VASIL'CHENKO Cand. Sci. (Hist.), Associate Professor of the Chair of Fundamental Legal and Social-humanitarian Disciplines, Moscow Financial and Industrial University «Synergy», Moscow, Russia

ON THE ISSUE OF PRIVATE FINANCE POLITICAL PARTIES IN RUSSIA

The article discusses amendments to the Federal Law "On Political Parties" regarding the interaction of political parties with private capital, related to the possibility of increasing lending to parties by legal entities to 216 million rubles. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that political parties act as a link between the government and society, and are a key condition for the development of democratic institutions. The analysis of measures of support for parties by the state allows us to predict the key trends in the development of the Russian political system. The purpose of the work is to determine the role of this legal document in the development of party building. The objectives of the work are defined by the purpose and formulated as follows: to determine the reasons for the increase in lending, to assess the existing volume of donations in the structure of financial activities of a political party, to determine the possibilities and boundaries of law enforcement practice within the framework of this draft law. The author analyzes the existing legal mechanisms for replenishing the budget of the parties, considers the priority areas of spending. Based on the changes made, he formulates a forecast of possible consequences for the process of political development. Based on the analysis of the financing structure of political parties, the author concludes that the process of interaction between private companies and parties will be complicated by a high degree of financial risks, in the absence of lobbying for the interests of large financial structures.

Key words: political party, budget, commercial banking sector, legal consequences.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.017

O.V. PUTINA Postgraduate of study at the Department of Management in the Sphere of Interethnic and Interfaith Relations of the Faculty of Public Administration of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov”; the leading specialist of the Center for International Projects of the Federal State budgetary educational institution of higher Education “Moscow Pedagogical State University”, Moscow, Russia

RELIGIONS IN THE MEDIA SPHERE: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF OUR TIME

The modern media sphere, where the construction, broadcasting and accumulation of socially significant issues take place, is of great importance for all spheres of society, including religious life. This is confirmed by the appearance on the official websites of religious associations of the addresses of pages in social networks and messengers, personal pages of preachers. The presence of religious associations in the media is caused not only by the desire to transmit information and unite the flock, but also by the need to respond to socio-cultural challenges, the need to respond to the representation of confessional issues by subjects of the media sphere. Often, religious polemics in the media are constructed by the subjects of the media sphere to achieve their goals that are inconsistent with the goals of religious associations. The missionary media activity of religious associations demonstrates a willingness to spread religious tradition, considers it as a means of mutual enrichment of cultures. New languages and communication channels influence intra-confessional activities, defining new formats of interaction, rules of conduct for religious journalists and the need for them to acquire new knowledge and skills. Technological changes entail transformations of behavioral norms and value orientations of the individual, forming an aesthetic construct of morality. Meanings are not denied, they are not justified, but are considered from the standpoint of reason, while fading into the background. The role of religion is not just to transmit information and find answers to emerging challenges, but to form a worldview and value orientations, which becomes a determining factor in human behavior. Thus, religion and values remain inextricably linked.

Key words: religions in the media sphere, religious journalism, religious polemics, missionary media activity, ethics in the media sphere, religion and values.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.019

Z.A. DADAEV Graduate student in the Faculty of Journalism IGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE SPECIFICS OF THE IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA ON THE FORMATION OF POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF YOUNG PEOPLE

This article examines the material of new mass media and provides an analysis of the main concepts of influencing the consciousness of young people. The novelty of the article lies in its comprehensive coverage of the system of methods of influence and various manipulations used by journalists in conditions of freedom of speech. Ways to solve an urgent problem of our time are proposed: media education, development of a strategy for preventing the unwanted negative influence of the mass media.

The flow of information that has befallen people has radically changed the quality of life, and it is quite natural that the present time is considered to be informational. Information is both a wealth and an urgent problem of our time, which must be understood, which must be assessed and analyzed in a comprehensive manner, so as not to miss a single significant detail regarding such an important phenomenon, or rather a tool for influencing the consciousness of the public. Keywords: mass media, strategies, freedom of speech, journalist, methods of influence.

Key words: mass media, strategies, freedom of speech, journalist, methods of influence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.018

I.S. PALITAY Candidate of Social Sciences, leading researcher, State Academic University for the Humanities; assistant professor of the Department of Sociology and Psychology of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

A.S. DEVOCHKINA Master’s degree student of the Faculty of Political Science of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

YOUNG CITIZENS PERCEIVE THE SYSTEM OF RECRUITING POLITICAL LEADERS IN MODERN RUSSIA (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE YAROSLAVL REGION

In the current political system in Russia, the issues of involving young people in the country’s social and political activities and identifying leadership potential through the current system of recruiting political leaders are increasing their urgency every year. Youth political leadership plays a key role in shaping the future political development of the country, which is why the prospects for its development become a strategic priority of our state. Young people’s perception of the existing system of seeking and selecting political leaders through competitive practices reveals a correlation between the breadth of dissemination of these mechanisms and the level of involvement of the younger generation. The article is a description of the results of the study, the main purpose of which was to identify ideas of youth of Yaroslavl region about the main mechanisms that are used to identify and support potential political leaders among youth. To achieve this, the authors conducted empirical research using the in-depth interview method. The respondents were young people between the ages of 18 and 35. The results obtained make it possible to draw a conclusion that the channels for recruiting political leaders in modern Russia are perceived by most young people as an opportunity for personal and professional self-realization. Meanwhile, there was a low level of awareness among young yaroslavls about the implementation of federal and regional leadership projects.Тhis should be taken into account in improving strategies for involving young people in the political processes of the country and in forming a new generation of political leaders.

Key words: youth, youth political leadership, recruitment system, leadership contests.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.020

G.A. AKOPYAN Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

MODERN TERRORISM: KEY FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT AND PROBLEMS OF ITS ERADICATION

Modern terrorism is a current and complex phenomenon on the world stage. Its key development features cover multilateral aspects of the life of societies within national states. The modern world is constantly faced with the threat of international terrorism. International terrorist organizations carry out acts of violence beyond the borders of their home countries, establishing a wide network of connections and penetrating into various areas of life. Therefore, the fight against terrorism requires cooperation between states and the exchange of information.

The viability of criminal groups is ensured thanks to existing self-sufficiency mechanisms. Financial and material support for interested actors in world politics remains one of the key problems that states are struggling with, creating measures to suppress sponsorship channels.

Modern terrorists actively use advanced technologies to plan and carry out acts of violence. The Internet and social media have become important communication tools for coordinating and recruiting new members. Crimes committed by terrorists in cyberspace pose a serious threat, since they can use cyber attacks to cause damage to infrastructure, the state, and organizations.

Key words: terrorism, terrorist groups, terrorist financing, illegal violence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.023

V.A. TROFIMOV Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

SAKHALIN OBLAST AS AN ETHNOPOLITICAL SPACE AND A REGIONAL COMMUNITY

The article "Sakhalin Oblast as an ethnopolitical space and a regional community" reveals the peculiarities of the formation of the ethnopolitical space of the Sakhalin region as well as its state and functioning at the present stage of socio-political development. At the same time, within the framework of this article, attention is also paid to the study of the specifics of the Sakhalin regional community, Sakhalin regional identity and mentality. At the same time, the author draws attention to some phenomena and processes that can potentially pose a danger to this ethnopolitical space and the regional community.

Key words: Sakhalin region, ethnopolitical space, ethnopolitical processes, migration processes, regional identity, regional community, interethnic relations.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.011

M.S. FEDOTOVA Assistant, Department of Political Science and Mass Communications, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Bachelor's and Master's degree graduate National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

THE POLICY OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA: CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS

In the context of globalization and the strengthening of market relations, Russian higher education is undergoing a phase of significant transformations, with commercialization being a central aspect. This study focuses on analyzing the specifics of commercialization in Russian higher education, emphasizing the cultural and historical aspects that shape the unique context of this process. The primary goal of the article is to identify and describe the historical and cultural peculiarities that hinder the development of commercialization in the educational sphere. To achieve these objectives, methods such as in-depth interviews with leading experts in higher education and analysis of current trends in this area were employed. The results indicated that the historical legacy of the Soviet period and the specific features of the national mentality significantly influence the perception and implementation of the commercialization concept. The conclusions of the study emphasize that for further development of commercialization, it is necessary to consider both the positive and negative aspects of this process, relying on a deep understanding of the cultural and historical peculiarities of Russian society.

Key words: commercialization of education, educational policy, higher education, private universities.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.022

E.P. MAKAROV Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor of the department Philosophy, social sciences and humanities, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia

V.V. FEDOTOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor of the department Philosophy, social sciences and humanities, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia

IMPACT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763 TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGINIA IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY

The study focuses on studying the political and economic development of Virginia on the eve and during the French and Indian War of 1754-1763, as well as changes in the post-war period, when the difference in the relationship between the authorities of the metropolis and the local community of the colony became increasingly noticeable. A separate subject of analysis is the connection between the pre-war and war periods of development of the colonial trade and financial sphere and its individual system-forming elements.

Key words: French and Indian War, political elite, political nation, Great Britain, North America, colonial politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.032

LI YAWEN Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CHINA-KAZAKHSTAN RELATIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THEINITIATIVE “ONE BELT, ONE ROAD”

Kazakhstan is a Central Asian country with the largest economy, the highest level of development and the strongest comprehensive national force. It is also the first Central Asian country to unite with China in the framework of the Belt and Road Cooperation initiative and cooperate in the field of production facilities. The idea is substantiated that from the beginning of the establishment of diplomatic relations to the present, China and Kazakhstan have achieved a great leap in development. There is mutual trust in politics and mutually beneficial business cooperation between the two countries. Together with the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative “Belt and Road” forms the basic concept of the initiative “Belt and Road”. The “One Belt and One Road” initiative is not only a global strategy, an urgent topic, but also contains many specific areas of cooperation. Kazakhstan is the only way to develop the Belt and Road to the west, as well as the first and most active country to support the initiative “Belt and Road”. Based on the study, China and Kazakhstan actively cooperate in many fields, such as industry, energy, security and humanities, it has been established that Kazakhstan is an important fulcrum for the development of China and adjacent regions in the western direction. The article touches on the topic mainly outlines the China–Kazakhstan relations within the framework of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative.

Key words: China, Kazakhstan, China-Kazakhstan relations, One Belt and One Road, Nurly Zhol.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.021

M.P. TELENGA Candidate of Historical Science, Associate Professor Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Diplomaсy, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia

I.V. PROKOPETS Bachelor of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Diplomacy, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia

YU.I. NEFYODOVA Bachelor of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Diplomacy, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF VULNERABILITY OF RUSSIAN BUSINESS IN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA

The article discusses the difficulties encountered by Russian businessmen in connection with the sanctions pressure and the reorientation to the east. The specifics of doing business for Chinese companies in Russia and their ways of regulation by the Russian authorities, as well as the problems of Russian companies entering the domestic market of the People's Republic of China. Bilateral contacts between representatives of the states and their impact on the creation of joint instruments for the quantitative and qualitative expansion of bilateral economic ties were also analyzed. The strengths and weaknesses of Russian companies in competition in both Russia and China were studied, as well as the impact of e-commerce as the main tool for successful business not only in China, but also the interaction of Chinese businessmen with Russian marketplaces. The problem of erroneous perception of cultural realities and business practices in Asia, in China, and the personnel shortage of specialized specialists in Russian business was considered. The impact of sanctions pressure on bilateral trade and economic ties and the resulting threats to business were also considered.

Key words: Business, Russia, China, trade turnover, sanctions, marketing, marketplace.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.024

А.А. ALAUDINOV Candidate of Political Sciences, commander of the AKHMAT special forces ‒ deputy commander of the 2nd Army Corps of the 8th Army, Southern Military District, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES OF CONDUCTING HYBRID WARS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

The main concepts and key approaches of conducting hybrid wars of the People's Republic of China are discussed in the article. Both the theoretical developments of Chinese specialists in this field and examples of China's specific use of hybrid warfare tools are of interest.

The purpose of the research is to identify the concepts and campaigns of China's hybrid wars.

The objectives include the following: 1) identification the key provisions of Chinese concepts of hybrid warfare; 2) show the main means and methods on which China relies in hybrid wars.

Results. The key provisions of the concept of "unrestricted warfare", which acts as a Chinese analogue of the concept of hybrid wars, are revealed. The specificity of the concept of "systems confrontation" and its features are shown. The main provisions of the concept of the "System Destruction Warfare" are defined. The research revealed that China places the main emphasis in hybrid wars on their non-kinetic forms, including cybernetic, sanctions and counter-sanctions means and methods. It is shown that China pays special attention to cyber intelligence and cyber attacks. In response to the unfriendly, from Beijing's point of view, actions of the United States and South Korea, China also applies sanctions measures. It has been established that Chinese experts pay considerable attention to the confrontation in the information sphere.

Conclusions. The People's Republic of China, having certain theoretical developments and practical experience in the use of means and methods of hybrid warfare, relies mainly on non-kinetic forms of hybrid warfare. At the same time, China has no experience in conducting kinetic hybrid wars, including the use of "color revolutions" or the use of irregular formations as the main tool for achieving military and political goals.

Key words: China, hybrid wars, "unrestricted warfare", "systems confrontation", "system destruction warfare", non-kinetic hybrid wars, kinetic hybrid wars.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.025

DONG DAN Senior lecturer (master's degree) of the Russian Language Center of the, Sanya University, China

THE EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT

This article analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of international relations between China and Russia in the context of the Ukrainian crisis of 2024, as well as their interaction within international organizations such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The main focus is on the economic and political aspects of bilateral relations, particularly deepening economic ties against the backdrop of the crisis in Ukraine, strategic partnership in international organizations, and differences in approaches to foreign policy. The impact of these relations on the global geopolitical situation is discussed, as well as the potential for coordination of efforts within BRICS and the SCO to address common challenges such as separatism, terrorism, and illegal drug trafficking. Problems and prospects of using the yuan in economic relations and its influence on international currency relations are analyzed.

Key words: China, Russia, BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Ukrainian crisis, economic ties, political partnership, international relations, yuan, geopolitics, foreign policy, international sanctions, military-political cooperation, separatism, terrorism, illegal drug trafficking.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.027

WANG XINYUE Master student at the Russian Language Institute of the Dalian University of Foreign Languages, Dalian, China

WANG GANG Associate professor, PhD, graduate supervisor, School of Russian, Dalian University of Foreign Languages, Dalian, China

SINO-RUSSIAN RELATIONS UNDER THE "BELT AND ROAD" INITIATIVE

The Belt and Road is a win-win cooperation path proposed by China to promote common development and achieve common prosperity. Under the Belt and Road Initiative, China-Russia relations have been further consolidated. The two countries have become more economically integrated, have deepened political mutual trust, have enjoyed close bilateral cooperation in various fields, and have flourished people-to-people and cultural exchanges.

Key words: the Belt and Road, China-Russian relations, economic integration, political mutual trust, people-to-people exchanges.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.028

I.KH. ZINNUROV Head of the Representative office of Rossotrudnichestvo in the Republic of Azerbaijan, Russian Information and Cultural Center in Baku, Councelor of the Russian Embassy in Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-POLITICAL, SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN AT THE PRESENT STAGE

Within the framework of the development of humanitarian and cultural cooperation of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Azerbaijan at the present stage, the following areas can be distinguished: Socio-political events on modern and historical issues, Popularization of classical and modern Russian culture, Strengthening the position of the Russian language, Promotion of Russian education and support for scientific and technical cooperation.

Key words: Russia, Azerbaijan, socio-political interaction, scientific and educational cooperation, Russian language, scientific and technical cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.029

KURUMA YUNUSSA Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and History State and Law Institute of Law of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumuba, Moscow, Russia

KABA LAYE Postgraduate student of the Department of Comparative Political Science Law Institute of the Russian University Friendship of Peoples named after Patrice Lumuba, Moscow, Russia

TOURE GNALEN Master's student at the Department of International Relations Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA

The article reveals the foreign policy strategy of the Republic of Guinea from the moment of independence from France in 1958 to the present time. The article focuses on the current foreign policy guidelines of the Republic of Guinea and how they change depending on who governs the country.

The bilateral relations of the Republic of Guinea with Russia, the USA, the EU countries and China. Author analyzes the political and economic strategies of Guinea's partnerships with international partners.

The issue of regional cooperation the Republic of Guinea is also considered. It`s as the most important vector of Guinea`s international activities. The article reveals Guinea's participation in regional projects and organizations, such as the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African Countries (ECOWAS), etc. The problems faced by the Republic of Guinea in its foreign policy activities are also analyzed.

Key words: Republic of Guinea, foreign policy, Africa, France, Russia, USA, economic cooperation, regional cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.030

LAN YUJING PhD student, Department of Comparative Political Science Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

THE BASIC LOGIC OF MODERNIZING THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF CHINA

This article explores the basic principles and directions of modernization of the political system of China. The article analyzes the evolution of the Chinese political system since the reform and opening up under the leadership of the CCP and its impact on modern political processes. Based on an analysis of current documents and scientific literature, the article examines key aspects of modernization, including strengthening the role of the CCP, developing the rule of law, improving public administration and improving mechanisms for citizen participation in decision-making. The author identifies important trends in modern political practice, such as strengthening centralized government, expanding the government's social responsibility and the active use of modern information technologies to improve governance. The article also discusses the challenges and obstacles facing the process of modernizing China's political system, including the need to balance stability and reform, as well as ensuring legitimacy and transparency of power.

Key words: Chinese political system, institutional advantages, logic, Chinese Communist Party.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.031

E.KH. NASIROV Deputy of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Director of the Institute for Political Studies Academy of Public Administration at President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan

T.A. YASHKOVA Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Academy of Labor and Social Relations, Moscow, Russia

A.M. ALIYEV Graduate student of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology Educational institution of trade unions of higher education "Academy of Labor and Social Relations", Moscow, Russia

AZERBAIJAN AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT: A NEW VECTOR

The authors note that ensuring sustainable and inclusive development and expanding democratic institutions is the main priority of state policy in Azerbaijan. The article focuses on the development of civil society and the implementation of the e-government model in the republic, and also makes an attempt to clarify the essence of the steps taken in this area and evaluate them. The development of civil society and digitalization of management in modern Azerbaijan is shown.

Key words: reforms, civil society, e-government, public administration, digitalization, Azerbaijan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.033

S.S. PISARENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

STRENGTHENING AUSTRALIA'S MILITARY CAPABILITIES IN THE IPR

This article examines the current course of the Australian government to build up its military potential in the Indo-Pacific region throughout the 20th century and currently. The Australian government, being in a constant state of conflict among the political elites, is trying to determine which of the hegemons in the IPR is more profitable for it to cooperate with. The article analyzed official statements by heads of state, representatives of the ministries of foreign affairs, and ministries of defense. The study found that tensions within the Australian government stemmed from Australia's obligations under treaties dating back to the Second World War, as many of them often involved the state in conflicts that were at odds with its own national interests. At the end of the 20th century. Australia has been able to establish itself as a reliable economic partner in the IPR, which has given the Australian government the freedom to choose its own path. At the present stage, Australia is combining a strategy to ensure the integrity of its state by purchasing the latest technologies for its offensive forces, in the form of modern communications technologies, long-range missiles for its destroyers and carrier-based aircraft. Over the past three years, due to the tense situation in the world, the Australian establishment has spent a significant amount of money on the purchase of both ready-made military weapons and licenses for their creation within their state. Equipping ships with weapons of this class not only indicates that the state will patrol maritime trade routes, but will also use them for something more.

Key words: Australia in the ITR, Australian military forces, Australia and the USA in the IPR, Australia and China in the IPR.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.034

А.А. SVIRIDOV Graduate student of the Faculty of Global Processes Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

MAIN TRENDS IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY MARKET

This article discusses the main development trends and problems of the global energy market. The issues of increasing the share of the Asian region in energy consumption, the development of national oil companies, the influence of the American “shale revolution” on global energy and the relationship of the concept of sustainable development with energy, as well as the increasing politicization of international relations are considered.

Key words: shift in energy consumption centers, national oil companies, technological progress, shale oil, renewable energy sources, politicization of international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.035

S.G. SKUTINA Leading specialist of the Department of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

I.V. GERASIMOVA Candidate of Economic Sciences, employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

M.V. AFONIN Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

V.O. GRISHIN Deputy Head of the Department of Internal Audit, Licensing and Accreditation of Educational Programs, Management of Organization and Quality Control of Educational Activities, State University of Education, Moscow, Russia

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF STATE POLICY ON VOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT OF COMPATRIOTS FROM ABROAD

The study proposes new approaches to the implementation of state policy on the voluntary resettlement of compatriots. The resettlement of compatriots as an integral part of the state's migration policy allows us to implement some strategic tasks of managing external migration processes related to the development of human capital. State policy in this area can be considered as an effective tool for the return and attraction to the state of citizens in demand by the economy and ready for faster integration into the host society. In this regard, the practical part of the implementation of the resettlement policy of modern Russia requires closer attention to the resettlement of compatriots from unfriendly countries, as well as the creation of mechanisms for the resettlement of foreigners who are ready for integration into Russian society with a close cultural code. The implementation of these mechanisms is possible in the context not only within the framework of institutional transformations, or the formal-legal method characteristic of adjusting migration legislation, but also comparativist, which involves the selection and co-optation of the most successful resettlement practices.

Key words: migration, migration policy, state policy, compatriots, human capital.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.036

А.А. SPASOV Ph.D. in Political Science, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov», Senior Lecturer at the Department of Political Analysis and socio-psychological processes, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DAYTON ACCORDS AS A FUNDAMENTAL DOCUMENT IN THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

This article analyzes the key principles of the Dayton Accords, which served as the basis for the settlement of the ethnopolitical conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Taking into account the specifics of the internal political confrontation, as well as attempts to exert foreign policy influence on the country, it is possible to assess the actions of the parties aimed at resolving the ethnopolitical conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the end of the article, the author notes that thanks to the active participation of the international community, the Dayton Agreements were signed, and this put an end to the open confrontation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but at the same time, a number of internal contradictions remain today, to resolve which it is necessary to develop a unified and balanced position of all interested parties in the state.

Key words: the Dayton Accords, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the ethnopolitical conflict, the Balkans, the peace treaty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.037

ILIOPOULOU ARETI Researcher, Department of Comparative Political Science, RUDN University named after P. Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

A.I. STENKO Teacher, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University named after P. Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

INTERPARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY ON ORTHODOXY: 30 YEAR-LONG SUCCESS STORY OF RELIGIOUS AND PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY SYNERGY AND A PROMISING PLATFORM FOR DIALOGUE IN THE NEW POLITICAL REALITY

The article examines history of interaction between the legislative bodies of the member countries of the Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy (IAO), that over 30 years of cooperation managed to turn this format into a bright and unique example of the synergy of religious and parliamentary diplomacies. The paper analyzes reasons and circumstances that led to the forced de facto freezing of participation in the activities of the structure of such important members as Belarus, Syria and Russia. Authors study the relevant official documents of the IAO (transcripts of annual General Assemblies, minutes of meetings of the International Secretariat, newsletters, etc.) and of the specialized parliamentary structures of the organization’s states (statements of national delegations, declarations, press releases). This work also provides an assessment of the prospects for overcoming the current near-crisis situation in the IAO with the help of mechanisms and tools of both parliamentary and religious diplomacy.

Key words: Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy, interparliamentary cooperation, religious diplomacy, parliamentary diplomacy, Russian Orthodox Church, Russian foreign policy, Greek foreign policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.038

A.E. TIKHONOV Postgraduate student of the School of World Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA IN THE STRATEGIES OF GLOBAL CITIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LONDON AND NEW YORK POLICIES

The article analyzes the environmental programs of global cities – London and New York. The author compares the goals of the cities' environmental strategies with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The author of the article concludes that the measures taken by the authorities of London and New York, almost completely coincide, and this is primarily due to the fact that when developing a common environmental strategy, the governments of the two cities were guided by the UN Sustainable Development Goals. From the described measures, the most successful initiatives of the London and New York authorities are highlighted, which can be used in the development of environmental strategies by other global cities authorities.

Key words: global city, London, New York, environmental strategy, UN Sustainable Development Goals, global environmental problem.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.026

V.N. KOBZAREV Student of the Department of International Relations and Customs Affairs, Baikal State University (BSU), Irkutsk, Russia

Y.A. SHITIKOVA Senior lecturer of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University (BSU), Irkutsk, Russia

JAPANESE AND CHINESE PUBLIC OPINION ON THE OWNERSHIP OF THE SENKAKU/DIAOYU ISLANDS

Often international conflicts between countries are territorial disputes, where each of the conflicting parties seeks the desired results, there is a clash of interests. In the co-modern world there are many dozens of territorial disputes that have not been finalized so far, some of them are in the cold or hot phase of the conflict. The governments of the conflicting states in most cases take a clear and confident position on the disputed territories, but it is important to realize that the government's position on foreign policy does not always reflect the position and sentiments of ordinary citizens.

In this article we will consider the public position of Japan and China on the ownership of the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands, which, like many territorial disputes, are of a long-term and unregulated nature. It is necessary to find out whether the citizens of both countries hold the same positions pursued by the national governments of the states or whether the positions differ.

Key words: PRC, Japan, islands, territorial conflict, Senkaku, Diaoyu.

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.039

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Science Today" Moscow, Russia

FOUNDATIONS OF RUSSIAN STATEHOOD: ON THE QUESTION OF THE USE OF SOME CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS IN DEVELOPING A TRAINING COURSE

The article attempts an analytical review of some current publications in scientific journals from the list of the Higher Attestation Commission and the use of these materials in the formation of a bibliographic base for the training course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood”. This study is a continuation of the materials published by the author in the journal “Issues of National and Federal Relations” 2024. No. 1. The article provides a review of scientific publications by Russian and foreign authors touching on some aspects of the history of the Great Patriotic War. From a short review of scientific publications it follows that these problems for researchers are relevant, scientifically significant and can become important materials for the educational course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood” in higher educational institutions.

Key words: Russian statehood, Great Patriotic War, nation-building, Russia.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 14. Issue 6 (111), 2024

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Sochneva D.V. On the Issue of the Implementation of the Concept of Scientific Atheism in the Ulyanovsk Region: the Initial Stage (1955-1959)
• Biryukov A.M. Socio-Economic Development and Everyday Life of Petrovsk During the First World War and on the Eve of the Civil War (1914 – March 1918)
• Dmitriev I.V., Mineeva E.K. The National Elite of Soviet Russia in the 1917-1920s: Issues of Historiography
• Kezhutin A.N. Activities of Provincial Trading Companies in the Don Troops Region at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on the Materials of the Trading House "Galkin Brothers")
• Merkulov A.V. The Military Commissariat of the Ryazan Region During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945
• Mukhametzyanov M.S. Features of the Creation of University Museums in the Soviet Period on the Example of the Kazan Aviation Institute Named after A.N. Tupolev
• Pobortseva V.V. Creation of a State Health Care System in the Soviet State: Peculiarities in the Center and on the Ground (1917-1920s)
• Ryabova M.M. Old Believers of Bogorodsky District in the Context of the Confessional Picture of the Moscow Region
• Sulumov Z.Kh., Beguev S.A. Restoration of the Oil Industry of Grozny in the New Economic Policy Program
• Tsechoeva M.A. Reflection of the Deportation of the Chechen-Ingush People in Scientific Works and in Works of Art of the Ingush Intelligentsia of the 20th and Early 21st Centuries

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES, TECHNOLOGIES

• Torteva I.A. Regional Media Development Models in the Digital Age
• Trofimov V.A. The Activities of the Authorities and Public Institutions of the Sakhalin Oblast in the Field of Regional National Policy
• Phan Thi Nhuan. One Party Dominant Political System: Characteristics and Reference Values for Vietnam
• Fedorov D.V. Status and Role of the Russian Language as a State Language in the Russian Federation
• Gekht A.B., Cherkasov D.G., Shutman D.V. The «Swedish Democrats» Influence on the Transformation of the Political and Party System in Modern Sweden
• Gabrielyan G.R. The Development of National Internet Platforms as a Factor in Ensuring Information Security of the People's Republic of China
• Emelyanov S.V. Stages and Civilizational Features of the Historical Transformation of the Cultural Policy of the Russian State: Political Aspect
• Kardash N.V. The Specifics of the Evolution of the Political Elite in Cyprus (on the Example of the First President of Cyprus)

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

• Airapetyan D.A. Horizons of Social and Political Development of the Institute of State in the Context of the Transition to Postcapitalism
• Zhbanov A.M. Practice of Public-Private Partnership in the System of Ensuring the US Cybersecurity Policy
• Surma I.V. Kenselling as a Form of State Cyber-Ostracism
• Okudzhava Kh.Z. The Practice of Introducing Artificial Intelligence in the Moscow Region: Problems and Prospects

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• Alaudinov A.A., Strigunov K.S., Goncharenko A.R. Structure and Characteristics of Subjects of Military Conflict in Ukraine and its Main Differences from Hybrid Wars in Syria and Libya
• Alooche Bashar. The Role of Regional Powers (Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia) in the Escalation and Settlement of the Syrian Crisis
• Wan Yufeng. Digital Economy and Digital Government: Interaction and Development
• Stepanov S.A., Shaaban L. Modern Technologies in Education and Healthcare in Some GCC Countries
• Geht A.B., Petrova A.V., Potapenko T.G., Zamyatin R.D. The Uighur Issue in the English-Speaking Media Space: Analysis and Impact of Information Flows
• Zahra Ghiasi. The Impact of the Syrian Crisis on the Russia-Iran Relationship
• Gorbunov N.S. Elements of Foreign Policy Strategic Communication in Doctrinal Documents of the Russian Federation
• Egorov S.S. The Geopolitical Decomposition of Ukraine: Comparative Analysis of the Positions of the European Union and the Russian Federation Regarding the Settlement of the Ukrainian Political Crisis
• Liu Ying, Stepanov S.A. Comparative Analysis of Legal Structures in the Environmental Sphere Between Russia and China Since 2012
• Paramuzova O.G. Legal Assessment of the Importance of the Concept of International Security as a Factor in Increasing the Manageability of the Interstate System of International Relations
• Polonchuk R.A. Military-Political Presence of the PRC in North African Countries
• Samsonov M.M. Key Areas of Cooperation Between China and Africa at the Present Stage
• Zhang Xinyan. Features of China's Foreign Policy in 2019
• Chzhan Chen`I. Analysis of the Current Situation and Prospects of Settlements in National Currency in Bilateral Trade Between China and Russia
• Khoshev A.Yu. The Attitude of the Serbian Orthodox Church to the Incident of Dispersal of the Serbian Manifestation on December 1, 1989 in Ljubljana

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.001

D.V. SOCHNEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

ON THE ISSUE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF SCIENTIFIC ATHEISM IN THE ULYANOVSK REGION: THE INITIAL STAGE (1955-1959)

Khrushchev's time in power and the innovations he adopted are still being discussed in historical science. It was during this period that "scientific atheism" became a tool for building Soviet ideology. The article examines the specifics of the implementation of the religious policy of the USSR on the example of the Ulyanovsk region. The author attempts to show the forms and methods of atheistic activity in this region. The conclusion is made about the results and effectiveness of the activities carried out.

Key words: scientific atheism, religious politics, ideology, Ulyanovsk region, "Khrushchev thaw".

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.007

A.M. BIRYUKOV Graduate student of the Department of History of the Fatherland, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND EVERYDAY LIFE OF PETROVSK DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND ON THE EVE OF THE CIVIL WAR (1914 – MARCH 1918)

The article is devoted to the socio-economic development of the city of Petrovsk, Dagestan region, on the eve of the civil war. The analyzed period in the history of the city is characterized by the active political life of society and the establishment of de facto dual power in 1917. In the context of the collapse of the system of traditional economic relations and failures on the fronts of the World War, the standard of living fell, the strike movement grew, and food prices rose. In February 1918, the Bolsheviks tried to end dual power and take control of the entire political and economic life of the city, which led to the armed overthrow of their power. The novelty of the study lies in the use of previously unpublished archival and newspaper materials about the daily life of Peter's followers at the turn of 1917-1918. As shown in the article, despite the political cataclysms, the townspeople tried to continue their usual way of life, continued to visit theaters and engage in amateur performances.

Key words: Petrovsk, Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, everyday life, revolution, civil war, strike.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.002

R.D. VARTANYAN Junior research fellow, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

FROM TRAVELOGUE TO NOVEL

(how Ilya Ehrenburg's travel notes about traveling to the United States became the material for his artistic works)

The article examines the work of the Russian Soviet writer I.G. Ehrenburg in 1946-1953 from an imagological and comparative point of view. The purpose of this article is to show the numerous similarities between journalism and the literary work of I.G. Ehrenburg, to highlight the characteristic features of the image of the United States created by the famous Soviet writer, and to analyze the continuity and changes in the image of the enemy within the framework of the writer's work, which was of great importance for Soviet propaganda. To do this, the problem will be solved in the form of a comparison of I.G.'s essay. Ehrenburg's "In America" (1946) and his artistic works from the periods of "late Stalinism": the plays "The Lion on the Square" (1948) and the novels "The Tempest" (1947) and "The Ninth Shaft" (1952).

The article uses the discursive historical method.

The article proves that the writer's journalism and novels, when they relate to American topics, are united by such connecting links as criticism of American racism, hostility to Europe, intrusive interference in personal life (from prohibition to Puritanical morality). A number of important images related to criticism of the United States and the "American way of life", used in "The Lion on the Square", and in "The Tempest", and in "The Ninth Shaft", were first used in I.G.'s travel essay. Ehrenburg's "In America" back in 1946, and then, with minimal changes, were transferred to his artistic work of the period of "late Stalinism". These images, however, were not dogmatically communist, but echoed a broader line of criticism of the United States as a non-European power without its own high culture.

Key words: Ilya Ehrenburg, Cold War, racism, Stalinism, propaganda, imagology.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.003

I.V. DMITRIEV Graduate student, Chuvash State University. I.N. Ulyanova, Cheboksary, Russia

E.K. MINEEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Chuvash State University named after. I.N. Ulyanova, Cheboksary, Russia

THE NATIONAL ELITE OF SOVIET RUSSIA IN THE 1917-1920S: ISSUES OF HISTORIOGRAPHY

The study of the ethnic elite of Russia is inextricably linked with the national state policy of the country. One of the areas of research into the history of Russian national politics and the formation of the national establishment is a detailed consideration and assessment of issues related to the period of formation of Russian multi-ethnic statehood. The article presents an excursion into the historiography of the problem dedicated to the formation and activities of the national elite of Soviet Russia in the 1917-1920s. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the diversity of research points of view on the stated problem, there remains a large number of unexplored issues, therefore, a certain gap in research work in this area. Some of the little-studied aspects of the topic include the social and everyday life of the Russian national elite; the role of the national establishment in the creation of autonomies within the RSFSR; the fate of a number of national political figures, who were largely subjected to repression in the 1930s; historical memory of the country's ethnic elite, who stood at the origins of the formation of the Soviet state.

Key words: national elite, Soviet Russia, issues of historiography, national policy in 1917-1920s.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.004

A.N. KEZHUTIN Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Social Science and Humanities Department, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Associate Professor, Department of Humanitarian and Legal Disciplines, Dzerzhinsky Branch of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University named after. N.I. Lobachevsky", Dzerzhinsk, Russia; Professor of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines, Branch of the Private Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow University named after S.Yu. Witte" in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

ACTIVITIES OF PROVINCIAL TRADING COMPANIES IN THE DON TROOPS REGION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

(BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE TRADING HOUSE "GALKIN BROTHERS")

Introduction. The beginning of the 20th century is characterized by the accelerated development of trade and entrepreneurship in the southern regions of the Russian Empire. The article analyzes for the first time from a historical perspective the problems of creation, lending and activities of small and medium-sized trading enterprises in the Don Troops Region. The purpose of this work is to reconstruct one of the firms typical for the Ust-Medveditsky District – the trading house "Galkin Brothers". The source base of the article is based on the materials of the state regional archives of Rostov-on-Don and Volgograd, as well as on a set of published materials. As a result of the conducted research, the social composition of the partnership members, the range of goods, and connections with other commercial establishments in the historical conditions of the period 1900-1914 were established.

Key words: history of trade, trading house, partnership, Don Army Region, Ust-Medveditsky District, Khoper district.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.005

A.V. MERKULOV Postgraduate student (Historical Science and Archeology, National History) of Ryazan State University named for S. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia

THE MILITARY COMMISSARIAT OF THE RYAZAN REGION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1941-1945

This article deals with the specifics of the work of the military commissariats of the Ryazan region, what difficulties the employees of the military commissariats faced, how the system of mobilization of the population in the Ryazan region was organized and how the fight against saboteurs and deserters took place during the Great Patriotic War.

Key words: military commissariat, district military commissariat, city military commissariat, regional military commissariat, Great Patriotic War, mobilization, Ryazan region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.006

M.S. MUKHAMETZYANOV Postgraduate student of the Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia and Regional Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia

FEATURES OF THE CREATION OF UNIVERSITY MUSEUMS IN THE SOVIET PERIOD ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KAZAN AVIATION INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER A.N. TUPOLEV

The article examines the process of creating university museums during the Soviet period, using the example of the Museum of the Kazan Aviation Institute named after A.N. Tupolev, to study the influence of museum creation on ideology and educational objectives at that time, emphasizing their role in preserving, popularizing historical and technical heritage, educating young people, and conducting research. The article also analyzes the organization of museums within the context of Soviet-era culture and their impact on the formation of a scientific and technical elite and socio-cultural environment in the region.

Key words: Kazan Aviation Institute, museum, creation, university museums, Soviet period, A.N. Tupolev, aviation, history, science, technology, education, preservation, memory, collections, exhibition, engineers, designers, information technology, pedagogy, students, research, heritage, industry, progress, innovations, museum, museification.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.008

V.V. POBORTSEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History Bryansk State University, Bryansk, Russia

CREATION OF A STATE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN THE SOVIET STATE: PECULIARITIES IN THE CENTER AND ON THE GROUND (1917-1920s)

The state health care system of Soviet Russia had a long way of development. From the moment of the emergence of the new government, active propaganda of state concern for the health of the country's population began, which gradually grew into a meaningful state policy. The organizational principles of health care formulated in the early years of Soviet power were based on the continuity of the model of zemstvo medicine of tsarist Russia, which was preferred not to be officially mentioned. However, the tasks of the state to take care of the population's health in the dire socio-economic and political situation of the Civil War, intervention, famine, devastation, mass epidemics and diseases could not be solved without using the preserved pre-revolutionary health care base and personnel of zemstvo medicine. In the article on the basis of the analysis of general principles of activity directed on protection of public health, some methods and forms of work of medical institutions in different corners of the territory of Bryansk region are shown as an illustration.

Key words: Bryanshchina, health care system, People's Commissariat for Public Health, struggle against epidemics, sanitary labor protection.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.009

М.М. RYABOVA Senior Lecturer at the Department of History and Humanities, State University of Humanities and Technology, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Russia

OLD BELIEVERS OF BOGORODSKY DISTRICT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONFESSIONAL PICTURE OF THE MOSCOW REGION

The article examines the geography of the spread of Old Believer agreements on the territory of Bogorodsky district. The author explains why this particular district in the XIX century was the most densely populated region of the Moscow province in terms of the number of Old Believers. The zealots of the old faith lived here mainly in the territories of the southeastern volosts in the historical center called Guslitsy. The penetration of the Old Believers into the rest of the Bogorodsky district occurred primarily due to the industrial activities of merchants from among the zealots of ancient piety. The Guslitsky Old Believers were at the origins of the creation of large Old Believer centers in Moscow and St. Petersburg, at various times they were trustees of communities. As for the agreements presented in the studied county, the priests of the Belokrinitsa hierarchy prevailed here, who, after the adoption of the District Message in 1862, were divided into "district" and "non-district" ones. It is worth noting that the number of the latter in the Bogorodsky district slightly prevailed. There were also communities of Bespopovtsy, among which the largest group were pomortsy.

Key words: Bogorodsky district, Old Believers, priests, bespopovtsy, okrugniks, non-okrugniks, communities.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.010

Z.KH. SULUMOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History, Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russia

S.A. BEGUEV Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Culture of the Peoples of Chechnya, «Chechen State University named after. A.A. Kadyrov»; Senior Research Fellow, Department of the History of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Institute for Humanitarian Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia

RESTORATION OF THE OIL INDUSTRY OF GROZNY IN THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY PROGRAM

The article discusses the issue of restoring the Grozny oil industry as part of the new economic policy, as an integral part of the entire oil industry complex of the country. Of course, the oil industry of Grozny, destroyed during the period of revolutionary movements and civil war, was put on track for a speedy restoration. The responsible approach of government agencies led to a quick solution to eliminate existing problems: the formation of work teams, improvement of logistics and food supplies to resume the work of one of the country's leading oil sectors – Grozny.

Key words: Oil industry of Grozny, restoration of the sector, new economic policy, oil industrial complex of the country, working groups.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.011

М.A. TSECHOEVA Ph.D. student of the Department of History of the Federal Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Ingush State University, Magas, Russia

REFLECTION OF THE DEPORTATION OF THE CHECHEN-INGUSH PEOPLE IN SCIENTIFIC WORKS AND IN WORKS OF ART OF THE INGUSH INTELLIGENTSIA OF THE 20TH AND EARLY 21ST CENTURIES

The article discusses the topic of deportation of the Ingush people, which is an important and sensitive part of history, which is reflected in scientific works and works of art. The author considers methodological research approaches based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, which presupposes the need for an in-depth analysis of historical sources on the 1944 deportation. The biographical method made it possible to prove the truth of the events described by Ingush historians and writers. These works play a key role in preserving historical memory and understanding the consequences of Stalin's repressions. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the topic of deportation is important to study for the affected peoples, which is currently relevant for researchers, since before 1985 the topic was practically not studied due to the existing ideology. The purpose of the article is to search and analyze all scientific works and works of art written by the Ingush intelligentsia. In conclusion, it is concluded that the studied works not only document the events, but also help readers emotionally connect with the experiences of people who survived the deportation, who are also historical sources in the study of the topic of deportation of the Chechen-Ingush people. The search revealed scientific and literary works of Ingush historians and writers of the 20th-21st centuries, covering the topic of the 1944 deportation. Such works include personal memoirs, historical essays, monographs, works of fiction based on real events, and poetic creations that seek to convey the depth of the people's experiences.

Key words: Ingush literature, literary works, deportation of Ingush, witness of deportation, Ingush intelligentsia.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES, TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.012

I.A. TORTEVA Assistant at the Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov (Cheboksary) Cheboksary, Russia

REGIONAL MEDIA DEVELOPMENT MODELS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

This article examines the concept of a regional information space as part of the general information field of the country, provides its characteristics, identifies existing problems, and considers current trends and prospects for its development. Current trends in the development of the regional information space are associated with an increase in the use of the Internet, the development of electronic means of communication and the expansion of access to information. Development prospects include improving the quality of information, ensuring equal access to it for all social groups and the active use of information technology in everyday life. Regional and central authorities need to timely regulate the problems associated with the uneven distribution of resources, due to the fact that this directly affects the quality of the materials produced and the general information field of the country. Also, the quality of the materials produced depends on the qualifications of specialists, since unreliable information can affect the rating of mass media publications, as well as reduce the level of access to them. In order to identify inaccuracies in published materials, editors conduct fact-checking, during which the reliability of facts and statements is verified, as well as the correct spelling of names, places, and surnames is checked. Otherwise, incorrect spelling may seem like a symbol of disrespect. It is necessary to stimulate the development of the media space from the outside in order to improve its processes and subsequent dissemination, which can be achieved by attracting subsidies from the state, following current trends of the present, as well as using ways to obtain additional financing, which is an advantageous environment for the development of the information field of various subjects.

Key words: digital age, regional media, multimedia, online, multi-channel, interactive nature of information, efficiency, convergent journalism, event, typological division of the media.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.013

V.A. TROFIMOV Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE AUTHORITIES AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE SAKHALIN OBLAST IN THE FIELD OF REGIONAL NATIONAL POLICY

The article "The activities of the authorities and public institutions of the Sakhalin Oblast in the field of regional national policy" explores the problem of design and implementation of regional national policy in the Sakhalin region, which is of particular relevance in the context of both the task of forming an all-Russian civic identity in the region and tasks related to the regulation of ethnopolitical processes and maintaining a positive balance of interethnic relations relationships. At the same time, the author examines the activities in this area not only of regional public authorities and management, but also of regional civil society institutions, as well as the mechanisms and specifics of their interaction in this area. The article states that the activities in this direction in the Sakhalin region as a whole are purposeful and positive in nature and lead to good results, but at the same time it is noted that there remain some problems in the interaction of government and public institutions in this area.

Key words: Sakhalin region, regional national policy, interethnic relations, migration processes, authorities, civil society institutions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.014

PHAN THI NHUAN PhD student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia; Vinh University, Vietnam

ONE PARTY DOMINANT POLITICAL SYSTEM: CHARACTERISTICS AND REFERENCE VALUES FOR VIETNAM

The political system of Vietnam and the political system of some countries with a dominant ruling party have some similarities. Technically, countries with a dominant one-party political system exist in a multi-party system, but there is a dominant political party that controls, manages and governs the political system for a long time, such as the People's Action Party (PAP) in Singapore. Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in Japan, Democratic Party in South Korea (DP). The article analyzes the characteristics of the one-party dominant political system in Japan, Korea and Singapore. With the characteristics of this political system model, it will be a valuable reference lesson for the innovation of Vietnam's political system in the modern period.

Key words: political system, dominant party, innovation, lessons, Communist Party of Vietnam.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.015

D.V. FEDOROV Postgraduate student of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Institute of Public Administration and Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia

STATUS AND ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A STATE LANGUAGE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

In the modern Russian Federation, the Russian language is a complex socio-political and historical-cultural phenomenon, and interaction in Russian is one of the most complex and important types of state activity, as well as public discourse, which simultaneously functions in its own habitus and interacts in the public and non-public sphere with many “fields of power” [13. P. 128]. Based on historical and cultural traditions, the multi-ethnic nature of the state, and the ongoing development of an all-Russian civil identity, the Russian language as the state language is given a key role in consolidating Russian society and strengthening Russian statehood.

Key words: Russian language, state language, Russian Federation, all-Russian identity, Russian statehood, interethnic relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.016

A.B. GEKHT Ph.D. in history, docent Head of the department of history and regional studies Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, Saint Petersburg, Russia

D.G. CHERKASOV Master, assistant of the department of history and regional studies Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, Saint Petersburg, Russia

D.V. SHUTMAN Ph.D. in Political Science, Associate Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Social and Digital Technologies Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, Saint Petersburg, Russia

THE «SWEDISH DEMOCRATS» INFLUENCE ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE POLITICAL AND PARTY SYSTEM IN MODERN SWEDEN

The gradual evolution of Sweden's party and political system went from left to right: the process of liberalization and a departure from the previous social democratic model, under the influence of a number of global challenges such as uncontrolled migration prepared a long period of growing popularity of nationalist ideas in the XXI century. The emergence of the far-right Swedish Democrats party in the Swedish political spectrum and its active growth led to a pronounced drift of the country’s party political system to the right as far asto the prospect of further radicalization of this Scandinavian country’s political sphere. This article is devoted to a brief analysis of the processes of transformation of modern Sweden's political and party system as well as to the consideration of factors due to the influence of which in the recent past political marginals have become the second most important social force in the country.

Key words: Sweden Democrats, political system, party system, political crisis, radicalization, multiculturalism, political transformation, integration processes.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.018

G.R. GABRIELYAN Postgraduate student at the Moscow Region State University, Moscow, Russia

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL INTERNET PLATFORMS AS A FACTOR IN ENSURING INFORMATION SECURITY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

The article is devoted to the study of tools for ensuring information security in the People's Republic of China, in particular national social networks and Internet platforms created on the territory of the country. The presence of own national platforms in China and their popularity allows the authorities to effectively use various tools to control the information published on the Internet. Due to the fact that all social networks (WeChat, Weibo, Bilibili, Douyin, Kuaishou, Zhihu, etc.) used by Chinese citizens are created on the territory of China, the government can quite easily monitor all the actions of citizens on the Internet and effectively block any undesirable content. This is primarily important in terms of ensuring domestic political stability.

Key words: People's Republic of China, information policy, information security, Internet, social networks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.020

S.V. EMELYANOV Postgraduate student of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State University", St. Petersburg, Russia

STAGES AND CIVILIZATIONAL FEATURES OF THE HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE CULTURAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE: POLITICAL ASPECT

The history of Russia, like the history of many other states, has a number of important features. The political characteristics of Russia include statism. The state power of Russia played a crucial role in the development of Russian culture, actively participating in the formation of both the idea of Truth and the methods of comprehending it. The decisive role in Russia belonged to state power in the formation of historical epistemes and discursive practices. In the sphere of cultural policy of the state, arbitration was carried out in the competition of metanarratives in the Russian cultural space.

Key words: Russian civilization, statism, modernization, modernity, cultural code, ideocracy, epistemes, discursive practices, narratives.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.017

N.V. KARDASH PhD Candidate, Department of Comparative Politics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

THE SPECIFICS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL ELITE IN CYPRUS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF CYPRUS)

The article discusses the specifics of the evolutionary process of the formation of the ruling class in Cyprus and examines the mechanism of the formation of the elite in the last years of British colonial rule and in the new independent state. The study also provides examples of political developments in Cyprus and neighboring states in parallel with the effectiveness of the political activities of two prominent leaders of the elite. When determining the criteria for belonging to the elite of Cyprus, a biographical method of analyzing the political formation of the first president of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III was used. The article presents the path of the leader of the elite to power, provides a comparative analysis of his education, experience, spheres of influence and the formation of the image of a representative of the national community and – subsequently – the leader of the state. The confrontation between two political elites of one state has sparked interest in the biographical analysis of the formation of the leaders' personalities, who were never able to reach an agreement for the benefit of their common homeland. The article also contains an assessment of the mechanisms of elite recruitment in Cyprus within the framework of comparative political science.

Key words: comparative politics, biographical analysis, elite theory, political elite, political elite evolution, political leaders of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III, Fazyl Kucuk, Cyprus, Cypriot politics.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.021

D.A. AIRAPETYAN Specialist of the laboratory of problems of increasing the efficiency of state and municipal administration, postgraduate student of the department of political science and ethnopolitics of the URIU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

HORIZONS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TRANSITION TO POSTCAPITALISM

The article examines the prospects for the development of the institution of the state in the context of the transition to a post-capitalist society. The author, analyzing the contradictory nature of the state, notes that, on the one hand, it personifies the idea of the strength and stability of the political order, on the other hand, it undergoes changes in its historical forms and functions. In the context of the global challenges of late capitalism and the emergence of a new technological order, transformation processes in the political sphere are accelerating, creating preconditions for the transition to an innovative post-capitalist form of social structure, which, according to the author, affects the horizons of the socio-political development of the institution of the state. The article analyzes various theoretical concepts about the role of the state in the post-capitalist world: from classical Marxist ideas about the "withering away" of the state to current discussions in modern political science. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion about the absence of a single idea of the institutional future of the state, as well as the need for a conceptual rethinking of the functions and tasks of the state in new socio-economic and technological conditions.

Key words: institution of the state, political processes, late capitalism, post-capitalism, global challenges, new technological order, socio-political development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.022

A.M. ZHBANOV Postgraduate student, Department of International Relations and Integration Processes, Faculty of Political Science Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

PRACTICE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE SYSTEM OF ENSURING THE US CYBERSECURITY POLICY

The article examines the current state of public-private partnership in the system of ensuring U.S. cybersecurity policy. Article consists of analysis of evolution of approaches to cybersecurity in the context of public-private partnership, and institutional frames on cooperation between the state, private business and data operators in matters of cybersecurity.

Key words: cyberspace, cybersecurity, international information security, information warfare, information warfare, international law, public-private partnership.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.023

I.V. SURMA Candidate of Economic Sciences, Head of the Department of the National Association for International Information Security, Associate Professor of the Department of International and National Security of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; professor of the Academy of Military Sciences, Moscow, Russia

KENSELLING AS A FORM OF STATE CYBER-OSTRACISM

The article considers the phenomenon of cancel culture as a socio-political technology of excluding an entire state from public consciousness. The analysis of four system-forming clusters in which the Russian Federation today is subjected to cancel culture in the information space is presented: political, economic, humanitarian and cultural-historical. The author notes that the lack of theoretical understanding of methods of countering cancel culture in modern political research leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to form the concept of counter-cancel culture. It is shown how using dynamically developing cognitive-manipulative tools of modern information and communication technologies attempts to "squeeze" the Russian Federation out of the consciousness of the entire world community are carried out. The method considered in the article actually includes the same tools as cancel culture itself, with the difference that the search for and consolidation of like-minded people who have been subjected to cancel culture for similar reasons is carried out. It is proposed to counter the challenges and threats to Russia to intensify activities in the main directions, including the formation of information, technological and value sovereignty of the country, while opposing the falsification of historical memory and creating a positive image of Russia, expanding the tools of digital diplomacy, carrying out information and awareness-raising work, not forgetting its strategic narrative of value-oriented nature. The applied recommendations on countering cancel culture presented in the article can serve as a certain theoretical contribution to political science in the study of the phenomenon of cancel culture from the position of an international researcher and can be used to optimize modern foreign policy approaches.

Key words: cancel culture, information confrontation, digital diplomacy, information and communication technologies, trolling, cyberbullying, artificial intelligence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.024

KH.Z. OKUDZHAVA Postgraduate student, Faculty of Political Science, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE PRACTICE OF INTRODUCING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE MOSCOW REGION: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that it is necessary to study the rapidly developing technology of artificial intelligence, and the novelty of the article lies in the fact that a comprehensive analysis of pilot projects using artificial intelligence to optimize work in state and municipal administration was carried out. A systematic approach based on empirical data made it possible to consider the features of the implementation of artificial intelligence in the Moscow region.

The article describes what problems arise when using artificial intelligence technology, what results have already been achieved and what development prospects exist: for example, a project such as “Robot Svetlana” is designed to automate the work of a support service in healthcare; the “Electronic coupon” project is aimed at optimizing the operation of the waste management system in housing and communal services; the Forest Fire Control project helps prevent the spread of fire and minimize damage to the environment and the population; the “Taxi Control” and “Bus Control before Departure” projects increase the safety of passenger transportation by identifying malfunctions and non-compliances with requirements in advance; The project “Control of illegal retail outlets” allows you to reduce the number of illegal retail outlets in the Moscow region using video cameras.

The study revealed that experts positively assess the practical application of artificial intelligence in the Moscow region. Emerging problems associated with training artificial intelligence, possible attacks by hackers, and difficulties in processing large amounts of data are inherent in the general process of introducing artificial intelligence in the country. At the same time, the experience of the Moscow region can be replicated, and new algorithms for using artificial intelligence can be applied in other regions of the Russian Federation.

Key words: Moscow region, regional management, artificial intelligence, digital technologies, digital transformation.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.025

А.А. ALAUDINOV Candidate of Political Sciences, commander of the AKHMAT special forces ‒ deputy commander of the 2nd Army Corps of the 8th Army, Southern Military District, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Grozny, Russia

K.S. STRIGUNOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Leading Analyst, Association of Information Warfare Specialists, Moscow, Russia

A.R. GONCHARENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Political Science of Lomonosov Moscow State Universit, Moscow, Russia

STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBJECTS OF MILITARY CONFLICT IN UKRAINE AND ITS MAIN DIFFERENCES FROM HYBRID WARS IN SYRIA AND LIBYA

This article examines the structure and characteristic of participants in the military conflict in Ukraine. The main differences between the total hybrid war of the collective West against Russia and the hybrid wars unleashed against Libya and Syria are also revealed.

The purpose of the study is to determine the essence and characteristics of the participants in the military conflict in Ukraine, the differences between this conflict and the wars in Libya and Syria.

The objectives include: 1) identification of direct and indirect participants in the military conflict in Ukraine; 2) demonstration of the difference between the conflict in Ukraine and the wars in Libya and Syria.

Results. The main direct participants in the military conflict in Ukraine are Ukraine and Russia. As for the indirect participants to the conflict, there are the countries of the collective West (USA, Great Britain, France and Germany), as well as China, India, Iran and North Korea. The interaction of direct and indirect participants in the military conflict in Ukraine is shown.

Conclusions. Despite the fact that there are pronounced direct participants in the military conflict in Ukraine, since other state actors do not take direct and explicit part in it, the differences between direct and indirect participation in this military conflict are sufficiently blurred. The main difference between the total hybrid war of the collective West against Russia, of which the military conflict in Ukraine is a part, and the hybrid wars against Libya and Syria is the West's use of the entire state as an instrument of indirect war against Russia and providing it with enormous comprehensive support.

Key words: hybrid war, Russia, the Special Military Operation, Ukraine, the collective West, Libya, Syria.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.026

ALOOCHE BASHAR Graduate student Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE ROLE OF REGIONAL POWERS (IRAN, TURKEY, SAUDI ARABIA) IN THE ESCALATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS

The Syrian crisis, which began in 2011, led to the destabilization of the situation in the region and the involvement of regional powers such as Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia in the conflict. This study is aimed at analyzing the role of these states in the escalation and settlement of the Syrian conflict.

Introduction. The paper examines the geopolitical interests and actions of Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia in the context of the Syrian crisis. It is noted that the involvement of these countries is due to the desire to strengthen their positions in the region, as well as religious and ideological factors.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of official statements, diplomatic initiatives and military operations of Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia in Syria from 2011 to 2023. The data used are from open sources, such as reports from international organizations, analytical materials from expert centers, and media publications.

Results. It was established that Iran provides comprehensive support to the government of Bashar al-Assad, having sent from 20 to 30 thousand IRGC fighters and pro-Iranian formations to Syria. Turkey, which initially supported the Syrian opposition, has been conducting military operations in northern Syria since 2016, seeking to prevent the strengthening of Kurdish groups. Ankara has achieved the creation of a buffer zone along the Syrian-Turkish border up to 30 km deep [29. P. 44]. Saudi Arabia provided financial and military assistance to opposition groups, spending about $3 billion. However, since 2018, Riyadh has gradually curtailed its support for the armed opposition, concentrating on diplomatic efforts. In general, the contradictions between regional powers make it difficult to develop a common approach to resolving the conflict.

Key words: Syrian crisis, Iran, Türkiye, Saudi Arabia, regional powers, geopolitics, conflict escalation, settlement.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.027

WAN YUFENG Ph.D. candidate, Faculty of Higher School of Cultural Policy and Management in Humanities, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

DIGITAL ECONOMY AND DIGITAL GOVERNMENT: INTERACTION AND DEVELOPMENT

This article analyzes the interaction and development of the digital economy and digital government in China, whose key roles are enhanced by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It explores how digitalization across all spheres of life leads to significant changes in production and service models, accelerating economic development and international cooperation. Special attention is given to the impact of digital technologies on managerial practices and state governance, exemplified by China's rapid growth and innovative approaches in integrating cutting-edge technologies. The study emphasizes the role of digital technologies in improving the quality of life and the efficiency of government administration, providing a foundation for analyzing global managerial practices.

Key words: digital economy, digital government, technological innovations, managerial practices, China, international cooperation, industrial revolution, information era.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.028

S.A. STEPANOV PhD professor, Department of the history and Law and public administration of the Law Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

L. SHAABAN PhD student, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE IN SOME GCC COUNTRIES

This article presents the most striking practices of modern technology implementation in some GCC countries, particularly in such important social spheres as education and healthcare. The fact that the majority of GCC countries have improved their positions in the Global Innovation Index for 2022 is further proof that the countries surveyed do not intend to deviate from their vision and goals to develop and implement the most advanced technologies in everyday life in order to achieve sustainable development. Thus, the development of technological practices has a direct correlation with overcoming such a pressing problem as unemployment not only for the GCC countries.

Therefore, the subject of this study is the positive impact of the application of modern technology in the GCC countries on reducing unemployment. Dialectical cognition, comparative jurisprudence and legal formalism are used as research methods. The author concludes that despite the fundamental importance and real need for the use of modern technology in all public sectors, other circumstances and situations, such as the coronavirus pandemic and the time and speed savings of using modern technology have prompted many countries to move towards the use of modern technology. The positive effects of the adoption of modern technology in the use of, for example, banking, education and other sectors are being evaluated. The article draws attention to the emerging and necessary need for modern technology to speed up work, save time and minimise errors.

Key words: GCC, health, education, AI, 3-D dimension, online platforms.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.029

A.B. GEHT Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of History and Regional Studies, Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich (SPbSUT), Saint Petersburg, Russia

A.V. PETROVA Bachelor of Regional Studies, Department of History and Regional Studies, Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich (SPbSUT), Saint Petersburg, Russia

T.G. POTAPENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Regional Studies, Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich (SPbSUT), Saint Petersburg, Russia

R.D. ZAMYATIN Bachelor of Regional Studies, Department of History and Regional Studies, Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich (SPbSUT), Saint Petersburg, Russia

THE UIGHUR ISSUE IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING MEDIA SPACE: ANALYSIS AND IMPACT OF INFORMATION FLOWS

This article provides a brief analysis of the current coverage of the "Uighur issue" in modern English-language media and examines the main trends prevailing in the information coverage of the situation of Uighurs in modern China. The authors analyzed a variety of points of view presented by both state and opposition sources. The study aims to identify the impact of information flows on the formation of public opinion both in the countries of the collective West and in the Islamic world regarding the situation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its impact on the foreign policy and foreign economic policy of the Chinese authorities.

Key words: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Uygur issue, English-language media.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.030

ZAHRA GHIASI PhD student in the history of international relations Russian State University for the humanities, Moscow, Russia

THE IMPACT OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS ON THE RUSSIA-IRAN RELATIONSHIP

Since the Syrian crisis began after the Arab Spring protests in 2010, changes in the Middle East have sped up. Syria turned into a full-scale war zone when terrorist groups entered the country. The regional and extra-regional actors got involved in the Syrian crisis, either directly or indirectly, due to their own interests and the threats they perceived. Key players included the United States, Russia, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. This article examines how the war in Syria has affected the relationship between Russia and Iran. The idea is that the threats and common interests arising from the Syrian crisis led Iran and Russia to team up for the first time. After working together diplomatically and politically, Russia started helping militarily in 2015, marking the beginning of their joint efforts to deal with the crisis. Keeping the current government in power in Syria, pushing back against Western influence led by the United States, and fighting terrorist groups, especially since ISIS took over much of Syria, are the main reasons why these two countries are close allies.

Key words: Iran, Syrian crisis, Arab Spring, Russia, common interests, national interests.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.031

N.S. GORBUNOV Postgraduate student, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Master's degree in International Relations, Faculty of World Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION IN DOCTRINAL DOCUMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

In Russia there is no approved concept of strategic communication (SC) at the state level, but Russian foreign policy communication can be considered strategic. The purpose of the article is to search and analyze elements of the SC concept in the doctrinal documents of the Russian Federation. During the preparation of this article, various general scientific methods were used; the work is descriptive and theoretical in nature.

Key words: strategic communication, political communications, Concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.032

S.S. EGOROV PHD student, Faculty of Political Science Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE GEOPOLITICAL DECOMPOSITION OF UKRAINE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE POSITIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REGARDING THE SETTLEMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN POLITICAL CRISIS

2024 – eleven years have passed since the beginning of the political crisis in Ukraine, the conflict, which began with mass anti-government demonstrations on the Maidan ( were not something special for modern Ukraine), turned into a civil war with Russian-speaking residents of Southeastern Ukraine, and then into a war with the Russian Federation. One of the most important features of the Ukrainian crisis is its unprecedented rapid escalation to the level of armed confrontation between the conflicting parties and the deterioration of relations between them. The article is devoted to the analysis of the processes that led Ukraine into a state of geopolitical decomposition of the state, which led to the actual rupture of interstate relations between Russia and the countries of continental Europe. Methods: The article is based on civilizational and comparative analytical approaches, which allowed us to conclude that now Ukraine is gradually turning into a "fragile state" ), the country has been moving towards the process of existential breakdown of its own statehood throughout the 30 years of modern independence. By supplementing the above approaches with the best practices of the "case analysis" method, the author was able to analyze the consequences of the "color revolutions" for Ukraine, and also managed to analyze the impact of these events on the formation of updated foreign policy courses of Russia and the European Union (hereinafter – the EU) in relation to Ukraine. Results: The negotiating positions of the parties to the conflict regarding the prospects for resolving the "Ukrainian political crisis" from 2013 to 2022, as well as after Russia launched a forced military operation to protect the population of Donbass, are analyzed. The main provisions of the approaches of Russia and Ukraine in relation to building relations with the EU are presented.

Key words: Russia, political crisis in Ukraine, European Union, color revolutions, world order.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.033

LIU YING Ph.D. of Law Institute Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

S.A. STEPANOV Professor, doctor of sciences Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEGAL STRUCTURES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SPHERE BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA SINCE 2012

Russia and China are two large countries with great influence in the world. The development and evolution of their environmental policies and legislation have a profound impact on global environmental governance. This article, using the comparative method, conducts a comparative analysis of the construction of the environmental legal system in Russia and China from four aspects: environmental legislation, environmental law and order, environmental justice and environmental compliance. The study revealed that in recent years, Russia has achieved remarkable results in fulfilling its environmental goals and expanding public participation in green construction, while China has made breakthroughs in the systematic legalization of ecological civilization. Of course, the development of the environmental sphere in Russia and China also faces certain difficulties. In the future, Russia and China will still need to continually improve their environmental legal systems and strengthen environmental enforcement to better adapt to the demands of the new era.

Key words: Russia, China, ecology, policy, law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.034

O.G. PARAMUZOVA Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of International and Humanitarian Law, Faculty of Law, North-West Institute of National Economy and Public Administration, RANEPA, Saint Petersburg, Russia

LEGAL ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AS A FACTOR IN INCREASING THE MANAGEABILITY OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The realities of the modern world require the development of new conceptual approaches to regulating pressing problems of international relations. The need for innovative work is obvious and objectively determined by the complexities of geopolitics being implemented today. At the same time, the obviousness of turning to historical experience is beyond doubt, because the creation of a new architecture of international relations must always be predetermined by historical experience, both positive and negative. This article deals with the most important components of the concept of collective international security, which was carried out with the aim of producing possible modernizations of this system to solve the problem of a certain stagnation in the considered area of international relations of our time.

Key words: collective international security, comprehensive concept of international security, interstate system of international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.035

R.A. POLONCHUK Candidate of political sciences, senior researcher Center for the Study of the History of China and its Relations with Russia, Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICSA RAS), Moscow, Russia

MILITARY-POLITICAL PRESENCE OF THE PRC IN NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES

The article analyzes the main foreign policy guidelines that determine the military-political presence of the PRC in the countries of North Africa. The approaches of the Chinese leadership to ensuring defense and security in the North African region are shown. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of military-technical cooperation between the PRC and the countries of the region.

Key words: military policy, armed forces, military development, military planning, reform of the armed forces, China.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.019

M.M. SAMSONOV Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

KEY AREAS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND AFRICA AT THE PRESENT STAGE

Despite the difficult period of the pandemic for the entire global economy, post-Covid recovery of production and new political realities after 2022, China and Africa continue to actively increase the scale of cooperation in a number of key sectors: industry, agriculture, new information technologies and medicine, provision of necessary intellectual and scientific support. The African continent has always been an important element of China's foreign policy, and developing relations with Africa is its long-term strategic choice. Based on various Chinese sources, an attempt has been made to trace the main trends and assess the prospects for Chinese-African cooperation in a number of industries.

Key words: China, Africa, post-pandemic era, trade and economic cooperation, agriculture, digital economy, medicine.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.036

ZHANG XINYAN PhD RUDN, China

FEATURES OF CHINA'S FOREIGN POLICY IN 2019

Recent Chinese foreign policy is characterized by several distinctive features. The simultaneous occurrence of the fortieth anniversary of diplomatic relations with the United States and the unfolding of the so-called Sino-American trade war has ensured that Washington maintains a leading position among Beijing's foreign policy priorities, while also leading to an increase in firmness in its practical policy towards the United States. Additionally, the parallel growing interest of China in deepening and intensifying ties with Russia has led to the assertion that Sino-Russian bilateral relations have entered a new stage. This new stage in Sino-Russian relations is expressed in the expansion of economic, political, and military cooperation. Both countries are actively working on joint projects in the energy sector, including the construction of gas pipelines and the development of nuclear energy. Furthermore, Russia and China conduct joint military exercises, emphasizing their strategic partnership and readiness for joint actions on the international stage. This cooperation is being strengthened against the backdrop of mutual concern over the unilateral actions of the United States and a common desire for a multipolar world order. China is actively promoting the "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI), aimed at creating infrastructure and economic links between Asia, Europe, and Africa. This initiative allows China to strengthen its position in the region and beyond by offering participating countries investments and economic cooperation.

Key words: foreign policy, China, diplomacy, international relations, cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.037

CHZHAN CHEN`I Graduate student of Department of Political Science of the East of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS OF SETTLEMENTS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY IN BILATERAL TRADE BETWEEN CHINA AND RUSSIA

In the context of strengthening and deepening the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination between China and Russia in the new era, financial cooperation between the two countries has acquired a new atmosphere and reached a new level.The share of settlements in national currency in bilateral trade between China and Russia has increased dramatically, and settlements in national currency between the two countries are proceeding smoothly, and an effective system of economic and trade cooperation independent of the West has been established.This article examines the reasons and significance of the remarkable increase in the coefficient of settlements in the national currency between China and Russia, as well as outlines author’s own opinions and decisions regarding the shortcomings of the current financial cooperation between the two countries.

Key words: Russian-Chinese relations, settlement in the national currency, Foreign trade, Renminbi, Ruble, payment system.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.111.6.038

А.YU. KHOSHEV Candidate of Technical Sciences, Master of Theology, docent of Saints Cyril and Methodius Institute of Post-Graduate and Doctoral Studies, Moscow, Russia

THE ATTITUDE OF THE SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH TO THE INCIDENT OF DISPERSAL OF THE SERBIAN MANIFESTATION ON DECEMBER 1, 1989 IN LJUBLJANA

In light of the important role of the religious factor in the processes that accompanied the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), the situation of the country's religious confessions in the last years of the Yugoslav federation's existence is of particular interest. The article is devoted to the incident of the dispersal of a manifestation in support of the Serbs in Kosovo, organized in the capital of Slovenia, one of the union republics of the SFRY, on December 1, 1989. This case clearly illustrates the growing tension in relations between the republics of the SFRY during the reforms of S. Milošević, as well as the specifics of the situation of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) in the western republics of the SFRY in the context of the brewing breakup of Yugoslavia. The detention of representatives of the local Serbian orthodox clergymen by the Slovenian police, the protest of the SOC Holy Synod and its correspondence with the highest leadership of Slovenia demonstrate some changes in the attitude towards the presence of the Serbian Orthodoxy in the republic. The article uses unpublished materials from the Archives of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate and documents published in the church press of the period under review.

Key words: Yugoslavia, breakup of Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Serbian Orthodox Church, interchurch relations, Church-state relations.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 14. Issue 3 (108), 2024

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Syzdykova Zh.S. The Main Stages of the Settlement of the Astrakhan Turkmens and their Ethnographic Features
• Hasanov M.R. On the Historical Roots of the Unity of the Dagestani Peoples
• Gerasimov M.L. Transformation of the Russian Empire Foreign Policy Position on the Greek Issue in the Period from 1807 to 1832
• Gusev D.V. “It Seems to US that there is No Benefit from the Current Citizenship of the Greeks...” On the Issue of Relations Between Russians and Greeks on the Island of Paros in 1771
• Gusev P.Yu. Post-War State of the Agricultural Industry and Features of its Restoration in the Occupied Territories (by the Example of the Bryansk Region)
• Kovalenko O.Yu. The Experience of Forming a System of Physical Education in Suvorov Military Schools in 1943-1950
• Magomedova E.M. Tats – Historical Ethnos of the Caucasus
• Orlova D.I. Role of the Delegations of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR and BSSR in Resolving the Problem of Refugees and Displaced Persons (1945-1946)
• Temchuk E.I. Russia and the Peoples of Asia Minor in the Conditions of the First World War on the Caucasian Front
• Izotov I.A., Chigrin M.V. Training Process of Professional Staff for Advocacy in Pre-Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary Russia (Based on Materials of the Provinces of the Middle Volga Region)

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Lebedev I.Yu. Problems of Property in the Philosophy of New Times in the Works of T. Hobbes, J. Locke and Hegel G.-W.F.
• Pankov A.V. Modern Elitology: on the Way from Aristocracy to Non-Democracy

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Nikolaev N.P. Anthropocene – State of Emergency – Sovereignty
• Stoliar V.D. Practice of Electronic Voting Through the Lens of Technocratic Theories
• Chistov I.S., Kolpakov M.V. Use of Information Resources in the Formation of Reputational Capital on the Example of RF Subjects (Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Chuvash Republic)
• Urtaeva E.B. Formation of a New Political Leader: the Role of Image, Communications, and Strategy in Modern Politics
• Devterev V.V. The Development of the System of State Regional Government on the Example of the Rostov Region
• Asatryan B.A. Modeling of Political Governance in the Context of Changing Paradigms of Scientific Rationality
• Atamanenko A.A. Comics Culture as a National Memory Medium: Context, Features, Foreign Experience

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

• Pochinalina L.N., Maryina A.A., Olshanskaya L.V. Main Stages of Competitive Production in Bankruptcy of Legal Entities
• Shao Zixuan. Priorities and Directions for the Development of Anti-Corruption Work in China in the Next Five Years

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

• Alaudinov A.A. Modern Approaches to Conducting Hybrid Wars in the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany
• Vakhitov R.R. Concepts of Deterrence in Cyberspace
• Liangbobo. The System of International Relations in the Context of the Idea of a Multipolar World
• Seagal D.E. The Role of Transnational Corporations in Shaping US Foreign Policy
• Tabeykina E.K., Khutorova L.M. Lobbying of US Religious Organizations
• Akopyan G.A. Modern US Doctrine in the Fight Against International Terrorism: Problems and Prospects
• Wang Feixiang. Current Problems and Prospects for the Development of Russia and China
• Vlasov M.S. Features of the Information Confrontation Between Russia and the USA in the Hybrid War
• Tao Zilong. Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy and Sino-Kazakh, Sino-Russian and Sino-American Relations
• Pisarenko S.S. India's Strategic Balancing in the Indo-Pacific Region
• Xu Hao. The Trend of Globalization: the Rise of Nationalism and the Collapse of Transnational Cooperation
• Trufanova K.S. Stages of Escalation of Russian-American Relations under the Administration of J. Biden
• Logvinov D.V. Ideas of L. Mechelin on Russia-Finland Relations
• Ling Mengyuan. South Caucasus Research: Motivation, Characteristics and Development in Aspect Russian Literature
• Lu Po Lin. Current Status and Policy Orientation of Illegal Immigration and Refugee Issues in the EU
• Lian Weiyi. Chinese-Russian International Cooperation in the Field of Education and Youth Development

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

• Medvedev N.P. On the Question of Digitalization and Some Modern Trends in the Development of Science and Education

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.001

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN STAGES OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ASTRAKHAN TURKMENS AND THEIR ETHNOGRAPHIC FEATURES

This article is devoted to the consideration of the settlement of Turkmens living on the territory of Russia since the 19th century, whose main places of settlement were the Stavropol Territory and the Astrakhan region. It is noted that currently Turkmens live compactly in the Volga region of the Astrakhan region, in particular, in the villages of Atal and Funtovo-1 and Funtovo-2. Their number is about 2.5 thousand people. It is emphasized that according to written sources in Russia, Turkmen settlements first appeared in 1653 on the right bank of the Volga River, which then migrated to Stavropol. It is emphasized that the migration took place in two main waves. The descendants of the Igdyr Turkmen, along with the Chovdur and Soyunaji tribes, migrated to Astrakhan from the Mangyshlak peninsula in 1793. It is concluded that the main part of the Turkmen migrated from the Mangyshlak peninsula, and the resettlement process itself took place before the beginning of the 19th century.

Key words: Turkmens, Astrakhan region, tribes, settlement.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.002

M.R. HASANOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History, Dagestan State Pedagogical University named after. R. Gamzatova, Makhachkala, Russia

ON THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE UNITY OF THE DAGESTANI PEOPLES

The article examines the issue of the roots of the unity of the Dagestan highlanders. Based on the principle of historicism, based on data from sources and analysis of existing research, it presents material about the economic, political, cultural roots of the unity of the peoples of Dagestan. A prominent place in the article is occupied by examples of the joint struggle of the Dagestan highlanders against foreign conquerors; the significance of the annexation of Dagestan to Russia in the further development of ties between the Dagestan peoples is noted.

Key words: Dagestan, highlanders, Caucasus, conquerors, Russia, connections, trade, struggle, unity, roots, language.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.003

M.L. GERASIMOV Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FOREIGN POLICY POSITION ON THE GREEK ISSUE IN THE PERIOD FROM 1807 TO 1832

The beginning of the 19th century was a difficult, but at the same time full of bright events, period for the foreign policy of the Russian Empire, characterized by two directions: Western and Eastern. The Russian Empire was faced with the task of promoting its interests in the Eastern direction, without allowing damage to the country's interests in the European direction. In this policy, the Greek issue was only part of a complex of foreign policy decisions and processes and did not have the quality of a separate foreign policy direction, and certainly did not represent strategic importance for the foreign policy of the Russian Empire. However, over time, Russia’s foreign policy position on the Greek issue began to change, in connection with the formation of a new European security architecture, as well as the strengthening of the positions of the Russian Empire both in the western and eastern directions. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify and determine the features of the transformation of Russian foreign policy on the Greek issue. Accordingly, the main objective of the study is to analyze the foreign policy position of the Russian Empire on the Greek issue in three stages: in the pre-revolutionary period from 1807 to 1821, in the revolutionary period from 1821 to 1829, and in the post-revolutionary period from 1830 to 1832. The main research methods are: methods of general source study, historical periodization, as well as the principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and consistency. In particular, in order to fulfill the objectives, set in the study, the method of historical periodization is used based on the principle of consistency. Based on the results of the work, it was revealed that the position of the Russian Empire on the Greek issue before the revolution was dictated by interests in the European direction, and did not represent a separate foreign policy strategic direction. Only in the 1820s. The Greek question acquired significant significance in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire.

Key words: Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, foreign policy position, the Greek question, the Greek revolution.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.004

D.V. GUSEV Chief Specialist of the Russian State Naval Archives, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

“IT SEEMS TO US THAT THERE IS NO BENEFIT FROM THE CURRENT CITIZENSHIP OF THE GREEKS...” ON THE ISSUE OF RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIANS AND GREEKS ON THE ISLAND OF PAROS IN 1771

The article analyzes the position of Greek society in the initial period of the establishment of the protectorate of the Russian Empire over the islands of the Archipelago in January-March 1771 and the formation of the so-called “Archipelago Principality” in the conditions of the Russian-Turkish War of 1769-1774. There is a strong opinion in historiography that relations between the Russian military and the local population were good, however, documents from the Russian State Naval Archives also show a number of conflict situations between the peoples of the same faith in Russia and Greece. The office of the Russian squadron located in the Archipelago has both official documents calling on the Greeks to come under the protection of Empress Catherine II and executed in solemn and friendly tones, as well as private complaints from the Greeks about the periodic cruel treatment of Russian soldiers towards them. A comparison of these two types of documents suggests the extent to which such conflict cases were perceived as the norm. The purpose of the work is, based on the cited sources, to analyze the features of Russian-Greek relations on the island of Paros in the context of the First Archipelago Expedition. The methodology of the work is based on the principle of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. Historical-comparative and microhistorical methods are used as a methodological basis. In the process of research, the author comes to the conclusion that cases of oppression of the local population as a whole did not have a significant impact on the perception of the role of Russians in the war with the Turks, and the Greeks themselves continued to see Russia as a friendly country capable of continuing to provide assistance and protection to their coreligionists.

Key words: First Archipelago Expedition, Admiral G.A. Spiridov, Count A.G. Orlov, Ottoman Greece, history of the Navy, Russian-Greek relations, Russian State Naval Archives (RSNA).

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.005

P.Yu. GUSEV Graduate student of Bryansk State University named after ak. I.G. Petrovsky, Bryansk, Russia

POST-WAR STATE OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY AND FEATURES OF ITS RESTORATION IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE BRYANSK REGION)

This article describes the restoration process of collective farms, state farms and MTS. It describes in detail the damage caused by the invaders and the consequences for the region and the country as a whole. The influence of weather factors on this process and government assistance in this and other issues are also described. In addition, this scientific article uses materials from such prominent researchers as Nicolas Werth and Rudolf Pihoya, as well as materials from the State Archive of the Bryansk Region (GABO). It also outlines the importance of social interaction and unity in the difficult recovery process. Considerable attention is paid to the role of the state and, in particular, political authorities, in coordinating interactions and overall coherence.

Key words: MTS, collective farm, agriculture, revival, assistance.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.006

O.YU. KOVALENKO Lecturer at the Department of Culture, Military University named after Prince Alexander Nevsky of the Ministry of defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE EXPERIENCE OF FORMING A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SUVOROV MILITARY SCHOOLS IN 1943-1950

The article examines and analyzes the experience of forming a system of physical education in Suvorov military schools in 1943-1950. Based on normative legal acts, memoir sources and publications in periodicals, archival materials from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the dynamics of the process of formation in Suvorov military schools of the direction of activity aimed at physical training of pupils is presented, the main problem areas are identified and ways of solving them are shown in the designated historical period.

Key words: Suvorov military school, physical education, physical training, physical development, Suvorov students, sports.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.007

E.M. MAGOMEDOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of History of Dagestan State Pedagogical University named after R. Gamzatov, Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan, Russia

TATS – HISTORICAL ETHNOS OF THE CAUCASUS

The article is devoted to some issues of the Tat ethnic group. In order to strengthen their positions in Dagestan, the Sasanian rulers resettled the Tato-speaking population from Iran in the early Middle Ages to the settlements of Southern Dagestan, in particular, the Derbent and Tabasaran regions. The Tats were resettled in the village. Zidyan, Bilgadi, Kamakh, Gimeidi, Maragha, etc. The Tat language belongs to the Iranian group of languages.

Key words: Tats, Derbent, Dzharag, Kamakh, Dagestan, Sasanians, culture, language.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.008

D.I. ORLOVA Postgraduate student, Department of Russian History, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

ROLE OF THE DELEGATIONS OF THE USSR, UKRAINIAN SSR AND BSSR IN RESOLVING THE PROBLEM OF REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS (1945-1946)

The article, based on archival sources and historiographic data, provides a detailed description and detailed analysis of the very initial stage of the work of the delegations of three subjects of international relations (USSR, Ukrainian SSR, BSSR) in the UN Special Committee, which met in London on April 8, 1946, as well as in the subcommittees controlled by the UN. The purpose of the article was to analyze and determine the strategy and tactics of the activities of the Soviet delegations in conditions of confrontation and the division of representatives of 20 countries into two groups, which in some cases and circumstances diplomatically, in others – in the style of realpolitik, declared the differences and irreconcilability of their positions on key issues of the decision problems of refugees and displaced persons in the post-war period.

To study the stated topic, the article used methods such as historicism and objectivity. A comprehensive analysis of documents was carried out in conjunction with comparative research principles. An attempt at terminological analysis was also made.

Thus, the role and activities of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR and BSSR in international politics to resolve the issue of refugees and displaced persons, as one of the vulnerable categories of post-war society, the legislative fixation of their rights at the international level, and the approval of possible options for arranging their destinies were revealed. The article reflects the colossal diplomatic work of the Soviet delegations.

Despite the initial mutual agreement of principles in eliminating the problem of refugees and displaced persons on the part of the three Great Powers, namely, the humane repatriation of citizens, opposition emerged during further discussion of the issue. The policies of the countries concerned were aimed at satisfying personal interests and using human potential for the needs and goals of their country.

Key words: refugees, displaced persons, Special Committee on Refugees and Displaced Persons.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.009

E.I. TEMCHUK Military University of the Ministry of Defense, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA AND THE PEOPLES OF ASIA MINOR IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON THE CAUCASIAN FRONT

The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship that developed between the Russian military-civil administration and the national-religious groups inhabiting the regions of Turkey occupied by the Russian Empire during the First World War, as well as to analyze the basic principles of the national policy of the military general government in relation to the local population.

Key words: World War I, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Caucasian Front, civil-military administration, Armenians, Greeks, Turks, Kurds.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.010

I.A. IZOTOV Dissertation of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

M.V. CHIGRIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

TRAINING PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL STAFF FOR ADVOCACY IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY AND POST-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA (BASED ON MATERIALS OF THE PROVINCES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)

This article is devoted to the analysis of the process of training professional personnel in the provinces of the Middle Volga region for the legal profession in pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary Russia. The authors of the work: examined the systemic process of training sworn attorneys in pre-revolutionary Russia using the example of training professional personnel at the Imperial Kazan University and analyzed the professional competencies of sworn attorneys; the features of the process of training future lawyers in higher educational institutions of post-revolutionary Russia are revealed. The study revealed that, due to the high interest of the population in the legal industry, there was a regular influx of students into educational institutions who wanted to go to work in the legal profession in the future. However, not all graduates of educational institutions later became lawyers due to difficulties with finding employment and reluctance to work for a long time for low wages.

Key words: Advocacy, Imperial Kazan University, sworn attorneys, Simbirsk State University, Middle Volga region.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.011

I.YU. LEBEDEV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State Regulation of Economics, Faculty of MIGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

PROBLEMS OF PROPERTY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF NEW TIMES IN THE WORKS OF T. HOBBES, J. LOCKE AND HEGEL G.-W.F.

The views of T. Hobbes in understanding the role of the state on the problem of justice and property. J. Locke on the state of property in civil society. The doctrine of the “natural” and “civil” state of society. Anthropic principle of the origin and essence of property. Hegel's views on property as the existence of free will. Ownership and production. The role of property in the formation of the type of human personality.

Key words: legal laws and property, justice, freedom, civil society, natural law, property of intellectual work, the existence of free will, alienation of man from the means of production and property, type of human personality, legal law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.012

A.V. PANKOV Postgraduate student of the South Russian Institute management – branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

MODERN ELITOLOGY: ON THE WAY FROM ARISTOCRACY TO NON-DEMOCRACY

The article examines the processes of institutionalization of elitism as a separate scientific field based on the conceptual provisions of political science, sociology, cultural studies, philosophy and other social sciences that explore the problems of leadership and power relations. The analysis of the transformation of elitist concepts made it possible to identify the main trends in changes in ideas about elites and their role in society, depending on the dominant technological structure. Currently, there is a transition to an information non-democratic society, which determines the emergence of a new type of elites, which can be called digital elites.

Key words: elites, elitology, netocracy, aristocracy, political processes, elitogenesis, circulation of elites.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.013

N.P. NIKOLAEV Professor of the National Research University «Higher School of Economics», Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Property, Land and Property Relations, Moscow, Russia

ANTHROPOCENE – STATE OF EMERGENCY – SOVEREIGNTY

The article analyzes the impact of socio-political recognition of the onset of the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch on the problem of sovereignty. The author shows that the theory of the onset of the Anthropocene, which postulates the anthropogenic nature of all biogeophysical changes on the planet and is the basis of international climate policy, is becoming part of the global political discourse. The unprecedented changes in the state and history of humanity, expressed by the theory of the Anthropocene, are also becoming an unprecedented political problem. The Anthropocene, as part of the political, has a number of unique characteristics that are capable and tend to completely change existing political paradigms. This leads to a situation that is exceptional in relation to existing norms, which is the justification for a state of emergency. The latter, in turn, challenges sovereignty as such, which cannot but cause a response from nation states. The author shows that a feature of the confrontation between supporters of the Anthropocene theory and adherents of sovereignty is competition for the right to declare a state of emergency. The purpose of the article is to understand the Anthropocene as a new political phenomenon and its impact on the global political space. In this vein, the study represents the first attempt at a scientific analysis of the Anthropocene as part of the political sphere.

Key words: anthropocene, state sovereignty, state of emergency.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.014

V.D. STOLIAR Phd student, IP RAS, Moscow, Russia

PRACTICE OF ELECTRONIC VOTING THROUGH THE LENS OF TECHNOCRATIC THEORIES

The purpose of the article is to consider the practice of remote electronic voting through the prism of technocratic theories. It is technocratic theories, in our opinion, that can serve as the basis for describing the practices of introducing new technologies into public administration.

The work consists of two parts. In the first part, the theoretical basis of technocracy will be analyzed, the definition of the concept, its history and theoretical ideas about technocratic theories that are relevant for the present time will be considered. This part will also examine the concept of scientism as a broader theoretical framework on which technocratic theories are based. The second part of the article examines the practice of electronic voting from the point of view of technocratic theories. Examples of the current use of electronic voting in various countries are described, trends in improving the technology of remote electronic voting are noted, and prospects for further practical use of this technology are presented.

In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the role played by electronic voting at the current stage of development of human society. The conclusions are presented both from the theoretical concepts discussed in the text of the article and from cases of the practical use of this technology.

Key words: elections, electronic voting, technocratic theories, scientism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.015

I.S. CHISTOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and History State and Law Law Institute of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

M.V. KOLPAKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and History State and Law Law Institute of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

USE OF INFORMATION RESOURCES IN THE FORMATION OF REPUTATIONAL CAPITAL ON THE EXAMPLE OF RF SUBJECTS (REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN, REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN, CHUVASH REPUBLIC)

The article studies the peculiarities of the use of information resources in the formation of reputational capital in the subject of the Russian Federation. Digitalization is an important factor in the development of modern regions, affecting their competitiveness and economic growth. The reputation of power is associated with the category of trust, and in relation to political institutions it is considered as a resource of the state's reputational capital and a kind of bridge over the abyss of uncertainty between power and society. In this regard, reputation capital should be considered as a kind of integral indicator of social efficiency of power, ensuring political stability. Positive reputation is an invaluable asset due to the possibility of identification of the subject with the help of values (identities) that have strong social legitimacy. Using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Chuvash Republic, the authors analyze the impact of information flows on the processes of formation and management of reputation. The article considers key aspects of the use of modern technologies in the sphere of information exchange and their impact on the subjects' reputation strategies. The study includes the analysis of social media, Internet resources and other information platforms in order to identify the specifics of the impact on the reputation of regions. The results of the work can be used for effective management of reputational capital at the level of regional subjects and in the development of strategies to improve the image of these territories.

Key words: information resources, reputation capital, constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.016

E.B. URTAEVA PhD in Politics, associate professor of the Department of Regional Governance and National Politics Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Odintsovo branch, Odintsovo, Russia

FORMATION OF A NEW POLITICAL LEADER: THE ROLE OF IMAGE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND STRATEGY IN MODERN POLITICS

Subject of research: the role of image, communications, and modern political strategy in the formation of new leaders in Russian politics. Methods: literature review, institutional analysis, critical conceptual analysis of scientific literature about research, survey of experts, in-depth interview. Results: the history and modernity of studying aspects of the formation of a new political leader is considered, the significance of the corresponding work for modern Russian politics is characterized. The concept of the image of a new political leader is presented, and preferences for leadership qualities in the views of youth and professional experts are characterized. The specifics of modern communications in the formation of a new political leader are revealed, considering the opinions of experts, and the need to combine modern and traditional forms and channels of political communication is shown. Current strategies for the formation of a new political leader are presented, and the expert choice of the preferential use of communication strategies is discussed. The research materials can be used in practical work on the formation of new political leaders, their education and political promotion. Conclusions and recommendations: the need to create a unique and attractive image of the new political leader is emphasized. Based on the results of the study, practice-oriented recommendations were proposed on key projections for the formation of a new political leader in modern Russian politics.

Key words: political leader, new political leader, politics of the Russian Federation, image of a politician, mass communications, digital communications, political strategies, political communications.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.017

V.V. DEVTEREV Postgraduate student, South-Russia Institute of Management – Branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF STATE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ROSTOV REGION

The article is devoted to the analysis of the history and current state of the system of state regional management on the example of the Rostov region of the Russian Federation. It examines the evolution of regional authorities since the early 1990s, when significant political changes took place that led to the formation of new power structures in response to the loss of the position of the CPSU and the need to adapt to new economic and social conditions. The author analyzes the processes of reorganization of local government in the context of the political and economic crisis, as well as the consequences of the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation for regional governance. Special attention is paid to changes in the distribution of powers between the federal center and the regions, the formation of municipal government and the interaction of various levels of government with public and business structures. The article also highlights the conduct of elections and the formation of.

Key words: region, subject, Russian Federation, state, municipal government, federal center.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.018

B.A. ASATRYAN Head of the regional branch of the All-Russian organization "New Formation", Assistant to the Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of the Rostov region, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

MODELING OF POLITICAL GOVERNANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING PARADIGMS OF SCIENTIFIC RATIONALITY

The article examines from the point of view of various, inscribed in the relevant substantive and relational ontologies, theoretical and methodological approaches (kratological, structural and functional, institutional, communicative, actor-network, etc.) and their historical genesis, systemic structural and functional elements and organizational principles of political management; theoretical and methodological and applied modeling problems are highlighted political management in modern political science, related to the requirement of objectivity, experimental verification of a scientific hypothesis, the theory of "ideal types", "attribution to value" (M. Weber), etc.; correlations between the change of types of scientific rationality and the evolution of paradigms of political management, which are correlated with the classical, non-classical and post-non-classical paradigm of scientific rationality and the corresponding objects of research of simple linear, complex, self-developing nonlinear socio-political systems, are analyzed.

Key words: political management, theoretical and methodological modeling, types of scientific rationality, simple linear, complex, self-developing nonlinear socio-political systems, ideal type.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.019

А.А. ATAMANENKO Junior researcher, department of political science, Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences (INION) RAS, Moscow, Russia

COMICS CULTURE AS A NATIONAL MEMORY MEDIUM: CONTEXT, FEATURES, FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The article analyzes various aspects of the relationship between comics and political communication, emphasizing their importance as a means of forming national identity. The purpose of the article is to explore the role of comics in preserving and transmitting the historical memory of nations.

The study reveals that comics not only reflect past events and personal stories, but also actively participate in the creation of a collective historical narrative. The article draws attention to the variety of approaches to representing the past in comics, including graphic novels, historical comics, and comics adaptations of constitutions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the political and educational aspects of comics, identifying their role in teaching citizenship and the formation of critical thinking. The study also highlights the need to develop a methodological framework for the systematic study of comics as a source of national memory. Overall, the article represents an important contribution to the understanding of comics as a means of transmitting and interpreting historical events and the values of national culture.

Key words: collective memory, national identity, mass culture, comics culture, historical memory.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.020

L.N. POCHINALINA Candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

A.A. MARYINA Candidate of legal sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

L.V. OLSHANSKAYA Candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

MAIN STAGES OF COMPETITIVE PRODUCTION IN BANKRUPTCY OF LEGAL ENTITIES

This article analyzes the current problem of regulating the bankruptcy process within the framework of legislation. The authors examine in detail the key stages of bankruptcy proceedings, emphasizing their importance for ensuring legal clarity and economic stability. The main attention is paid to the need for a bankruptcy procedure, which, according to the authors, is an important tool for maintaining the stable functioning of the country's economy, especially in the context of the increasing number of recorded cases of bankruptcy. The article also highlights the importance of clearly defining the timing of bankruptcy proceedings to ensure the efficiency and predictability of the process. Moreover, attention is drawn to the role and functions of the bankruptcy trustee, who plays a central role in managing the bankruptcy process, including asset valuation, debt management and distribution of funds to creditors. The procedure for satisfying creditors' claims and the payment procedure are also covered in detail, since these aspects are key points affecting the interests of all participants in the process. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the bankruptcy procedure, highlighting its complexity and complexity, as well as its importance for economic progress and legal protection for market participants. It is concluded that bankruptcy proceedings are an effective measure of legislative regulation that plays a key role in creating a favorable business environment, proportionately satisfying the claims of creditors and maintaining the economic stability of the country. At the same time, it is emphasized that bankruptcy proceedings not only help resolve financial difficulties, but also ensure a fair distribution of resources between creditors. Thus, the article contributes to the development of the discussion about the role of bankruptcy proceedings in the bankruptcy of legal entities and can serve as the basis for further analysis and development of various strategies in this area.

Key words: bankruptcy, bankruptcy trustee, creditor, bankruptcy estate, Bankruptcy Law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.021

SHAO ZIXUAN Graduate student of Moscow State University, Higher School of Cultural Policy and Management in the Humanities, Moscow, Russia

PRIORITIES AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-CORRUPTION WORK IN CHINA IN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS

What is the biggest threat to political parties in any country? This is corruption. The “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party's Hundred-Year Struggle” states unequivocally: “Corruption is the greatest threat to the long-term governance of the Party, and fighting corruption is the most important task. This is a political struggle that cannot and should not be lost” [1]. The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China recently published the "Work Plan of the Central Anti-Corruption Coordination Group (2023-2027)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"). It explains the guiding ideology of work for the next five years, and also clarifies the requirements for investigating and solving problems of corruption by the Party Central Committee. Similar plans have existed before, so the question arises: why does this plan deserve more attention from the global anti-corruption academic community? Understanding and studying this issue is critical for today's anti-corruption scholars and makes its analysis the purpose of this article. To achieve it, the following tasks are being solved: the features of the Central Coordination Group for the Fight against Corruption are determined; characterized by the Plan and the key areas of its application. Based on the study, the following conclusions were drawn: firstly, China’s anti-corruption campaign is unlikely to be softened, let alone stopped; secondly, the current anti-corruption campaign is different from the past. In the next few years, China will strengthen its management of new types of corruption and hidden corruption; Thirdly, the goal of the fight against corruption is to eliminate both its symptoms and root causes.

Key words: China, planning, Central Anti-Corruption Coordination Group, anti-corruption, government.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.022

А.А. ALAUDINOV Candidate of Political Sciences, commander of the AKHMAT special forces ‒ deputy commander of the 2nd Army Corps of the 8th Army, Southern Military District, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

MODERN APPROACHES TO CONDUCTING HYBRID WARS IN THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY

This paper explores the concepts of hybrid warfare of four NATO member countries: USA, Great Britain, France and Germany. The use of means and methods of hybrid warfare is considered by these countries as an alternative to the means and methods of traditional wars and armed conflicts.

The purpose of this work is to identify the most important approaches in the hybrid wars of four key NATO countries. Research objectives: 1) to identify the key features of the concepts of hybrid wars of the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany; 2) to show which methods and means of hybrid wars are of interest to these states.

Methodology. In addition to general scientific methods, including analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, the study used comparative and systematic approaches, as well as document analysis.

Results. The main results of the study include the identified approaches in the hybrid wars of the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany. It has been revealed that the United States uses methods and means of non-kinetic and kinetic types of hybrid warfare and uses them on a global scale. The United Kingdom, France and Germany are also active participants in hybrid wars, especially in the cognitive and cyber spheres.

Conclusions. The developed concepts and practical developments of hybrid wars are actively applied by the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany against Russia, supporting the Kiev regime and providing it with comprehensive support in an attempt to inflict a strategic defeat on it. Counteraction measures on the part of Russia are proposed to neutralize the means and methods of hybrid warfare used against it by NATO countries, primarily information and psychological operations.

Key words: hybrid wars, USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, information and psychological operations, cognitive wars, cyber wars.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.023

R.R. VAKHITOV Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

CONCEPTS OF DETERRENCE IN CYBERSPACE

The article is devoted to a current topic in the field of development of cyber technologies in the modern world, namely the concepts of deterrence in the cyberspace field. It is noted that at the beginning of the 21st century, digitalization is forming new guidelines in the field of warfare in all spheres: ground, air, space. The study develops general concepts and rules for deterrence of states and, in particular, reviews the concept of deterrence in cyberspace. The analysis establishes that the concept of cyber deterrence differs significantly from the classical concepts of deterrence in nuclear or other areas. It turns out that in the field of cyberspace it is important not only to communicate clearly, but also to demonstrate the effectiveness of one’s cyber capabilities. The article shows that not only our capabilities as an aggressor state, but also, in particular, the circumstances of the defending side are crucial for the deterrence effect. Her exposure to threats is largely determined by how he discovered his vulnerability. This approach provides not only objective protection from cyber threats, but also the auxiliary impact of threats. Therefore, strategic improvement of resilience in the states of their system remains necessary.

Key words: cyber technologies, international relations, cyber security, cyber threats, deterrence concepts.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.024

LIANGBOBO Graduate student, International Relations of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, History of international relations and foreign policy, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, China

THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IDEA OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD

This article presents theoretical l approaches to assess the creation of multipolarity of this world in the context of international relations. The purpose of the article is to determine the advantages of the system of international relations built on the principle of multipolarity in comparison with the unipolar system. Methods used in this article: the comparative method, method of political analysis, historical method. The results of the study showed that the multipolar system of international relations is more promising, because the multipolar model of the world order corresponds to the interests of all countries in the process of globalization. The author of the article, comparing the multipolar world with unipolar one, concludes that multipolarity is the main factor in the geopolitical shape of the modern world, because it promotes the development of political, economic and cultural interactions between countries and peoples.

Key words: international relations, multipolarity, unipolarity, bipolarity, globalization, hegemony.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.025

D.E. SEAGAL Graduate student, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE ROLE OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN SHAPING US FOREIGN POLICY

The article examines the influence of globalization and technological innovations on the strategies of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the modern economy. The authors analyze the role of TNCs as key players on the international stage, emphasizing their significant contribution to research and development activities, which in many cases surpass the R&D budgets of entire countries. The article also discusses the shift in the balance between traditional factors of production and the new focus on human capital and information technologies as key elements in creating competitive advantage. Furthermore, it considers the theoretical and historical context of TNC development and their role in global politics, as well as the influence of the media, particularly the «CNN effect», on shaping public opinion in the context of the Ukrainian crisis and perceptions of Russia.

Key words: globalization, transnational corporations, R&D, information economy, technological progress, human capital, competitive advantages, global politics, CNN effect, Ukrainian crisis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.026

E.K. TABEYKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

L.M. KHUTOROVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

LOBBYING OF US RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

The article talks about the fact that issues related to lobbying are relevant in the scientific literature. The origins of this concept have not been precisely established. For example, the opinion is voiced that the name comes from the reception room of the English Parliament, the “lobby”, where people gathered who were waiting to be received to introduce a new bill or amend existing legal acts. Other sources trace the origin of this term to a statement by the 18th US President W. Grant, who by it meant petitioners gathering in the hotel lobby. In its modern meaning, this term began to be used in the United States at the beginning of the 19th century. According to most researchers, lobbying is the practice of putting pressure on government officials by a group of people or an individual using means that do not violate existing laws. The goal of lobbying is to achieve the adoption of a particular law or decision.

Key words: lobbying, parliament, church, religion, human rights activist, state, practice, law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.027

G.A. AKOPYAN Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

MODERN US DOCTRINE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The US doctrine in the fight against terrorism is one of the main components of the country's security policy. It is based on the principles of preventive action, coordination with international partners and the use of a variety of tools to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism.

At the center of the doctrine is the principle of constant monitoring and analysis of threats, which allows the government to take measures to prevent terrorist attacks before they occur. This includes collecting information by various specialized services, conducting operational activities, and forecasting possible scenarios.

The doctrine also implies cooperation with other countries, governments and international organizations in the fight against terrorism. Joint operations and information sharing help identify and neutralize terrorist threats in their early stages.

Despite the multilateral scope of the state’s activities to eliminate the terrorist threat in the world, there are serious problems that can affect the vector of anti-terrorism activities.

In general, American doctrine in the fight against terrorism is a comprehensive and flexible strategy based on threat control, cooperation with other countries and preventive measures. It contributes to ensuring national security and maintaining peace and stability in the world community.

Key words: doctrine, approaches, anti-terrorism activities, USA, problems, national security strategies, development prospects.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.028

WANG FEIXIANG Ph.D. of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA AND CHINA

The article discusses issues related to current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China. The purpose of the study is to study current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China, to identify the main features and traits. Basic research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of developing partnerships between Russia and China in the long term. The process of interaction between Russia and China in various fields and areas of activity has been studied: politics, science, culture, trade, etc. The impact of digitalization on the commodity structure of China's exports is considered. The dynamics of oil exports from Russia to China are analyzed. The increase in demand for gas and oil from 2015 to 2040 was studied. According to different forecast options. The author of the article notes that there are great development prospects for partner countries in various fields and areas of activity. To successfully implement the set goals and objectives, it is necessary to develop a long-term development strategy, determine approaches and mechanisms for influencing economic, political and other processes, identify possible problems and risks, and also evaluate the effectiveness of the result obtained.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to study current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China, to identify the main features and traits.

Methods: Basic research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others.

Results: Current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China were studied. The main features and traits are revealed.

Conclusions: In the modern development of Russian-Chinese cooperation, there is a variety of areas of interaction, including powerful exchanges at the highest level, economic and humanitarian integration. There are also many problems that require immediate attention and solutions. The success of achieving the set goals and objectives will depend on management policies, the level of development of international cooperation, as well as internal and external environmental factors.

Key words: current problems, development prospects, Russia, China, cooperation, trade, export.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.029

M.S. VLASOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and history of state and law of the Law Institute Russian Friendship University peoples named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF THE INFORMATION CONFRONTATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE USA IN THE HYBRID WAR

At the beginning of the work, the author analyzes the history of the emergence of hybrid wars, but the main focus is on the information component of a hybrid war, which contains propaganda, counter-propaganda, the creation of disinformation, fake news and the use of rumors to manipulate public opinion and undermine trust within enemy societies.

The article examines the specific strategies and tactics of information warfare used by Russia and the United States, such as cyber attacks, psychological operations and strategic communication, and the author points out the differences in the information strategies of the two countries due to their historical, cultural and political characteristics. It analyzes successful and unsuccessful examples of information campaigns in hybrid conflicts, such as the annexation of Crimea, the conflict in eastern Ukraine and the fight against terrorism, and then highlights the consequences of information operations for international relations, in particular, increasing international isolation and the imposition of sanctions. At the conclusion of the work, the author writes about economic codependence, despite political differences between Russia and the United States.

Key words: hybrid war, information confrontation, Russia, USA, propaganda, cyber attacks, psychological operations, disinformation, strategic communication, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.030

TAO ZILONG Postgraduate Student, Department of Political Science, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, China

KAZAKHSTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY AND SINO-KAZAKH, SINO-RUSSIAN AND SINO-AMERICAN RELATIONS

Introduction: Kazakhstan's foreign policy is undergoing significant changes due to the strengthening of China's role in the region and the world. Kazakhstan, being at the junction of the interests of key players – China, Russia and the United States, seeks to pursue a multi-vector policy, balancing between them. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of Kazakhstan's foreign policy in the context of Sino-Kazakh, Sino-Russian and Sino-American relations.

Materials and methods: Qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis are used in the work. A systematic analysis of documents, agreements and public statements by the leaders of Kazakhstan, China, Russia and the United States for the period from 1991 to 2023 was carried out. Statistical data on trade turnover, investments and joint projects between the countries are collected from official sources and international organizations such as the IMF, the World Bank, the SCO, the EAEU. Comparative analysis has been applied to identify dynamics and trends in relations between countries.

Results: The study showed that Kazakhstan is successfully implementing a multi-vector foreign policy, developing a strategic partnership with China, maintaining close ties with Russia and establishing a constructive dialogue with the United States. The trade turnover between Kazakhstan and China increased from $1.29 billion in 2001 to $25.2 billion in 2022. China has invested over $33 billion in the economy of Kazakhstan, implementing large-scale projects in the energy, transport and manufacturing industries. Kazakhstan supports the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, considering it as an opportunity to modernize infrastructure and strengthen its role as a transit hub. At the same time, Kazakhstan retains membership in the EAEU and the CSTO, considering Russia a key partner in the field of security and economy. Astana is also developing relations with Washington, having signed an expanded trade and investment agreement and an agreement on military cooperation in 2022. The United States views Kazakhstan as an important partner in Central Asia, able to balance the influence of China and Russia in the region.

Key words: Kazakhstan's foreign policy, Sino-Kazakh relations, Sino-Russian relations, Sino-American relations, multi-vector, strategic partnership, investment, trade, infrastructure projects, security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.031

S.S. PISARENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

INDIA'S STRATEGIC BALANCING IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION

This article examines the current state of affairs of India in the Indo-Pacific region. Today, India is opening up new prospects for cooperation in the IPR both to ensure economic and military security with its allies in QUAD and ASEAN, and to strengthen its own economy and security. The need to strengthen relations with its allies across the board is driven by China's growing economic and military presence in the region.

The article analyzed official statements by heads of state, representatives of the ministries of foreign affairs, and ministries of defense.

The study revealed that India in the IPR is actively increasing its dialogue opportunities with Southeast Asian countries and highly appreciates the importance of dialogue with ASEAN and its QUAD allies.

As for Southeast Asia, India is interested in cooperation in promoting all kinds of maritime security initiatives, from building ships and conducting exercises to initiatives to preserve marine biodiversity. Indian elites see ASEAN as one of the main allies in the IPR since the Association is the third largest market in the world in which India can sell its goods.

The Indian government is deliberately strengthening relations with Western countries, in particular with the United States, concluding new contracts for the production and supply of stationary and mobile weapons, as well as new military vessels and information exchange facilities, holding meetings of the heads of defense and foreign affairs departments every month. All this suggests that India is trying to increase its economic and military potential, as well as take a good position in the Indo-Pacific region.

Key words: Indo-Pacific region, Indian foreign policy, US foreign policy, IPR, militarization of IPR.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.032

XU HAO Postgraduate, International Relations and Global Studies Moscow State University, China

THE TREND OF GLOBALIZATION: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND THE COLLAPSE OF TRANSNATIONAL COOPERATION

Over the past decade, nationalist sentiment has been on the rise in many countries around the world. This calls into question the trends towards globalization and deepening international cooperation that had previously been observed. The aim of this study is to analyze the reasons behind the resurgence of nationalism in the context of the unifying effects of globalization.

To achieve this, statistical data from public opinion polls conducted between 2008-2019 in 26 countries was synthesized. The polls were carried out by renowned agencies such as the Pew Research Center and Eurobarometer, with an overall sample of over 500,000 respondents. Additionally, research from the World Bank and regional bodies concerning national identity dynamics was analyzed.

The results reveal concerning trends across multiple countries and regions. For instance, the percentage of people considering their national identity as primary has increased substantially over the past decade in European countries like France (43% to 51%), Italy (37% to 47%), and Hungary (52% to 67%). Similar patterns are observed in the United States, with a 10 percentage point rise in Americans identifying primarily with their nationality. Levels of national pride have also reached historic highs of 76-90% in the last ten years in China, Taiwanese and Vietnam.

This strengthens the argument that globalization may inadvertently incite nationalism rather than diminishing it. As such, detailed investigation is imperative to mitigate rising inter-ethnic tensions that threaten international stability. The next sections analyze factors driving this growth and provide evidence-based recommendations to reverse the trends observed.

Key words: globalization, nationalism, national movements, separatism, multinational state, transnational cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.033

K.S. TRUFANOVA Graduate student of the faculty of global studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

STAGES OF ESCALATION OF RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF J. BIDEN

This scholarly article examines the stages of escalation in Russian-American relations under the Biden administration, analyzing the historical context of bilateral ties, key points of conflict and events, and proposing conflict resolution paths and prospects for further development of relations between the countries in the context of global and regional challenges.

Key words: Russian-American relations, Biden administration, escalation stages, historical context, conflict points, de-escalation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.034

D.V. LOGVINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of History of Social and Political Studies, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

IDEAS OF L. MECHELIN ON RUSSIA-FINLAND RELATIONS

In the nineteenth century the social and political discourse of the Russian Empire centered around the status of the Grand Duchy of Finland. One of the key figures in this polemic was Leopold Mechelin, who defended Finland's right to independence on the basis of legislative acts and historical facts in his own interpretation. Taking into account the role of Mechelin in the struggle for the Independence of Finland, it seems important to analyze his views on the nature of relations between Finland and Russia and their possible future. Because of this it possible to present the socio-political situation of the epoch and the development of the «Finnish question» more fully. This goal is achieved in this article with the methods of historical-bibliographical and political-textual analysis. As a result of the research it was shown that Mechelin perceived the relations between Finland and Russia as relations of two equal subjects within the essentially federal entity – the Russian Power (Derzhava). According to this conception, Russia and Finland should not interfere in each other's internal affairs, developing independently in accordance with their national features but preserving mutual interests. In the international arena, they should act as a single legal entity, ruled by the Russian emperor, pursuing the goals of achieving the security of the lands entrusted to him.

Key words: Leo Mechelin, independence, Russification of Finland, federal relations, Finnish question.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.035

LING MENGYUAN Ph.D. Candidate, Department of International Relations Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU), Beijing, China

SOUTH CAUCASUS RESEARCH: MOTIVATION, CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT IN ASPECT RUSSIAN LITERATURE

The Caucasus is a region whose research has been ongoing for many decades, attracting the attention of both scientists and many writers. In addition, it is a border zone that unites and separates Europe and Asia, which makes it a kind of arena for political clashes. The article provides an overview of research in the Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet periods, and also provides a distinction between the toponyms South Caucasus and Transcaucasia. The main discoveries in various periods in the field of history, economics, geography, ethnography, and archeology are outlined. The South Caucasus is examined from a literary perspective and examples are given. For specialists in history, ethnography, as well as university students.

Key words: South Caucasus, Transcaucasia, research, literature, history, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.036

LU PO LIN Graduate student of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT STATUS AND POLICY ORIENTATION OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE ISSUES IN THE EU

In late 2010, Tunisia and many other countries in the Middle East were involved in a series of social unrest known in the West as the Arab Spring (1). Since then, the influx of refugees from the Middle East, North Africa and Asia into Europe has become a complex issue for the EU and its member states.

In recent years, the Covid-19 pandemic, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the energy crisis have complicated the EU economy. Faced with downward pressure on the domestic economy and problems such as high inflation and unemployment, EU member states may be unable to provide the financial support needed to resettle illegal immigrants and refugees.

To this end, the EU and its Member States have carried out numerous consultations and taken various measures, but the problem of illegal immigration and refugees remains difficult to fully address. More recently, a new round of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Gaza Strip has spread to Europe, causing an influx of new refugees from the Middle East to Europe. The problems of illegal immigration and refugees have risen to a whole new level. This article will examine the growing problems of illegal immigration and refugees through policy changes in EU member states and official data published by the UN.

Key words: EU, immigration policy, problem of illegal immigration, refugees, borders.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.037

LIAN WEIYI Graduate student of the Higher School of Cultural Affairs policy and management in humanitarian sphere (faculty) of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

CHINESE-RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT

Sino-Russian relations are at an all-time high and have been officially established as a “comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era,” which means that China and Russia will cooperate and develop more in the future. Youth is an important component of the development of our time and the country’s hope for the future. Thus, youth development in the two countries is also an important part of the content of Sino-Russian cooperation. Currently, the two countries have launched a number of projects and cooperation opportunities to collaborate on youth education and future development. In particular, "Briefing on Studying in China" provides a convenient and effective service platform for Russian youth to study in China, and also creates a bridge for friendly relations between foreign students from the two countries. From 2024 to 2025, it will be the year of culture between China and Russia. Exchanges between the two countries in the field of cultural industries will be closer. Therefore, the future trend will be a challenge for the development of the youth of the two countries, even if it is an opportunity.

Key words: Chinese-Russian relations, youth, studying abroad, educational cooperation.

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.038

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Science Today", Moscow, Russia

ON THE QUESTION OF DIGITALIZATION AND SOME MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

The article makes an attempt to analyze current trends in the development of science and education in Russia based on a review of current scientific publications of recent years in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The problems of digitalization of Russian science and education are studied separately. Based on the scientific publications of scientists, a conclusion is drawn about the inconsistency of some strategic plans for the transformation of Russian education based on the European model and without taking into account domestic tradition.

Key words: science, education, development trends, digitalization, European model, Russian tradition, review of publications.