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OUR AUTHORS

ANUPRIENKO I.A. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

ARGUN L.L. – 1st category guide of State Historical Museum Graduate student of the Faculty of Philosophy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

BOLTENKOVA L.F. – Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia.

BRATKOVSKAYA D.V. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

BUKINA D.V. – Graduate student of the Department of Recent History of Russia of Moscow Regional State University, Mytishchi, Russia.

BULYGIN M.A. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

CHULKOV D.I. – Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

DEMIDOVA E.R. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

DENISKINA A.V. – Magister, State Humanitarian and Technological University, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow Region, Russia.

DENISOV A.E. – Candidate of political sciences, Senior lecturer Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Department of Conflictology, Kazan, Russia.

FEDINA S.V. – Master's Student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

GALEEVA N.F. – Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia.

GILFANOV A.R. – Graduate student, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.

GOLUBOV M.A. – Candidate of Legal Sciences, associate professor, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and environmental protection of the Stavropol Territory, Stavropol, Russia.

GONCHAROV A.S. – Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

GRACHIKOV E.N. – Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and history of international relations Russian University of Friendship peoples (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.

ILINSKAYA K.R. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

KACHURENKO D.S. – Assistant of the Department of Law of the National Research University «Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology», Moscow, Russia.

KHOLOV S.H. – Master's student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

KHROMOVA A.V. – Postgraduate student of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

KOSTINA A.D. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

KRYUKOVA I.V. – Senior teacher of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia.

KUZNETSOV V.N. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Personnel Management, St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation, St. Petersburg, Russia.

LIU JINGYUAN – Postgraduate student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

MAGADIEV M.F. – Candidate of sociological sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in the foreign policy activities of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russian Federation, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

MAKINA A.I. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Fundamental Medicine, Khakas State University after N.F. Katanov, Abakan, Russia.

MALSAGOV R.A. – Postgraduate student, Department of History of Social and Political Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

MALYAVINA G.I. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

MIRONOVA S.A. – Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

MYASNIKOV D.S. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

NADEZHIN A.D. – Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (KFU); advisor, State Duma of the Russian Federation, Kazan, Russia.

OSYANIN V.S. – Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (KFU); Lecturer, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (KFU), Kazan, Russia.

RAKHIMOV K.H. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations Peoples' Friendship University of Russia; Doctoral student of the Institute of Asian and African Countries Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

PAKHMUTOV N.D. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

PANTELEEV V.I. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Logistics and Marketing in the Agro-industrial Complex Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

PAZILOV YE.D. – Senior lecturer of the Department "Museum Business and General History", M. Auyezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan.

POKASOV V.F. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

ROGOVA YA.D. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

RYABKOVA O.V. – Junior researcher of the sector History and Archeology Research Department State Autonomous Institution of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug "Scientific Center for the Study of the Arctic", Salekhard, Russia.

SADYM K.B. – Cand. Sci. (National History), Assoc. Prof., Kuban State Medical University, Department of Philosophy, Psychology and Pedagogy, Krasnodar, Russia.

SHAVLAEVA T.M. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher of the Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Academy of Sciences Chechen Republic, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia.

SOLOVIEVA L.V. – Teacher of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia.

SYSUN I.S. – History teacher, MBOU ShR "Gymnasium", Shelekhov, Russia.

TABEYKINA E.K. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia.

TERENTYEV V.I. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, guide-interpreter of the Novosibirsk regional public organization "Mongolian National Cultural center "Nairamdal (Friendship)", independent researcher, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

TERESHCHENKO O.V. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia.

URPER MEHMET – Senior lecturer of the department international humanitarian relations St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

USHAKOV D.V. – Candidate of Philosophy, Senior Researcher, Department of Social and Legal Research, Institute of Philosophy and Law SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.

USHMAEVA K.A. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia.

VARODI A.I. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

VERАMEYCHIK A.E. – Candidate of Historical Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Belarusian State University, Faculty of History, Department of the History of Belarus of Modern and Contemporary Times, Minsk, Belarus.

VORONOV I.I. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History and Regional Studies St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia.

XU HONG – Professor of the Institute of Foreign Languages Harbin Polytechnic University, Harbin, China.

YAKUBA A.YA. – Master's Student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

YASHCHENKO A.M. – Chief Specialist of the Legal Expertise Department, Administration of the Yamal region, Vil. Yar-Sale, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Russia.

YIN QUN – Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and history of international relations Russian University of Friendship peoples (RUDN University), Jinan, China.

ZHENG NAN – Assistant professor, Candidate of Political Sciences (PhD) Institute for International and Area Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

ZINYUROV N.SH. – Master's student, "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov", Ulyanovsk, Russia.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 12. Issue 9 (90), 2022

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Yashchenko A.M., Tereshchenko O.V., Ushmaeva K.A., Goncharov A.S. On the Formation of the Kuban Region Cossacks’ Historical Representations at the End of the XIX Century
• Shavlaeva T.M. Chechen Type Achaloi in the Second Half of the XIX – 40s of the XX Centuries (Based on Field Materials)
• Panteleev V.I., Voronov I.I. Sale of Forest from the Root as a Form of Economic Realization of State Ownership of Land in Siberia in the Late XIX – Early XX Century
• Verаmeychik A.E. Material Values of Large Land Residences in the North-West Region of the Russian Empire During the Military Events of the Early XX Сentury (by the Example of the Nesvizh Castle of Princes Radzivills)
• Solovieva L.V., Kryukova I.V., Ushmaeva K.A., Goncharov A.S. The Time Category in the Historical Representations System of Cossacks of the Kuban Region (60-90s of the XIX Century)
• Kuznetsov V.N. The Importance of Entrepreneurship in the Development of the Credit System in the North-West of Russia in the Post-Reform Period
• Ushmaeva K.A., Yashchenko A.M., Golubov M.A., Goncharov A.S. Legal Basis for Proceeding Cases in Stanitch Courts in the Second Half of the XIX Century (by the Materials of the Kuban Region)
• Makina A.I. Khakass Customs of Assistance in Cattle Breeding
• Sadym K.B. Genesis and the Main Tendencies of Development of the Greek Non-Governmental Organizations in Kuban
• Pazilov Ye.D. Formation of the Basis of Industrial Production of the Kazakhstan City of Kentau in 1940-1950
• Ryabkova O.V. Salekhard Fish Canning Factory During the Great Patriotic War
• Bukina D.V. The Minsk Ghetto in the Memories of Prisoners

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Boltenkova L.F. Hymn to the Lord God (Philosophical and Religious Research in Several Articles). Part Nine
• Kachurenko D.S. Separation of Powers as a Philosophical Doctrine and a Managerial Principle: Theoretical Aspects
• Argun L.L. William H. Riker's Critique of Behavioralism and Rational Choice Theory
• Mironova S.A. The Problem of Corporatism in Political Science

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Chulkov D.I. Mechanisms to Counter Manipulation and Propaganda in the Works of G. Lasswell and J. Dewey

POLITICAL REGIONALISTICS. ETHNOPOLICY

• Zheng Nan. The Impact of the Turkic Integration Process on Russia and China
• Galeeva N.F. The Role of National Cultural Organizations in Preserving Ethnic Identity (on the Example of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

• Magadiev M.F. State Administration in the Sphere of Information Policy of the Russian Federation in the Conditions of Hybrid War

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

• Terentyev V.I., Ushakov D.V. Mongolian School Textbooks in the Humanitarian Subjets as a Instrument for the Formation of National Identity
• Xu Hong. The 22nd SCO Summit is a New Impulse for EAEU Integration Projects and "One Belt, One Road"
• Yin Qun, Grachikov E.N. Theoretical Analysis of China’s Belt and Road Initiative from Africa to Latin America: the Roots of China’s Intention and Behavior
• Terentyev V.I., Sysun I.S. The Role of History Textbooks in the Development of National Identity in Mongolia
• Pokasov V.F., Anuprienko I.A., Malyavina G.I., Goncharov A.S. Magical Practices in the Everyday Life of the Ancient Greeks
• Urper Mehmet. Foundations of Cultural Diplomacy in the Context of Forming the Mechanisms of Consolidation and Development of the National Identity of the Turkish State in the System of International Relations: Features of the Comprehensive Complex of Approaches of the Government of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) to Implementation and Implementation of the Concept "Soft Power"
• Rakhimov K.H., Fedina S.V., Kholov S.H., Yakuba A.Ya. Anti-Terrorism Focus of Rapproaching India and Tajikistan
• Terentyev V.I. Holiday Culture as a Factor and Expression of Modern Mongolians’ National Identity
• Tabeykina E.K. The Influence of the Religious Factor on the Formation of the Political and Social System of European States
• Gilfanov A.R. The Republic of Tatarstan in the System of Intercultural Dialogue of the Russian Federation and UNESCO at the Present Stage
• Liu Jingyuan. China's Position in Global Governance
• Malsagov R.A. Islamic Radical Movements: How they are Formed and How We Distinguish Them
• Khromova A.V. Russian-Iranian Relations within the Framework of Information Cooperation
• Nadezhin A.D., Osyanin V.S. Cooperation Between Russia and the EU in the Context of the International Security System (1990s – 2021) and their Criticism from the Perspective of a Multipolar World

STUDENT SCIENCE

• Bratkovskaya D.V., Demidova E.R., Rogova Ya.D. China's Policy in Central Asia and the Impact of the Conflict in XUAR
• Deniskina A.V. Studying and Teaching History in Russia in the 18th Century
• Denisov A.E. Review of the Virtual Symposium Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Miroslav Hroch in the Journal “Nation and Nationalism”
• Zinyurov N.Sh. Regional Experience of Political Parties in Parliamentary Elections and Local Authorities
• Kostina A.D., Ilinskaya K.R., Pakhmutov N.D. The Potential of the United States of America in Outer Space in the Face of New Challenges
• Myasnikov D.S., Varodi A.I., Bulygin M.A. Anti-Russian Sanctions: Chronology of Imposition and its Impact on the Russian Economy

Our authors № 9-2022

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.001

A.M. YASHCHENKO Chief Specialist of the Legal Expertise Department, Administration of the Yamal region, Vil. Yar-Sale, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Russia

O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

ON THE FORMATION OF THE KUBAN REGION COSSACKS’ HISTORICAL REPRESENTATIONS AT THE END OF THE XIX CENTURY

This article is devoted to the study of the most striking forms of historical ideas of the Cossacks, their transformation at the end of the XIX century. on the example of the communities of the Kuban region. The relevance is connected, on the one hand, with the need for a private study of the Cossacks’ system of thinking in the context of existing traditions, public opinion, and, on the other hand, with the methodological understanding of the philosophical teachings of M. de Unamuno on the principles of worldview of representatives of the military (service) class. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results when working with modern Cossack communities, public opinion of official organizations, as well as when conducting classes on the «Cossacks’ History» in regional educational institutions. Scientific novelty lies in the rethinking of the key principles of M. de Unamuno’s intrahistory on the example of the practice of studying factual material about the peculiarities of thinking of the Cossack class. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the system of ideas as a cognitive category of thinking of the Cossacks of the Kuban region at the end of the XIX century. In the discourse of research we use: special-historical methods and methods of historical anthropology. The main methods of research are special-historical ones: the narrative method used to reveal the peculiarities of folk thinking, the historical-systemic method, the historical-typological method and the historical-comparative methods, the retrospective method, the structural and functional methods. Methods of historical anthropology («New Cultural History»): nomothetic and idiographic methods used to study universal and unique representations, respectively, the method of indices, the method of regressions, the method of principal components. The methods of the world-system theory are used as auxiliary methods. The results of the study made it possible to determine the distinctive features of thinking, the categories of ideas of the Cossacks of the Kuban region at the end of the XIX century on the example of eyewitness accounts, letters, local periodicals and components that formed personal and public opinion.

Key words: Kuban region, Cossacks, historical representation, historical memory, everyday life, activity, community.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.002

T.M. SHAVLAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher of the Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Academy of Sciences Chechen Republic, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia

CHECHEN TYPE ACHALOI IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – 40S OF THE XX CENTURIES (BASED ON FIELD MATERIALS)

This article is the first attempt to study the Chechen type Achala, which is localized in the historical region of Chechnya – Cheberloy. The article examines the toponymy of the village of Achal, their interpretation is given, including the toponym Achal with several versions. The place of the village of Achal, as an administrative unit, from the 50s of the XIX century to the 40s of the XX century is considered. The economic activity of the population, as well as roads connecting the society with neighboring villages, markets where trading operations were carried out, were studied. According to sources and field data, the population of the Achal is indicated, and the places of their settlement at the present time. Considerable attention is paid to the cultural traditions and clergy of the Achal society, which have played a positive role in the formation of spiritual values.

Key words: Chechen Republic, Argun district, Achal, toponymy, population, economy, roads, markets, clergy, culture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.003

V.I. PANTELEEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Logistics and Marketing in the Agro-industrial Complex Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

I.I. VORONOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History and Regional Studies St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after Professor M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, St. Petersburg, Russia

SALE OF FOREST FROM THE ROOT AS A FORM OF ECONOMIC REALIZATION OF STATE OWNERSHIP OF LAND IN SIBERIA IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY

The article is devoted to the activities of the forestry department for the sale of forests from the root of the forests of the only treasury possession in Siberia. The conditions of forest sale, dynamics and structure of forest releases, the influence of the first Russian Revolution and the Stolypin resettlement policy on the attempts of the state to realize its ownership of forest resources are analyzed. The authors conclude that the treasury, being the owner of the majority of Siberian forests, did not have ample opportunities to exercise its ownership rights. During the first Russian Revolution, the state was forced, under the influence of peasant protests, to expand the volume of preferential and free forest vacations to the population. During the years of the Stolypin agrarian reform, competition in the market from the peasant population, especially immigrants, was a significant factor that weakened the state's ability to extract income from state-owned forestry.

Key words: forestry, forest sale, property, Siberia, migrants.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.004

А.Е. VERАMEYCHIK Candidate of Historical Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Belarusian State University, Faculty of History, Department of the History of Belarus of Modern and Contemporary Times, Minsk, Belarus

MATERIAL VALUES OF LARGE LAND RESIDENCES IN THE NORTH-WEST REGION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE DURING THE MILITARY EVENTS OF THE EARLY XX СENTURY (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE NESVIZH CASTLE OF PRINCES RADZIVILLS)

The article deals with the history of the movement of the collections of cultural property of the princes Radziwills from the Nesvizh castle during the hostilities in 1915-1921. The purpose of the study was to identify ways to evacuate collections in order to prevent their looting. The main task of the study was to establish a chronological sequence in the actions of the government and the General Staff of the Russian Empire in preserving the residence of the Radziwill family during the hostilities on the territory of Belarus during the First World War in 1915-1917. Based on the principles of the dialectical method (historicism, complexity, specificity, scientific objectivity) and the introduction of new sources into scientific circulation, the author of the publication showed the ways in which the Russian government evacuated items from the Radziwill collections and the actions of the Soviet authorities to preserve the property of the Nesvizh Castle during the Soviet-Polish war of 1919-1920.

Key words: Nesvizh, princes, the Radziwill’s, collections, the First World War, the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, The October Revolution, the Soviet-Polish war.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.005

L.V. SOLOVIEVA Teacher of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

I.V. KRYUKOVA Senior teacher of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

THE TIME CATEGORY IN THE HISTORICAL REPRESENTATIONS SYSTEM OF COSSACKS OF THE KUBAN REGION (60-90S OF THE XIX CENTURY)

This article is devoted to the study of the levels of historical ideas of the Cossacks about time on the example of the Kuban communities in the second half of the XIX century. The relevance of the study is connected, on the one hand, with the need for a private study of the system of images and ideas of the Kuban Cossacks in the context of the perception of time, and, on the other hand, with the methodological understanding of the theory of the French ethnologist C. Levi-Strauss on the process of understanding the personality, the bearer of culture, oneself in historical time, when immersed in the inner world of any ethnic group or class. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results when working with modern communities of Cossacks in the Krasnodar Territory, studying the public opinion of official organizations. Scientific novelty lies in rethinking the key principles of intrahistory, the levels of perception of time by a single ethnic group, taking into account the individual impressions of the individual, the peculiarities of his thinking and worldview. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the system of historical ideas about the time of the Cossacks of the Kuban region in the second half of the XIX century. In the research discourse we use: special-historical methods, methods of historical anthropology and world-system theory. The main research methods are special-historical ones: the narrative method, the historical-genetic method, the historical-systemic method, the historical-typological method and the historical-comparative methods, the retrospective method, the structural and functional methods. Methods of historical anthropology, or «New Cultural History»: nomothetic and idiographic methods, the method of indices, the method of regressions, the method of principal components. Methods of the world-system theory act as auxiliary in the study of the category of time at different levels of representations. The results of the study made it possible to determine the empirical, sensitive and sacred ideas about the time of the Kuban Cossacks, reflected in their legends, traditions and oral folk tradition.

Key words: Kuban region, Cossacks, historical representation, time, perception, impression, world outlook.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.006

V.N. KUZNETSOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Personnel Management, St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation, St. Petersburg, Russia

THE IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CREDIT SYSTEM IN THE NORTH-WEST OF RUSSIA IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD

The article examines the importance of entrepreneurship in the development of the regional credit system, the dynamics of changes in the structure and number of credit institutions in the North-West of Russia in the 1860s. XX century. The role and place of the State Bank in the development of the system of private credit institutions, successes and shortcomings in the activities of banking houses, joint-stock commercial banks and other credit institutions are revealed, their contribution to the post-reform modernization of St. Petersburg and the North-Western region is shown.

Key words: entrepreneurship, modernization, credit and financial system, state-owned credit institutions, private credit institutions, forms of small loans.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.007

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, Professor of Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

A.M. YASHCHENKO Chief Specialist of the Legal Expertise Department, Administration of the Yamal region, Vil. Yar-Sale, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Russia

M.A. GOLUBOV Candidate of Legal Sciences, associate professor, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and environmental protection of the Stavropol Territory, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

LEGAL BASIS FOR PROCEEDING CASES IN STANITCH COURTS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY (BY THE MATERIALS OF THE KUBAN REGION)

This article is devoted to the study of the transformation of the judicial system, the village courts of the Kuban region in the second half of the XIX century. The relevance of the study is due to the need to rethink the impact of the reforms of Alexander II and the counter-reforms of Alexander III on the formation of a unique experience in the analysis of small property and family issues in the Kuban, through the organization of stanitsa fees and courts. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results in the practice of searching for the legal and self-awareness of the Kuban Cossacks, when working with modern official organizations of the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories. In the methodological aspect, the results of the study can be used at the level of a higher educational institution when conducting classes in historical and legal disciplines. Scientific novelty lies in the rethinking of the characteristic features and properties of the highest orders and local regulations of the 1860-1890s. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the system of stanitsa courts that existed in the practice of judicial proceedings of the Kuban Cossack communities in the second half of the XIX century. In the framework of this study, we use: special-historical methods and methods of the theory of law. Special historical methods include: narrative method, historical system method, historical typological method, historical modeling method, structural method, functional method. Methods of historical anthropology: nomothetic method, idiographic method, index method. Methods of the theory of law: formal-logical, historical, systemic and functional. The results of the study reveal the specifics of the functioning of decrees, orders and resolutions of the second half of the XIX century. in the context of their influence on changes in the system of stanitsa courts of the Kuban region.

Key words: Kuban region, Cossacks, court, village, service, regulation, crime.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.008

A.I. MAKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Fundamental Medicine, Khakas State University after N.F. Katanov, Abakan, Russia

KHAKASS CUSTOMS OF ASSISTANCE IN CATTLE BREEDING

The archaic stage of the formation of social work is characterized by the existence of forms of assistance and mutual assistance in traditional societies of different peoples, including in the field of household activities. Household forms of assistance and mutual assistance among the Khakas covered all types of management, the main of which was cattle breeding. The purpose of the study: to identify the existence of forms of assistance and mutual assistance in the field of cattle breeding in the traditional Khakass society. Objectives of the study: to give a brief description of the existence of kinship assistance in cattle breeding among Khakas; to analyze the Khakass customs of assistance in cattle breeding; to characterize the Khakass customs of assistance in the use of livestock. Research methods: systematic and comparative analysis. The period under study: the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The results of the study: in the traditional Khakass society, in order to help relatives and members of the territorial community, there were traditions aimed at helping in cattle breeding. These traditions made it possible to improve their situation by increasing the number of livestock, to provide themselves and their families with food, to help equip the life of community members, which had a beneficial effect on the life of society as a whole. Conclusions: the identification of the existence of traditions of economic assistance and mutual assistance in cattle breeding determines the existence of a system of social assistance and support in the traditional Khakassia society, the archaic stage of the formation of social work as a social institution in the Republic of Khakassia.

Key words: mutual aid, assistance, clan, tribal community, cattle breeding, territorial community, economic assistance, Khakassia, Khakass ethnos.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.009

K.B. SADYM Cand. Sci. (National History), Assoc. Prof. Kuban State Medical University, Department of Philosophy, Psychology and Pedagogy, Krasnodar, Russia

GENESIS AND THE MAIN TENDENCIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KUBAN

For a long time Kuban represents one of the most multinational Russian regions where representatives more than hundred nationalities live. The important factor of adaptation and simultaneously a parameter of interethnic consolidation of national minorities became national non-governmental organizations. In given clause the history of the Greek non-governmental organizations in region, forms and methods of work of the given organizations in various historical conditions is considered. There had been some voluntary organizations of different ethnic groups as well as the Greeks in the region until the Bolsheviks came to power. The area of their interests was extended to the study of their mother tongue, customs and culture. Charity played an important role in their activities. The National Voluntary Organizations as an element of cosmopolitan Kuban made a certain impact on social-political and cultural life of the region. Forms of this type of activity were changing in the region after the establishment of the Soviet regime. Charities and National Societies were prohibited and the study of the mother tongue took place within the sections of Ethnic Minority Club. It was impossible to perform educational activities in their earlier forms of the ethnic minorities in the Kuban because of the national policy of the Soviet Union in the 1930s.

Key words: Greeks, ethnic organizations, charity, "natsmen" club (national minorities center), cultural and educational activity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.010

YE.D. PAZILOV Senior lecturer of the Department "Museum Business and General History", M. Auyezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan

FORMATION OF THE BASIS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF THE KAZAKHSTAN CITY OF KENTAU IN 1940-1950

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of the development of the Karatau lead-zinc deposit and construction on the basis of the first settlements in the area of the Karatau mountains of the Kazakh city of Kentau in 1940-1950. It is noted that in the 1930s, the leadership of the USSR decided to build a plant of All-Union significance – the Achisai polymetallic combine on the basis of ore deposits in Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan. It is emphasized that the special settlers from the western regions of the USSR to Kazakhstan were those who were engaged in labor-intensive work when creating the industrial basis of the future city.

Key words: Kentau city, Achisai polymetallic Combine, special settlers, deportation, forced labor.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.011

O.V. RYABKOVA Junior researcher of the sector History and Archeology Research Department State Autonomous Institution of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug "Scientific Center for the Study of the Arctic", Salekhard, Russia

SALEKHARD FISH CANNING FACTORY DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The article is devoted to the history of the Salekhard fish cannery during the Great Patriotic War. The materials of the State Archive of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the State Archive of the Novosibirsk Region were used as sources. The chronological framework of this article covers the pre-war period (1931-1940) and the years of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), which is due to the need to show the dynamics of the enterprise's development.

The study is based on the reporting documentation of the Salekhard fish cannery, created during the war years. On the basis of archival materials, the paper reveals the problems of the material and technical base of the enterprise, the results of the work of production and auxiliary shops that provide work at the plant are noted. The article deals with the organization of labor and the provision of labor resources for the enterprise, highlights the problem of the participation of the team in socialist competition and indicates the number of Stakhanovites, shock workers, two and three centurions who worked at the enterprise during the war years. On the basis of archival materials, the awards received by the plant in 1943 were identified, the number of workers of the plant who received the medal "For Valiant Labor during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" was determined, and their percentage ratio to the total average number of employees of the enterprise was presented.

Key words: Great Patriotic War, home front workers, production leaders, socialist competition, Yamal, Yamalo-Nenets National District, fishing industry, Salekhard cannery.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.012

D.V. BUKINA Graduate student of the Department of Recent History of Russia of Moscow Regional State University, Mytishchi, Russia

THE MINSK GHETTO IN THE MEMORIES OF PRISONERS

The article reveals the history of the Jewish ghetto in Minsk (Belorussian SSR), which existed in 1941-1944. The article is based on the memoirs of direct witnesses of the life of the Minsk ghetto, both published in the author's memoirs and collected by researchers in thematic collections; part of the archive data is published for the first time. There are the course of concentration of Jews in a certain territory, the activities of the Judenrat in the ghetto, the course of anti-Semitic actions and pogroms, the topic of the living conditions of prisoners and the activities of the anti-fascist underground. The article allows us to conclude about the criminal nature of the actions of the fascist occupation administration aimed at exterminating the Jewish people on the territory of the BSSR.

Key words: Belarussian SSR, Great Patriotic War, genocide, ghetto, Jews, Minsk ghetto, Judenrat, occupation regime, The Resistance.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.013

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

HYMN TO THE LORD GOD (PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS RESEARCH IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) PART NINE

Starting from the content of the Constitutional norm about God (part 2 of Article 67.1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and analyzing the provisions of the Bible, religious-theological and philosophical literature, the author reveals the concepts of God, Hymn to the Lord God and forms of God glorification. Considering these concepts, the process of glorifying God is investigated.

Key words: God, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Bible, Hymn, thank the Lord God.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.014

D.S. KACHURENKO Assistant of the Department of Law of the National Research University «Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology», Moscow, Russia

SEPARATION OF POWERS AS A PHILOSOPHICAL DOCTRINE AND A MANAGERIAL PRINCIPLE: THEORETICAL ASPECTS

The doctrine of separation of powers is analyzed as a theoretical basis for resolving the contradiction between the essence of state power based on coercion to submission and the basic human needs, the main of which is the need for personal freedom. The principle of separation of powers is considered in three aspects: as an ideological and ideological principle underlying the theory of the social contract; as a theory and an element of the methodology of social sciences; as a political and legal structure underlying the design of political systems. Scientific interpretations of the principle of separation of powers are also divided into three groups. It is argued that at the applied level, the most productive is the understanding of the separation of powers as the principle of the optimal structure of the state apparatus, in which the functions and powers of the state as the bearer of a single authority are rationally distributed among the state bodies of the three branches of government.

Key words: separation of powers, state, political system, constitutionalism, theory of social contract.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.015

L.L. ARGUN 1st category guide of State Historical Museum Graduate student of the Faculty of Philosophy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

WILLIAM H. RIKER'S CRITIQUE OF BEHAVIORALISM AND RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

This paper presents a critique of behavioralism by the American scientist William Harrison Riker (1920-1993), known in political science due to the introduction of the theory of political coalitions and game theory in the study of political behavior and processes. Behavioralism as a theoretical and methodological direction of scientific knowledge in the middle of the twentieth century underwent a crisis depending on different circumstances. W.H. Riker formulates the main disadvantages of this methodological program, including the inability to approach the study of the motives and goals of an individual, attribution of behavioral models with a lack of information, leading to erroneous predictions. Rational choice theory as a new research program in political science can overcome the shortcomings of the behavioral approach. This theory, according to W.H. Riker, has a number of advantages and features: 1) the voter has rationality and has ideas about his desires; 2) all his actions are aimed at maximizing benefits and minimizing losses; 3) in the process of choosing an individual is able to analyze alternatives and can make assumptions about future scenarios of a particular choice. W.H. Riker develops the concept of rational behavior and introduces the theory of coalitions as a scenario tool participation in the political process. A political scientist within the framework of the theory of rational choice in the study of human behavior, considers not only the available actions and deeds, but also his goals and motives. Thanks to these attitudes, political research acquires clarity and transparency.

Key words: behavioralism, rational choice theory, W.H. Riker, behavioral revolution, critique of behavioralism, political behavior, the theory of political coalitions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.016

S.A. MIRONOVA Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF CORPORATISM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

After a period of considerable academic attention in the 1980s, in the early 1990s, the interest of researchers in developing concepts and mechanisms for the interpretation and implementation of corporatism weakened, because it seemed that the phenomenon had lost its explanatory power and significance in the current political moment. In our time, scientists have again focused on the activities of states using corporatist methods of doing business.

The article discusses a wide range of literature on corporatism since the 1970s and examines the applicability of classical concepts in the modern period. The article analyzes various approaches to the study of corporatism in political science, and also touches upon the issues of its political practice. Based on the study of scientific literature, the author reveals the origins of the emergence of corporatism and analyzes approaches to the definition and interpretation of the term.

Within the framework of the study, the author concludes that the structural-functionalist interpretation of corporatism has caused erroneous predictions of the decline of this phenomenon as a form of policy-making, and that awareness of new manifestations of corporate policy today should remind of the forgotten processes of political exchange.

Key words: corporatism, pluralism, theory of development, interest groups, B2G, communication technologies.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.017

D.I. CHULKOV Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

MECHANISMS TO COUNTER MANIPULATION AND PROPAGANDA IN THE WORKS OF G. LASSWELL AND J. DEWEY

The article is devoted to the analysis of the mechanisms of counteracting manipulation and propaganda set forth in the works of American researchers G. Lasswell and J. Dewey. The political and philosophical results of their activities is the recognition of the leading role of civil society in taking responsibility for managing their communication activities. The article reveals the basic principles of counteracting manipulation and propaganda in democratic societies. Of particular importance are the consciousness and critical thinking of citizens, the rejection of authorities, the protection of pluralism of opinions and the openness of media systems. The role of the state and corporations in this approach is reduced to a minimum.

Key words: manipulation, propaganda, civil society, democracy, digital platforms.

POLITICAL REGIONALISTICS. ETHNOPOLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.018

ZHENG NAN Candidate of Political Sciences (PhD), Assistant professor, Institute for International and Area Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

THE IMPACT OF THE TURKIC INTEGRATION PROCESS ON RUSSIA AND CHINA

The purpose of the article is to analyze the actual aspects of the impact of the Turkic integration process on the policy of Russia and China in the Central Asian region. Based on the use of event analysis, statistical and historical methods, the reconstruction of the process of Turkic integration as a significant factor correcting the foreign policy of Russia and China was carried out. As a result of historical analysis, it has been established that Turkey exerts a significant influence on a number of post-Soviet states through its political, economic and cultural activities. The support provided, especially in the field of institutionalization, has played an important role in the nationalization processes in these countries. To date, the process of Turkic integration testifies to the increasing role of Turkey in the regions that are important for the interests of Russia and China. It is concluded that the Turkish factor has a corrective effect on the economic and military-political plans of the two states, but in general is not a reason for conflict interaction.

Key words: Turkic-speaking states, integration, regional policy, Russian-Chinese cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.019

N.F. GALEEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS IN PRESERVING ETHNIC IDENTITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE YAMALO-NENETS AUTONOMOUS OKRUG)

In the article, based on the materials of the author's field research, an attempt is made to reveal the role of national cultural organizations in preserving the ethnic identity of the population in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It is noted that, despite the multinational nature of the region, the predominant form is the all-Russian identity, significantly exceeding the ethnic one. At the same time, the ethnic component is not blurred at all, but is present, along with regional and all-Russian identity. In addition to these forms, there are also local forms, in the form of "Northerner", "Yamalets" or with the designation of belonging to a local identity, for example, their city in which this group of respondents lives. It is established that an important aspect of communication for respondents, in addition to cultural, linguistic and religious traditions, is assistance in solving work and household problems. In this vein, national cultural organizations contribute to solving social problems for representatives of their ethnic groups.

Key words: ethnicity, identity, national cultural organizations, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, regional identity, social problems, adaptation.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.020

M.F. MAGADIEV Candidate of sociological sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in the foreign policy activities of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russian Federation, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia

STATE ADMINISTRATION IN THE SPHERE OF INFORMATION POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF HYBRID WAR

The 21st century is the era of information confrontation – Impersonal and indirect, when countries compete not only in military strength, but also in the development of information technologies that allow the citizens of any country to be subjugated from within. These technologies are important tools of hybrid wars, which today involve many leading countries of the world. In this article, the author examines the key aspects of public administration in the field of information policy of the Russian Federation in the context of a hybrid war. In conclusion, specific measures are proposed to improve the effectiveness of this policy.

Key words: anti-Russian propaganda, hybrid war, public administration, youth, information, information security, special military operation.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.021

V.I. TERENTYEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, guide-interpreter of the Novosibirsk regional public organization "Mongolian National Cultural center "Nairamdal (Friendship)", independent researcher, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

D.V. USHAKOV Candidate of Philosophy, Senior Researcher, Department of Social and Legal Research, Institute of Philosophy and Law SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

MONGOLIAN SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS IN THE HUMANITARIAN SUBJETS AS A INSTRUMENT FOR THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY

The article considers how the state, which is the main customer of educational services, forms a national identity among the population of the country through the school curriculum. More specifically, the contents of the academic disciplines such as «Civic Ethics», «Mongolian Ethics and Education», «Man and Society» and «Social Science» taught in schools throughout Mongolia are analyzed. The ethno-cultural component of educational topics in the specified subjects of the humanitarian cycle is being studied. In conclusion, the pride in their Fatherland, native culture and language is laid as the most important elements of national identity in the public consciousness of schoolchildren in Mongolia.

Key words: Mongolia, school textbooks, national identity, humanitarian disciplines, nationalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.022

XU HONG Professor of the Institute of Foreign Languages Harbin Polytechnic University, Harbin, China

THE 22nd SCO SUMMIT IS A NEW IMPULSE FOR EAEU INTEGRATION PROJECTS AND "ONE BELT, ONE ROAD"

The article is devoted to the consideration of issues related to the integration processes that take place on the territory of the Eurasian continent with the participation of projects initiated by the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the leadership of the People's Republic of China. It is noted that the Eurasian Union (EAEU) and the concept of "one belt, one road" are key projects not only for the entire Eurasian continent, but for the whole world as a whole. The summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in Samarkand in September 2022 gave a new impetus to the development of integration initiatives of China and Russia. It is emphasized that the most important link of these projects are the countries of Central Asia (CA).

Key words: SCO, EAEU, Belt and Road, China, Russia, Central Asia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.023

YIN QUN Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and history of international relations Russian University of Friendship peoples (RUDN University), Jinan, China

E.N. GRACHIKOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and history of international relations Russian University of Friendship peoples (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE FROM AFRICA TO LATIN AMERICA: THE ROOTS OF CHINA’S INTENTION AND BEHAVIOR

In the contemporary international relations, the rise of China has contributed the global economic growth and offers significant opportunities among the Global South, meanwhile, the propaganda of the “China threat” has also dominated the strategic thinking of the US-led collective West, which is obviously a misreading. Historical evidence reflects that today’s China, as a rising star, does not and will not seek hegemony. The misunderstanding towards China among the Western countries mainly caused by lack of understanding and studying of China's unique ruling logic. Therefore, this paper analyzes the basic logic of Chinese state elites in the national and foreign policy-making, and through the interpretation and analysis of some history and policies (especially “stability” and “Belt and Road Initiative”), depicts the behavioral logic of Chinese elites. The article finds that the behavioral logic of China’s state elites is not hegemony and conquest, but a combination of pragmatism and opportunism, and of bravado and honesty, in order to consolidate their ruling power.

Key words: China, the Belt and Road initiative, International Relations, Collective West, Great power Rivalry.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.024

V.I. TERENTYEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, guide-interpreter of the Novosibirsk regional public organization "Mongolian National Cultural center "Nairamdal (Friendship)", independent researcher, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

I.S. SYSUN History teacher, MBOU ShR "Gymnasium", Shelekhov, Russia

THE ROLE OF HISTORY TEXTBOOKS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN MONGOLIA

The article examines modern Mongolian history textbooks as a factor in the formation of the national identity of the country's population. Attention is drawn to the fact that in Mongolian history textbooks there are no specific features inherent in other national historiographies of post-socialist states. Among the distinctive features of the Mongolian national historiography is the derivation of the origin of the history of the Mongols and the Mongolian statehood from the Xiongnu Empire and the ambiguous and complex terminology of designating the states formed as a result of the collapse of the Mongolian Empire. It is concluded that in Mongolia the most important feature of modern school history textbooks is the focus on their own national culture and history, mainly associated with the state of Genghis Khan and his heirs. These accents are placed without humiliation of the historical traditions and cultures of neighboring peoples.

Key words: Mongolia, national identity, textbooks, school, history, nationalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.025

V.F. POKASOV Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

I.A. ANUPRIENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

G.I. MALYAVINA Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

MAGICAL PRACTICES IN THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS

The present article is devoted to the study of magical practices, rituals and ceremonies of Hellenic world in Classical and Archaic periods. The topicality of the topic is connected with the necessity of addressing a previously unexamined aspect of the history of the mentality of Ancient Greece. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the materials of the work in the further study of culture and mass magical practices of Greek magicians and oracles. In the methodological aspect of the study materials can be used in courses on history and cultural disciplines at the higher education institution. The scientific novelty of the study is associated with a new private aspect of mentality and everyday life in ancient Greece in the period under consideration. The methodological apparatus included special historical, sociological and culturological methods. Special historical methods: narrative method, ideographic method, historical-genetic method, historical-systemic method, historical-typological method, historical-comparative method, problem-chronological method, historical periodization method, historical modelling method, reconstructive method, structural method, functional method, method of actualization of historical knowledge. Sociological methods: document analysis, method of expert evaluation, method of paired comparisons, method of ideal types. Culturological methods: modelling of transformative cultural practices, cultural-genetic method, cultural-systemic method, method of analysis of everyday culture, method of analysis of game culture, semiotic method, comparative method. The result of the study was the confirmation of the author's hypothesis that the disappearance of magical practices in the everyday life of the ancient Greeks was due to the fact that they contradicted the cult mentality and turned not to the divine nature of the world, but to Chaos, the mythological original.

Key words: Greece, everyday life, magic, myth, cult, rite, amulet.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.026

URPER MEHMET Senior lecturer of the department international humanitarian relations St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

FOUNDATIONS OF CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN THE CONTEXT OF FORMING THE MECHANISMS OF CONSOLIDATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL IDENTITY OF THE TURKISH STATE IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: FEATURES OF THE COMPREHENSIVE COMPLEX OF APPROACHES OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE JUSTICE AND DEVELOPMENT PARTY (AKP) TO IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT "SOFT POWER"

The presented article is devoted to the study at the beginning of the 21st century of the issue of the role and significance of the cultural and diplomatic component in the process of implementing the foreign policy program and the activity of the Republic of Turkey on a regional and global scale. In parallel with this, the emphasis is placed on defining the concept of the picture of the world of cultural and mental consciousness against the background of the society of the Turkic and Muslim societies, which is of particular necessity and is extremely relevant for the full demonstration of the features of cultural identity as the main source in order to ensure the national state status of the sovereignty of modern Turkey. On the world stage. In this context, within the framework of this topical topic, the subject of research is the question of the evolution of the form of manifestation of the cultural diplomatic orientation in modern Turkish politics in the period of republicanism and in the period of the AKP. That is, during the period of representatives of the Kemalist state power with the principles of classical republicanism and representatives of a new form of cultural political model with the ideological legacy of the era of rule of the geopolitical space of the Ottoman Empire.

At the same time, the purpose of this study is to compile the most objective picture of the effectiveness and dynamics of the active foreign policy actions of the Turkish government by attracting attracted international organizations to stimulate a favorable image of Turkey in different countries and regions of the world space. Along with this, the article analyzes the influence of cultural values on the mechanisms of the dynamics of Turkey’s foreign policy program, specifically, if, then what form of political diplomacy contributes to the implementation of the concept of “Imperialism 2.0.” – republican character. It is important to say here that in the modern system of international relations, interstate ties are strengthened taking into account the cultural factor of different societies.

Key words: cultural diplomacy, Turkey, Turkic world, international relations, pan-Islamism, Central Asia, Middle East.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.027

K.H. RAKHIMOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations Peoples' Friendship University of Russia; Doctoral student of the Institute of Asian and African Countries Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

S.V. FEDINA Master's Student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

S.H. KHOLOV Master's student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

A.YA. YAKUBA Master's Student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

ANTI-TERRORISM FOCUS OF RAPPROACHING INDIA AND TAJIKISTAN

The creation of a stable and safe regional environment is an extremely important element of the socio-economic development of states and the region as a whole. One of the factors destabilizing the regional and domestic situation is the spread of extremism and terrorism. Socio-economic development is, on the one hand, a tool to eliminate the causes of terrorism and extremism, on the other hand, this tool itself needs to be protected from carriers of systemic violence in the face of existing terrorist structures. In this regard, even in the absence of common initiatives and projects, the states have a common interest - the elimination of the terrorist threat. It is the elimination of such a threat that will allow, regardless of whether the states develop joint projects in the future or not, each state will develop in the way it considers most appropriate. Since terrorism is today a multifaceted and increasingly complex phenomenon in modern international life, states, especially those from the same region with common challenges, should cooperate both at the bilateral level and within broader security structures and organizations in order to develop common mechanisms for responding to terrorist threats, to synchronize law enforcement and law enforcement practices in this area. In this article, we will look at how all of the above affects the rapprochement between Tajikistan and India in the field of security.

Key words: security, security structures, counter-terrorism, extremism, socio-economic planning, Af-Pak, One Belt One Road, reproduction, economic development, terrorist structures, interest.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.028

V.I. TERENTYEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, guide-interpreter of the Novosibirsk regional public organization "Mongolian National Cultural center "Nairamdal (Friendship)", independent researcher, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

HOLIDAY CULTURE AS A FACTOR AND EXPRESSION OF MODERN MONGOLIANS’ NATIONAL IDENTITY

The article deals with modern transformations of traditional holidays in Mongolia. Attention is drawn to the high role of traditionalism in the entire Mongolian culture and, in particular, festivities. The purpose of the article is to identify modern features in the holiday culture of Mongolia. Research objectives – classification of holidays into national, «commemorative dates» and non-traditional; the study of public criticism of certain counterproductive aspects of the holiday culture; analysis of public policy regarding holidays.

The main methods are long-term participant observation and analysis of the Mongolian media. Results – the most important holidays in modern Mongolia continue to be Tsagaan Sar and Naadam, perceived by the Mongols, by default, as traditional and popular. The nature of Mongolians' involvement in the festive process demonstrates the degree of their ethnicity and the manifests the scale of national identity. The two main holidays act as a way of realizing and experiencing oneself as part of a single nation and as a representative of a particular aimag.

Conclusions. The space of holidays is a serious factor in the further development of the Mongolians national identity and a clear example of how real social problems are hushed up, and attempts to discuss them are perceived as attacks on the traditions, values and culture of the people.

Key words: Mongolia, national holidays, national identity, ethnicity, nationalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.029

E.K. TABEYKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Pedagogy Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

THE INFLUENCE OF THE RELIGIOUS FACTOR ON THE FORMATION OF THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEM OF EUROPEAN STATES

The paper points out that almost from the very beginning of the origin of world civilizations, religion has had a significant impact on all processes taking place in human life and society. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that religion has always exerted its influence on foreign policy. "Faith-based diplomacy", if used correctly, can become a useful tool of foreign policy strategy. Religion is a part of civil society, so the state tries to maintain a loyal attitude towards it. The purpose of the work is to study the degree of influence of the religious factor on the formation of foreign policy in the XXI century. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that in any state there is a percentage of believers who are able to influence the political and social order.

Key words: religion, civilization, society, politics, state, diplomacy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.030

A.R. GILFANOV Graduate student, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND UNESCO AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The author conducted a comprehensive analysis of the structure and practice of managing World Heritage sites in the Russian Federation. Using the example of cultural heritage objects of the Republic of Tatarstan, the main stages of their inclusion in the List and implementation of management plans are revealed. Of the 20 UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites on the territory of the Russian Federation, only 4 have management plans. For the first time, this practice was applied when the Bulgarian Historical and Archaeological Complex was included in the List. The development of this document and its improvement taking into account national practices for domestic facilities is still an open question. The author noted a number of studies affecting some aspects of the issue under consideration, which are of particular value for research in this field.

Key words: UNESCO, ICOMOS, Republic of Tatarstan, Renaissance Foundation, cultural heritage, preservation of cultural heritage, management plan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.031

LIU JINGYUAN Postgraduate student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

CHINA'S POSITION IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

The article analyzes China's position in the global governance system from three dimensions: "managed" status, rights and obligations, and identity. To study the changes of China's status in the global governance system since the founding of New China. The conclusion is that the change of China's status in the global governance system is essentially determined by China's strength, and China's participation in global governance reflects China's status in global governance. China's identity has become increasingly clear, reflecting China's ambition to participate in global governance. In the future, China will pay more attention to its own position in the global governance system.

Key words: global governance, system, China, position, identity, reform, openness.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.032

R.A. MALSAGOV Postgraduate student, Department of History of Social and Political Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ISLAMIC RADICAL MOVEMENTS: HOW THEY ARE FORMED AND HOW WE DISTINGUISH THEM

In the times of socio-political instability, when the whole socio-political and economic institutional trajectory is being challenged, the radical movements are getting more and more attention. They provide people with a simple “ingroup-outgroup” dichotomy and a somewhat stable and coherent worldview and line of reasoning, challenging the fragile mainstream approach. Islamic radicalism might be considered one of those movements that constitute a noteworthy case of social mobilization. This article is an attempt to approach this well-known and yet not sufficiently studied phenomenon.

Key words: radicalism, extremism, Islamism, fundamentalism, ummah, Sharia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.033

A.V. KHROMOVA Postgraduate student of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN-IRANIAN RELATIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INFORMATION COOPERATION

The purpose of this work is to analyze the information sphere and its regional features between Russia and Iran in the current geopolitical situation. In addition, the integration of the latest news and trends in the relations development between the two countries have been analyzed.

The methodological and theoretical bases of the study consist of the methods of comparative analysis using the works of Russian and Foreign experts with the involvement of the Internet resources.

The research problem is the specificity of relations in the field of information cooperation between Iran and Russia in the conditions of active development of information technologies in the current alignment of forces in the world.

Iran is an important political player in the Caspian region, cooperation with which promises Russia an increase in influence in the world. Relations between Iran and Russia have always been ambiguous, but the connection between the two states remains alive, as each side benefits from cooperation with each other.

Russia and Iran have a great growth potential. It explains by the common interests among which are the creation of a safe information zone for both countries and the unification of the countries of the Caspian region, which are historically isolated from countries considered developed. Russia offers Iran what it is interested in including providing of military power, assisting in the extraction of fuels and their transportation, creating a coalition in order to protect the borders. The steps taken in the field of information cooperation are important milestones on the way to creating close cooperation against a unipolar, europeanized world.

Key words: Caspian region, information space, geopolitical interests, cold war, information security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.034

A.D. NADEZHIN Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (KFU); advisor, State Duma of the Russian Federation, Kazan, Russia

V.S. OSYANIN Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (KFU); Lecturer, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (KFU), Kazan, Russia

COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE EU IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM (1990s – 2021) AND THEIR CRITICISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD

The article analyzes the places of Russia's cooperation and application on international security issues in the field of the formation of a multipolar world system. Both the EU and the EU are currently witnessing a crisis not only in relations with their partners, but also in a number of structures exposed to the consequences of extended demilitarization at the turn of the century, as well as in US policy towards its exercising allies. In such conditions of uncertainty, a constant dialogue between the economy and consumption is especially important, which minimizes the tension associated with the events of recent years, as well as with upcoming long-term projects. This article talks about a number of problems and prospects for cooperation between the European Union and Russia in international security. Based on the results of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that maintaining both a bilateral dialogue between the Russian Federation and the EU, and interaction with the member states of the European Union, is necessary to strengthen cooperation between neighboring countries for stability and security in the region. The most productive areas of potential cooperation were identified, as well as the most relevant projects that require special relations and close interaction between the structures of the Russian Federation and the EU in the sense of collective security in a strategic perspective.

Key words: international security, European Union multipolar world, Russian Federation, neighborly policy, OSCE.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.035

D.V. BRATKOVSKAYA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

E.R. DEMIDOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

YA.D. ROGOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

CHINA'S POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE IMPACT OF THE CONFLICT IN XUAR

The countries of Central Asia and China have similar interests and goals in foreign policy. They strive to strengthen national security, develop their economic potential, and integrate economies. These states have reached an understanding that without joint action in the fight against terrorism and extremism and economic integration, peace in a region divided ethnically and religiously will be difficult to achieve.

The development of Xinjiang as part of the PRC has improved the situation of the population of the region and made cooperation with Beijing more attractive with border countries. However, progress in economic development is overshadowed by national and domestic politics. The establishment of a police regime, as well as the establishment of so-called re-education camps, seriously damaged China's international prestige and did not help to establish harmonious relations between different ethnic groups. The Xinjiang factor plays an important role in China's relations with Central Asia. The region connects Central Asia and China, the trade turnover of the states passes through it. China's domestic policy in the XUAR seriously influences the Central Asian states' opinion of the PRC.

In this article, the author analyzes the foreign policy of the PRC in the vector of Central Asia and the impact exerted on it by the country's internal interethnic conflict in the territory of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Key words: international relations, foreign policy, Asia-Pacific region, Central Asia, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, ethnic policy, socio-economic development, security, religious extremism, interethnic conflict, Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.036

A.V. DENISKINA Magister, State Humanitarian and Technological University, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow Region, Russia

STUDYING AND TEACHING HISTORY IN RUSSIA IN THE 18TH CENTURY

The article analyzes the main trends in the formation of new methods in the study and teaching of history in the 18th century. The 18th century is a period of radical changes in all spheres of public life of the Russian state and society as a whole. The century that brings new trends from the West, the study of Russian history by outstanding scientists of that time is taking place, an approximate structure of conducting and studying the history of Russia at different stages of education is being created, all this creates a general spectrum of studying history as a subject in schools, gymnasiums, universities.

Key words: pedagogy, history, education, educational institutions of the 18th century.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.037

A.E. DENISOV Candidate of political sciences, Senior lecturer Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Department of Conflictology, Kazan, Russia

REVIEW OF THE VIRTUAL SYMPOSIUM DEDICATED TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF MIROSLAV HROCH IN THE JOURNAL “NATION AND NATIONALISM”

On June 14, 2022, Miroslav Hoch, being one of the most famous historians, sociologists and political scientists of our time, pioneering in the study of nationalism and national movements among small nations, turned 90 years old. In this review, we have analyzed 12 essays by recognized experts in this field of knowledge. All essays are not similar to each other and are quite critical in their content. Completely different topics are touched upon: from the analysis of individual theoretical positions of M. Hroch's works to the applicability of his concepts to the study of cases outside Europe. The essays of the authors presented in the review contain a wealth of informative material that will be of interest to a wide range of specialists.

Key words: conflict of interests, culture, M. Hroch, nationalism, national movements, nation, symposium, ethnicity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.038

N.SH. ZINYUROV Master's student, "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov", Ulyanovsk, Russia

REGIONAL EXPERIENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES

The political system is an integral part of public life. She has always played an important role in the lives of people and state authorities. It is politics that determines and regulates the vector of development of the state and society. In the current conditions, most people express their willingness to participate in the political life of the country to solve urgent problems on which its development depends. This task can be solved by determining the real significance and place of regional branches of political parties in solving socio-political and economic problems identified by the Russian state authorities in the country. The author attempts to trace the formation and activity of political regional parties on the example of the Ulyanovsk region in the 2000s. The main sources were foundational documents and collections, as well as periodicals and Internet resources.

Key words: political party, elections, law, Ulyanovsk region, United Russia, Communist Party, LDPR.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.039

A.D. KOSTINA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

K.R. ILINSKAYA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

N.D. PAKHMUTOV Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

THE POTENTIAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN OUTER SPACE IN THE FACE OF NEW CHALLENGES

In modern times, outer space is actively integrating into the system of international relations and is increasingly becoming a platform for various interactions, including the interstate level. The competition between the leaders of the world arena is entering a new space, leaving the Earth.

In the article, the author refers to the state, which occupies a leading position, has enormous weight and influence in the international environment – the United States of America. The US potential is undeniable, and its space part is no exception. The study of America's space potential is relevant in modern realities, since space remains unexplored and fully legally undefined due to the lack of unified legal regulation, based on which the arms race and competition of states outside the earth's surface is a field for research, full of unpredictable conclusions and outcomes.

The article examines the potential and the process of formation of the current US space corps, as well as the challenges that arise in the way of the implementation of American space programs.

Key words: international relations, foreign policy, space policy, security, superpowers, China, Russia, USA, scientific and technological progress, confrontation, outer space, space exploration, world leadership, arms race, lunar program.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.90.9.040

D.S. MYASNIKOV Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

A.I. VARODI Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

M.A. BULYGIN Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

ANTI-RUSSIAN SANCTIONS: CHRONOLOGY OF IMPOSITION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY

Economic sanctions, unfortunately, have now become part of Russia's economic and political reality. Sanctions are imposed on a variety of sectors of the economy, which, in turn, cannot but affect the ongoing state policy.

The article discusses the chronology of the application of anti-Russian sanctions, analyzes their impact on the internal economic development of Russia, and also provides a predictive analysis of how the imposed sanctions measures will affect the future prosperity of the state.

The significance and severity of sanctions against Russia by 2022 has increased significantly. They began to affect the vital areas of export from the country: the sale of oil and natural gas. Unfortunately, in the context of the ongoing military-political crisis in Ukraine, the final list of sanctions against the Russian Federation has not yet been formed, and it can be significantly expanded in the near future.

Key words: international relations, foreign policy, sanctions, reasons, consequences, Russian Federation, European Union, USA, Russian economy, economic threat, chronology.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 12. Issue 8 (89), 2022

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Boyko N.S., Mukhamedov R.A., Alexandrov S.G. The Role of Physical Culture and Mass Work in the Patriotic Education of Pre-Conscription Youth in 1975- 1985 gg. (Using the Example of the Ulyanovsk Region)
• Mutieva O.S., Sirazhudinova S.V., Huseynov Yu.M. Religious and Traditional Practices in the Daily Life of Dagestani Women of the XIX-XX Centuries
• Safin F.G., Galeeva N.F., Skogorev S.V. Ethnic and Linguistic Identity of the Population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (1970-2010)
• Gataullina I.A. Soviet Community as a Result of the "Catching Up" Historical Development: the Problem Statement
• Issayev M.S., Syzdykova Zh.S. Cultural and Educational Activities of the Volga and Priural Tatars in the Kazakh Steppe (End of XIX – Beginning of XX Century)
• Shavlaeva T.M. Clergy of the Historical Region of Chechnya Cheberloy: Abdul-Halim Nizhaloyevsky (Based on Field Materials)
• Ushmaeva K.A., Golubov M.A., Chemodanov R.S., Goncharov A.S. Kuban Region Cossacks Legal Status at the Beginning of the XX Century. Crisis of Military Culture and Fixation of a New Formal Relations Type
• Sulumov Z.Kh., Beguev S.A. The History of the Business and Public-Political Elite of Chechnia in the Beginning of the XX Century
• Tereshchenko O.V., Ushmaeva K.A., Chemodanov R.S., Goncharov A.S. Ways, Methods and Mechanism for the Formation of Social Stereotypes in Soviet Society (Pre-War Period)
• Gorokhov V.M. Investigation of the Origin and Authenticity of the "Appeal to the Jewish Population of the City of Rostov about the Appearance on August 11, 1942 at Collection Points for Moving to Safe Areas of Residence"
• Ishemgulov M.N., Kamaletdinov D.A., Kulsharipov F.R. Transformation of the Ethnosocial Structure of the Population in Multiethnic Bashkortostan in a Market Economy (1979-2010)
• Nagaeva G.A. The Development of the Drinking Business in Russia in the Period from the XVI to the Beginning of the XX Century: to the Historiography of the Issue
• Oskin N.N. Features of Telecommunication Organization During the Positional Period of the First World War
• Yagudina O.V. The Reasons and Main Areas of the Spread of the Old Believers in the Territory of the Orenburg Cossack Army in the Pre-Revolutionary Period
• Obolkin E.S. The Origin of the Old Russian State Through the Prism of Historigraphical Analysis
• Salimurzaev T.M. The Activity of Employees of the Museum of Urban Sculpture to Save Monuments of Monumental Art in Besieged Leningrad
• Cheretaev A.A. Russian Historiographers Prince M.M. Shcherbatov and N.M. Karamzin on the Polish Question

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Boltenkova L.F. Hymn to the Lord God (Philosophical and Religious Research in Several Articles). Part Eight
• Semyonova O.V. Solving the Problem of Choosing Strategies by Three Players Using a Vector Method Using Spreadsheets
• Ivanchenko M.A. History of Development of Representations about Party Systems in Argentina and Russia at the End of the XX Century

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Bolshakov A.G., Farukshin M.Kh. National Languages in the Education System: Experience of Sociological Study of Public Opinion in the Republics in the Region Between the Volga River and Ural Mountains
• Grigoryan D.K. Legislative Power-Elite Response to Fake Threats to Russia's National Security
• Voynov D.I. Development of Civil Society on the Example of Implementation of State Youth Policy

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

• Raimov R.I., Syzdykova Zh.S. To the Question of the Attitude of Validi Togan and Mustafa Chokay to the Basmache Movement in Central Asia
• Saprynskaia D.V., Syzdykova Zh.S. Some of the Aspects of Definition of Ethnic Minorities in Central Asia (the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries)
• Balashov I.B., Novikova I.N. Features of Energy Cooperation between Russia and Germany at the Present Stage
• Nesterchuk O.A., Vorontsova A.O., Grishin V.O. The Technology of «Soft Power» in US Foreign Policy: Features of Implementation in the Field of Higher Education
• Titov V.V. Globalization as a Factor of Transformation of National and State Identity at the Beginning of the Third Millennium
• Plotnikov V.S. The Influence of the Modern Geopolitical Paradigm on the Implementation of International Law
• Urper Mehmet. The Structure and Dynamics of the Process of Formation and Decision-Making on the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Turkey in the 21st Century
• Xiong Leping, Liu Zixi. China's Policy Against Coronavirus and Soft Power
• Vdovin S.S. Relationships of the Khanate of Khiva with Neighbors in the First Half of the XIX Century
• Gilfanov A.R. UNESCO's Activities in the Field of Preservation of World Cultural Heritage Sites
• Petrosyan Ph.A. Sweden Join NATO: Factors of Instability
• Shestakov N.R. To the Question of the Balkan Policy of Turkey in Respect of National Minorities

STUDENT SCIENCE

• Sviridov A.A. Political Crises Caused by Energy Factors: the Crisis in the Persian Gulf of 1990-1991
• Fadeeva E.A. Participation of Young People in the Political Life of Russia
• Arslanov R.R. Current U.S. Foreign Policy Strategy and Russia's Position on it

Our authors № 8-2022

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.001

N.S. BOYKO Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Law, Professor, Department of Law, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

S.G. ALEXANDROV Applicant of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND MASS WORK IN THE PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF PRE-CONSCRIPTION YOUTH IN 1975- 1985 GG. (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION)

The article is devoted to the role of physical education and mass work and its influence on the patriotic education of pre-conscription youth in the education system, in the Ulyanovsk region in the 1975-1985. Patriotic education in the Soviet period was one of the main parts of the physical education of the young generation, the process of ideological education of a citizen was laid down in childhood, so that by adulthood a young man completely separates the communist ones. At present, there is a need to strengthen certain values in the modern modernized society, namely: love for the Motherland, parents, children, the older generation in the context of the theory of human potential is determined by the negative consequences of the information war imposed from outside for Russia. The author attempted to analyze changes in the main forms of physical and political education, and also revealed with the help of facts the preventive and social benefits of sports in the lives of students.

Key words: patriotism, educational resource, sports, physical culture and mass work, human potential, category, physical education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.002

O.S. MUTIEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Vice-Rector of Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala, Russia

S.V. SIRAZHUDINOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala, Russia

YU.M. HUSEYNOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities of Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala, Russia

RELIGIOUS AND TRADITIONAL PRACTICES IN THE DAILY LIFE OF DAGESTANI WOMEN OF THE XIX-XX CENTURIES

In this article, based on archival materials, special literature, as well as field ethnographic material, an attempt is made to consider the transformation of the role and place of Dagestan women in two main socio-political formations: pre-Soviet (capitalist) and Soviet.

It is worth saying that the place and role of a woman were largely influenced by the norms of Muslim law, which regulated divorce proceedings, the division of property, the intra-family status of a woman, as well as the division of property. After the creation of the Soviet Union, the state authorities set a course for the emancipation of Kumyk women.

This was reflected in the publication of many decrees of the Soviet government, which equated the rights of women with men. However, contrary to the legal guidelines of the Soviet authorities, the patriarchal way of life and the dominance of Muslim and customary law continued to prevail in some villages.

Key words: gender, Kumyks, adat, sharia, aul, Dagestan, customary law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.003

F.G. SAFIN Doctor of History, professor, senior research scientist, Institute of Ethnological Studies named after R.G. Kuzeev, Ufa Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; professor, Ufa State Oil Technology University, Ufa, Russia

N.F. GALEEVA Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

S.V. SKOGOREV Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

ETHNIC AND LINGUISTIC IDENTITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE YAMALO-NENETS AUTONOMOUS OKRUG (1970-2010)

The article, based on the results of the All-Union and All-Russian Population censuses, examines the dynamics of ethnic and linguistic identity of ethnic groups in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug from 1970 to 2010. The Autonomous Okrug, whose population numbered about 80 thousand people in the early 1970s, due to the industrial development of oil and gas fields, is becoming one of the attractive regions for the migration flow from all over the former Soviet Union. The high migration flow contributed to the emergence of a new independent subject of the Russian Federation, inherent only in its ethnodemographic and ethnosocial features. It was found that at the beginning of the period under review, the indigenous peoples – Nenets (22.0%), Khanty (8.1%) and Selkups (2.1%), who make up a significant share, despite the increase in their number, sharply lose in the specific weight of the district, respectively – 5.7%, 1.8% and 0.4%. By the comparative method, it was revealed that despite a slight decrease in the number of indigenous peoples, the share of their recognition of the native language of their nationality remained at a very high level. By the end of the 1980s, the ethnic composition of the region's population had changed significantly. More than half of the population of the district were Russians (59.2%), 17.2% Ukrainians, 5.4% Tatars, 4.2% Nenets, 2.5% Belarusians, 1.5% Khanty and 10% other peoples. The ethno-linguistic identity of migrants, despite the predominant Russian-speaking environment, remained at a fairly high level in subsequent years, especially among the peoples of the North Caucasus – Kumyks, Nogais, Chechens and Lezgins. Among the peoples of the Near Abroad, Azerbaijanis, Kyrgyz, and Uzbeks have a high ethno-linguistic identity. In the conditions of a multinational district, the peoples living in the region, in order to preserve their native languages, create national cultural organizations. The main tasks of which are to conduct cultural events to revive national customs and traditions in a new place of residence.

Key words: ethnodemography, ethno-linguistic identity, native language, indigenous peoples, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, national cultural organizations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.004

I.A. GATAULLINA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Professor, Department of Sociology, Political Science and Management Institute of Engineering Economics and Entrepreneurship Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev, Kazan, Russia

SOVIET COMMUNITY AS A RESULT OF THE "CATCHING UP" HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT: THE PROBLEM STATEMENT

The review article attempts to examine: how the implementation of a model of accelerated socio-economic development leads to ambiguous historical consequences. The research focuses on Soviet society, whose structure, like that of imperial Russia, proved unable to maintain social equilibrium and statehood in the late Soviet period. The strengthening of administrative practices outpacing legal norms is identified as a prerequisite for the first weakening of social ties and then for the inevitable social transformation. In assessing the end result of the implementation of modernisation, the emphasis is placed on the need to take into account internal temporality. It is argued that a person's self-perception is not only a psychological category, but also a factor that preempts or, on the contrary, provokes the process of collapse of the social structure, first, and then, the state. It has been revealed that the Soviet community is the identification basis of current social groups, whose "maternal" features are already intertwined with new ones and form the structure of contemporary Russian society.

Key words: modernization, social transformation, identity, marginality, Soviet community.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.005

М.S. ISSAYEV PhD, senior lecturer, International Kazakh-Turkish University named after Khoja Ahmet Yesevi, Turkistan, Kazakhstan

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE VOLGA AND PRIURAL TATARS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE (END OF XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)

The article examines the activities of the Volga and Ural Tatars for the development of Kazakhs during the transition of the Kazakh steppes under the control of the Russian government. Noted. That after joining the Russian Empire, the habitual life of the Kazakhs underwent serious changes. It is emphasized that the influence of the Tatars was primarily reflected in the spiritual, cultural and educational sphere. People from among the Tatar intelligentsia were specialists most suitable for the activities of agents uniting the Kazakh steppe. It is concluded that under the influence of Tatar reformers and innovators, the Kazakh spiritual elite was formed, focused on innovative European values and Islam.

Key words: tatars, kazakh, cultural life, national movement, memory, Volga-Ural, Kazakhstan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.006

T.M. SHAVLAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher of the Department of Ethnology of the Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia

CLERGY OF THE HISTORICAL REGION OF CHECHNYA CHEBERLOY: ABDUL-HALIM NIZHALOYEVSKY (BASED ON FIELD MATERIALS)

The article is devoted to the life and work of Abdul-Halim Saralapov, a famous Chechen theologian from Nizhny Cheberloy. It is shown how a native of a simple peasant family living in a mountainous area devoted his entire adult life to the study of the Islamic religion. How carefully he conveyed the word of God to the masses, without ceasing his educational activities even in difficult times for the Chechen people. It is emphasized that the theologian Abdul-Halim was not an opponent of Soviet power, because he believed that any power is established by the will of the Almighty. However, the theologian insisted that no one, regardless of social status, should depart from God and remember the Loan Day, i.e. the question of God, whose existence was denied in the practice of the Soviet government, was uncompromising. The main conclusion is that the core component in the sermons of Abdul-Halim Nizhaloevsky was his deep confidence that only God-fearing people can be hardworking, peaceful and sincere in relationships. The talented speaker and people's diplomat Abdul-Halim left an indelible mark on Chechen society with his peacekeeping activities, which still remains unsurpassed in the skill of building the arguments necessary to achieve the goal.

Key words: Chechen Republic, Cheberloy, Nizhaloy, Abdul-Halim Saralapov, clergy, ethical and socio-philosophical views.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.007

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, professor of the Department of administrative law and administrative activities, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

M.A. GOLUBOV Candidate of Legal Sciences, associate professor, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and environmental protection of the Stavropol Territory, Stavropol, Russia

R.S. CHEMODANOV Graduate student, North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

KUBAN REGION COSSACKS LEGAL STATUS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY. CRISIS OF MILITARY CULTURE AND FIXATION OF A NEW FORMAL RELATIONS TYPE

This article is devoted to revealing the transformation of the system of the Kuban Cossacks during the period of the decline of the military culture of the XX century, when the military way of life gradually gave way to land relations and a useful probable life. The relevance of the study comes to the need to rethink the investigation of the reform of Alexander III and the exclusion of legal acts on the specifics of the emergence of the Kuban Cossacks system, including the course of service, legal proceedings and land relations. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results in the practice of searching for the legal and cultural identity of the modern Kuban Kazakh society, within the framework of the structure of applying the concepts of its coverage of memory, and especially in the state interest and social use of Cossack communities and organizations. Scientific novelty is found in the rethinking of the nature of the features and properties of the discovered acts published in the 1900s. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the system and indexation of industrial and land relations between representatives of the Kazakhstan region of the Kuban region at the beginning of the XX century. In the research discourse we use: special-historical methods, cases of application of anthropology and legal theory. Special-historical methods: narrative method, historical-genetic method, historical-systemic method, historical-typological method, modeling method, structural method, functional method. Historical anthropological methods: nomothetic method, idiographic method, index method. Methods of the theory of law: formal-logical, historical, systemic and functional. The results of the study reveal the specifics of the characteristics of decrees, orders and orders of the 1860s and 90s, as well as the results of the decrees of the early XX century, which formed the structure of the structure of the Cossack system of the Kuban region.

Key words: Kuban region, Cossacks, legal status, court, stanitsa, regulation, service.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.008

Z.KH. SULUMOV Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russia

S.A. BEGUEV Senior Lecturer, Department of Museum Studies and Culturology, Chechen State University named after A.A. Kadyrov; Senior Research Fellow, Department of the History of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Institute for Humanitarian Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Russia

THE HISTORY OF THE BUSINESS AND PUBLIC-POLITICAL ELITE OF CHECHNIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

The article examines the activities of Chechen entrepreneurs, for whom participation in social and political life has become a characteristic feature. Many entrepreneurs were engaged in social and political activities, which became the basis for the improvement of villages and cities, the development of education, science and culture, the construction of mosques and madrassas. A special place among the entrepreneurial and socio-political elite was occupied by spiritual personalities – shaikhs who were engaged in entrepreneurial and social activities in accordance with the norms of Islam.

Key words: entrepreneurs, social and political activities, spiritual personalities, education, science, construction of madrasahs and mosques.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.009

O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, professor, head of the educational department Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, professor of the Department of administrative law and administrative activities, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

R.S. CHEMODANOV Graduate student, North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, laboratory researcher, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

WAYS, METHODS AND MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL STEREOTYPES IN SOVIET SOCIETY (PRE-WAR PERIOD)

The article is devoted to the process of formation of social stereotypes in the Soviet society. Stereotypes, or mental cliches, an emotional image that has developed and settled in the mind, determine individual and social consciousness, influence a person’s choice of one or another model of behavior. Using numerous historical examples, the article shows the ways in which stereotypes were formed in the first decades of Soviet power. Such methods of stereotyping are traced as the creation of a new ideology and the introduction of simple images into the mass consciousness with the help of ideologems and mythologems; revival of patriotic feelings; appeal to traditional values; broadcasting the image of the enemy into the mass consciousness; widespread use of manipulation to control mass consciousness. Among the methods used, it is important to note such special historical methods as: the narrative method, the historical system method, the historical typological method, the method of historical modeling, structural and functional methods. The conclusion is made about the artificial stereotyping of the early Soviet society for the purpose of manipulating mass consciousness for political purposes.

Key words: stereotype, public consciousness, propaganda, ideology, mythologeme, norm, setting.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.010

V.M. GOROKHOV Independent researcher, Elder of the Russian community, Military Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

INVESTIGATION OF THE ORIGIN AND AUTHENTICITY OF THE "APPEAL TO THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE CITY OF ROSTOV ABOUT THE APPEARANCE ON AUGUST 11, 1942 AT COLLECTION POINTS FOR MOVING TO SAFE AREAS OF RESIDENCE"

The article presents the results of the source study "Appeal to the Jewish population of the city of Rostov about the appearance on August 11, 1942 at collection points for moving to safe areas of residence." The main goal of the research is to find out the origin of this document, study the method of its production, determine its time of appearance in the public space, compare it with other sources related to the topic, identify compliance with historical events, both on the date of the document and in the subsequent time, establish the reliability of the content information in it, determining its authenticity and legal correctness.

Key words: Great Patriotic War, genocide, Zmievskaya Balka, source study, correctness of historical documents.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.011

M.N. ISHEMGULOV Junior Researcher of the Department of Ethnopolitology Institute of Ethnological Research named after R.G. Kuzeev – Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ufa, Russia

D.A. KAMALETDINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

F.R. KULSHARIPOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Ethnopolitology, R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research – OSP of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF THE ETHNOSOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN MULTIETHNIC BASHKORTOSTAN IN A MARKET ECONOMY (1979-2010)

The article, based on the results of population censuses, examines the peculiarities of the transformation of the social structure of the population in a multi-ethnic Russian region, such as the Republic of Bashkortostan. The development of ethnosocial stratification in a multiethnic region in a market economy contributes to the growth of competition between ethnic groups for access to power, natural and material resources. The peculiarity of the Republic of Bashkortostan is that three ethnic groups – Bashkirs, Russians and Tatars in the national composition of the region, each of them, make up more than 1 million people. Therefore, the main divide in the competition for access to economic resources, the degree of their participation in privatization processes and ownership of property flows between representatives of these three nationalities. The ethnosocial structure of Bashkortostan society that developed in Soviet times was to a certain extent a kind of starting position in the transition period to a market economy. The adopted Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Republic to a certain extent created priority conditions for the titular group, which subsequently manifested itself in the arrangement of their representatives in the authorities. At the same time, the ethnosocial stratification of the population shows that the market economy has divided society not by nationality, but by their material and financial situation, dividing them into poor and rich. In this respect, the social stratification of the region's population has not escaped ethnic coloring. The strongest ethnosocial differentiation, as noted by a number of researchers, manifested itself among the titular group. Although, social stratification was also inherent, both for Russians and Tatars. At the same time, despite the difficulties of the crisis phenomena, the population of the republic, regardless of ethnicity, notes an improvement in their standard of living for the better.

Key words: social structure, polyethnic region, employment, economy, stratification, differentiation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.012

G.A. NAGAEVA Cand. Sci. (Theory and History of Culture), Assos. Prof., Department of the Engineering Disciplines and Management, Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute (Branch), Kuban State Technological University, Novorossiysk, Russia

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DRINKING BUSINESS IN RUSSIA IN THE PERIOD FROM THE XVI TO THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY: TO THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE ISSUE

The purpose of writing this article is to analyze the state regulation of the drinking business in Russia in the period from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century. The system of taxation in relation to the production, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages changed several times during the period under review. The farming system was replaced by an excise tax, then a state monopoly was introduced, and so on. The state authorities sought to find a universal solution to this issue - how, with regular replenishment of the treasury with taxes levied on drinking, to limit the development of drunkenness in Russia.

The article also presents an analysis of scientific literature on the study of the history of distillation in Russia, changes in legislation regarding the drinking business, the emergence of the teetotaling movement, medical research on the development of alcoholism.

Key words: drinking business, distillation, farming system, excise tax, state monopoly, commission agent, tavern, tavern establishment.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.013

N.N. OSKIN Candidate of technical sciences, senior researcher at the military institute (national defense administration) of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Federation Armed Forces, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF TELECOMMUNICATION ORGANIZATION DURING THE POSITIONAL PERIOD OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The basic provisions concerning the management of the telecommunications system, the organization of communications in the theater of war, the organizational and staff structure of communication units and their logistical support were rethought by the Russian Army command in the positional period of World War I. The Russian Army continued to develop telegraphic communications in terms of increasing the operational efficiency of information exchange (use of Bodo and Hughes devices at the communication centers of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief's headquarters, headquarters of fronts, armies and corps), as well as the creation of redundant (bypass) communication lines. It greatly increased the efficiency of command and control of the troops. In addition, the improvement of the operational characteristics of radio stations made it possible to increase the amount of information transmitted wirelessly. Telephone communication received additional development, and tapping telephone and radio conversations led to the emergence of «technical intelligence». During the period, telecommunication began to be considered as the technical basis of the command and control system, which required its separation into a separate branch of the armed forces. In this regard, the creation of radio telegraph divisions was a definite step forward. At the same time, organizational and staff measures carried out by the Russian Army Command did not lead to the formation of separate communication units, and telegraph companies continued to remain part of engineering regiments until the end of the war.

Key words: spark companies, information exchange, communication organization, radio station, radio communications, telephone networks, telegraph networks, telecommunication.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.014

O.V. YAGUDINA PhD (Historical), Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia

THE REASONS AND MAIN AREAS OF THE SPREAD OF THE OLD BELIEVERS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE ORENBURG COSSACK ARMY IN THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

The article examines the history of Old Belief among the Orenburg Cossacks. The author has studied the conditions and prerequisites for the appearance of a church schism in the territory of the army. The reasons for the spread of Old Believers and the preservation of its influence during the studied period are considered in detail. The article identifies the areas of the largest concentration of Old Believers, highlights the rumors and concord characteristic of this territory. Special attention was paid to statistical data on the movement of Old Believers in the second half of the XIX century, for which both archival materials and materials of pre-revolutionary and modern historical research were involved.

The author comes to the conclusion that the "old faith" was brought into the environment of the Orenburg Cossacks from the nearest territories by runaway peasants, as well as Cossacks from neighboring troops. The rapid spread of the split caused concern on the part of the authorities in view of the importance of this border region. There were centers of local Old Believers on the territory of the army, which had a significant influence several kilometers from the place of residence. The growth of the Old Believers continued throughout the studied period and was caused by the mistakes of local authorities, the proximity of the regions "infected" by the split, as well as natural growth.

The methodological basis of the study was made up of special historical methods, such as historical-systematic and descriptive. The author also adhered to the principles of modern historical science: scientific, historicism, objectivity.

The scientific value of the study consists in a consistent study of the appearance of the Old Believers on the territory of the Orenburg army. In comparison with other troops, the number of Old Believers was not so large, but at the same time it is an important part of the history of Orenburg region, since this factor influenced not only the religious life of the region, but also socio-political and cultural.

Key words: Orenburg Cossacks, Old Believers, church schism, Sakmarskaya village, Rassypnaya village, schismatics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.015

E.S. OBOLKIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor East Siberian branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk, Russia

THE ORIGIN OF THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE THROUGH THE PRISM OF HISTORIGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

Historiography is analyzed in order to highlight the features of the emergence and development of the social and political structure of the Old Russian state. The methods of scientific research are: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that in this work an attempt was made to generalize theories of the origin of the Old Russian state. This topic is especially relevant now, since the study of this issue allows us to holistically comprehend the features of the emergence and development of statehood and law in Ancient Russia, which influenced the state-legal development of Russia, it is also necessary to assume what the further development of the state and law of Russia will be.

Key words: historiography, the Old Russian state, theories of the origin of the Old Russian state, historical sources.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.016

T.M. SALIMURZAEV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History, Karachay-Cherkess State University named after U.D. Aliyev, Karachaevsk, Russia

THE ACTIVITY OF EMPLOYEES OF THE MUSEUM OF URBAN SCULPTURE TO SAVE MONUMENTS OF MONUMENTAL ART IN BESIEGED LENINGRAD

This article examines the activities of the employees of the Leningrad City Sculpture Museum in the Blockade ring during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 for the preservation and rescue of cultural and historical objects located in the open air. In the work, a special place is given to the overview analysis of the process of preserving monuments of monumental art during the siege of Leningrad and their classification for the full presentation of the rescued objects by the employees of the Museum of Urban Sculpture.

Goals and objectives: A comprehensive author's study of the activities of the Museum of Urban Sculpture during the Great Patriotic War to save monuments of monumental art in the open urban environment of Besieged Leningrad. A review analysis of the process of preservation of monuments of monumental art and their classification is proposed.

Methods: In the process of studying the problem of preservation and rescue of monuments of monumental art in an open urban environment, the employees of the Museum of Urban Sculpture used methods of overview analysis, classification, historical and logical.

Results: An analysis of the process of preservation and rescue of monuments was carried out, a group of monuments was identified and methods of technology for their preservation were described, taking into account the criteria we identified.

Conclusions: It is concluded that the result of the activities of the employees of the Museum of Urban Sculpture was the preservation and rescue of all objects entrusted to them: monuments and monuments in the amount of 68 units in an open urban environment. The successful result of the activities of museum workers who had no prior historical and practical experience in the world in saving such large and technically complex monuments became possible thanks to innovative and creative solutions and professionalism.

Key words: the Siege of Leningrad, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the Museum of Urban Sculpture, monumental art, the activities of museum workers, sculptures and monuments of the city of Leningrad.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.017

A.A. CHERETAEV Postgraduate student of the Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHERS PRINCE M.M. SHCHERBATOV AND N.M. KARAMZIN ON THE POLISH QUESTION

The article examines the assessments and views of Russian historiographers Prince M.M. Shcherbatov and N.M. Karamzin on the development of the Polish question in the context of the inclusion of Polish lands in Russia. Karamzin manages to identify not only the reasons for the fall of Poland, but also the danger of the Kingdom of Poland being part of the Russian Empire.

The problem-analytical method of research allows not only to highlight the state-ideological differences between Poland and Russia, according to Karamzin, as well as his negative views on the existence of the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Russian Empire.

Key words: the Polish question, the Kingdom of Poland, Sarmatism, Alexander I, Catherine II, Karamzin, Shcherbatov.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.018

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

HYMN TO THE LORD GOD (PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS RESEARCH IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) PART EIGHT

Starting from the content of the Constitutional norm about God (part 2 of Article 67.1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and analyzing the provisions of the Bible, religious-theological and philosophical literature, the author reveals the concepts of God, Hymn to the Lord God and forms of God glorification. Considering these concepts, the process of glorifying God is investigated.

Key words: God, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Bible, Hymn, thank the Lord God.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.019

O.V. SEMYONOVA Senior Lecturer at the Department of Public Administration in Foreign Policy Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia

SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING STRATEGIES BY THREE PLAYERS USING A VECTOR METHOD USING SPREADSHEETS

Matrix games are one of the decision-making methods. Games with three or more participants present a certain difficulty. In this case, the number of options for the outcomes of the interaction of the parties and the number of influencing factors increase. The decision will determine several possible strategies, and this is especially true for methods of long-term analysis. A combination of formal and expert methods is traditionally used in modeling socio-political processes. The outcome of solving the problem of game modeling largely depends on expert assessments. To solve the problem, it is advisable to use tripartite expert assessments.

Key words: Game theory, foreign policy decision-making, games with three players, matrix solution method, computer game model.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.020

M.A. IVANCHENKO Teacher, MGIMO MFA of Russia, Moscow, Russia

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT PARTY SYSTEMS IN ARGENTINA AND RUSSIA AT THE END OF THE XX CENTURY

The article is devoted to the consideration of the party-political systems of Russia and Argentina in the second half of the twentieth century. The relevance of the study is the change in the development of theparty systems in the modern world, which allows to draw the conclusion and suggest possible ways of development. The purpose of this work is a systematic analysis of the main stages in the formation of party-political systems in Russia and Argentina. The methodological basis of the study is based on the results of scientific objectivity, historicism and consistency. The methods used are system analysis, historical and control-legal methods, the method of comparison and deduction in terms of identifying alleged cases of development and identifying violations of legal norms that relate to the object of work and methods. As a result of a comparative analysis of the party-political systems of Russia and Argentina in the second half of the 20th century, it was found that everything in Russia took place in a tougher form. However, in Russia there were no such number of military coups as it was in Argentina.

Key words: party-political system, Argentina, Russia, stages of development, political parties.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.021

A.G. BOLSHAKOV Candidate of sociological and doctor of political sciences, docent, the head of department of conflictology at the Kazan (Volga Region) federal university, Kazan, Russia

M.KH. FARUKSHIN Doctor of philosophy, professor, professor-consultant of politology department at the Kazan (Volga Region) federal university, Kazan, Russia

NATIONAL LANGUAGES IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM: EXPERIENCE OF SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PUBLIC OPINION IN THE REPUBLICS IN THE REGION BETWEEN THE VOLGA RIVER AND URAL MOUNTAINS

The authors of the article proceed from the fact that the vulnerable position of the titular (state) languages of the peoples of the republics of the Volga and Ural regions is largely due to the state of their study in the school education system. At present, teaching these languages is carried out in two formats: in national schools, teaching is conducted in native language, which implies mastering the latter at a fairy high level; in Russian-speaking sсhools, it is studied with a voluntary choice as an independent subject or as part of a more general subject, or as part of a more general subject, along with the history and culture of the titular people.

The main objective of the article is to analyze the teaching of national languages in the republican education systems located in the named region on the basis of the empirical base that was compiled by sociological studies conducted by a group of scientists from Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University in the course of implementing a scientific project. The article examines the main problems that reflect the situation with the national languages of the Volga and Urals republics, the principles of voluntary and compulsory study of national languages in the education system.

Key words: national language, native language, public opinion, voluntariness of the language of study, obligatory nature of the language of study, federal educational standard, methods of studying the national language, research method.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.022

D.K. GRIGORYAN Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Duma under the President of the Russian Federation; Senior Lecturer of the Department of Criminalistics and Operational Search Activities of the Federal Budgetary Institution of the Russian Interior Ministry, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

LEGISLATIVE POWER-ELITE RESPONSE TO FAKE THREATS TO RUSSIA'S NATIONAL SECURITY

In the spring of 2022 in the Russian Federation providing for punishment for the public dissemination of deliberately false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. These amendments, called the "fake law", caused a wave of discussions in social networks: whether this law will work, and how fair its application is.

This article will consider both the judicial practice of the new article and the problematic issues of defining the concept and essence of discrediting.

Key words: power, discredit, public actions, rallies, prohibited symbols, special operation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.023

D.I. VOYNOV Postgraduate student of the Faculty of State and Municipal Administration of the North-Western Institute of Management, a branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY ON THE EXAMPLE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE YOUTH POLICY

In the article, from the point of view of the development of the regulatory framework, historical and international experience, the issues of forming young people, in a broad sense, into full-fledged participants in civil society are considered.

A study was made of the laws, orders and strategies governing youth policy in Russia, and the principles of the development of civil society with the involvement of the most powerful resource of youth. The dynamics of regulation of youth involvement in civil society as a legal entity is considered.

The article also considers the historical perspective of the development of relations between youth and society in the framework of the youth policy applied to youth.

For the possibility of an objective comparison, international experience in the implementation of youth policy is also given.

Key words: civil society, self-organization, youth, youth organizations, state youth policy, international experience.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.024

R.I. RAIMOV PhD student Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

TO THE QUESTION OF THE ATTITUDE OF VALIDI TOGAN AND MUSTAFA CHOKAY TO THE BASMACHE MOVEMENT IN CENTRAL ASIA

The article examines the views of Walidi Togan and Mustafa Chokai on the Basmati movement in Central Asia. It is noted that both leaders of the national movement had different attitudes to the methods of struggle, but were united in understanding the need for a common Turkic struggle to solve problems related to the formation of national states in the region. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Basmachi did not perceive a progressive program inspired by the ideas of the all-Turkic nationalist movement and Jadidism, it is emphasized that at present the political and public activities of Validi and Chokai, as well as their creative heritage remain in the field of view of researchers.

Key words: Validi Togan, Mustafa Chokai, Turkestan, Basmachestvo, Bolsheviks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.025

D.V. SAPRYNSKAIA PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Сountries, Moscow, Russia

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

SOME OF THE ASPECTS OF DEFINITION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN CENTRAL ASIA (THE LATE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURIES)

The article presents a number of approaches to the study of the minorities of the region and their cultural differences. Particular attention is paid to the differences between the Soviet and imperial scientific paradigms in relation to Central Asia. Conceptual aspects, such as, for example, the difference between essentialist and instrumentalist views, the idea of orientalism, etc., turned out to be beyond the scope of this article.

Key words: national minorities, Central Asia, the Russian Empire, the USSR, nation-building.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.026

I.B. BALASHOV Undergraduate student of the Faculty of International relations of the St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

I.N. NOVIKOVA Scientific director, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department European Studies Faculty of International relations of the St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

FEATURES OF ENERGY COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND GERMANY AT THE PRESENT STAGE

Energy cooperation between Russia and Germany is currently the greatest tandem in the field of international energy. However, in order to maintain this cooperation, it is necessary to make a lot of political, economic as well as diplomatic efforts – because there is a number of problems that hinder the development of this cooperation. In our previous article, the main attention was paid to the historical patterns of Russian-German energy. The purpose of the current article is to identify the features on which the modern energy interaction between Russia and Germany is based. Within this study, the advantages of Gazprom on the international market were highlighted, the possibilities of the Nord Stream and Nord Stream – 2 projects were explored, the regulatory documents of the European Union in the field of climate and market policy were analyzed, and the development of the sanctions policy of the „collective post-West” in relation to the Russian energy sector was traced. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from 2009 to 2022. The choice of 2009 as the beginning of the modern stage is associated with changes in EU legislation, changes in the climate agenda of Germany as well as the start of construction of the Nord Stream pipeline.

Key words: energy, natural gas, Russia, Germany, Gasprom.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.027

O.A. NESTERCHUK Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Professor of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); Professor of the Department of Political Science and Political Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

A.O. VORONTSOVA Expert of ANO «Academic Alliance», Moscow, Russia

V.O. GRISHIN Student of the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, Moscow region state university; Leading Project Manager of the Education Quality Assessment and Public Accreditation Department, ANO «Center for Student Programs of the Russian Youth Union», Moscow, Russia

THE TECHNOLOGY OF «SOFT POWER» IN US FOREIGN POLICY: FEATURES OF IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FIELD OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article discusses the implementation of «soft power» technology through various educational projects in the United States. The authors focus on the importance of education as a tool for instilling certain values through the mechanisms of political socialization. The formation of ideological attitudes of loyalty to the United States is formed not only at the expense of educational programs of American universities, but also at the expense of non-governmental foundations whose activities are supervised by the American administration. According to the authors, the main task of implementing «soft power» technology in the field of education is to recruit the political elite of other states and young people to form a pro-American political establishment and public sentiment.

Key words: political technologies, «soft power», political elite, education, political socialization, non-state funds.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.028

V.V. TITOV Candidate of Political Sciences, Leading Researcher, Financial University under the Government Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

GLOBALIZATION AS A FACTOR OF TRANSFORMATION OF NATIONAL AND STATE IDENTITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM

The article is devoted to the problem of the impact of globalization on the processes of transformation of national and state identity. Based on the analysis of various approaches to understanding the phenomenon of globalization, it can be stated that at the first stage, in the 1990th and early 2000th, this influence was viewed through the prism of the geopolitical and socio-cultural dominance of the West, the strengthening of the role of transnational political and economic structures, the dismantling of the value foundation of national identity. In the 2010th and beginning 2020th, a new polycentric model of global development is emerging, the key feature of which is the pervasive digital transformation of societies. Thus, the main challenge of «globalization 2» addressed to the national state and its identity today is the crisis of traditional institutions of political socialization, the formation of «virtual» identification constructs that are unstable and contain a significant conflict potential.

Key words: globalization, national-state identity, challenge, international terrorism, glocalization, digital transformation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.029

V.S. PLOTNIKOV PhD in Social Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Customs, Siberian State Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MODERN GEOPOLITICAL PARADIGM ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

The article is devoted to the influence of the modern geopolitical paradigm on the implementation of international law. Attempts by the Collective West, led by the United States, to subjugate sovereign states lead to the breakdown of the international law system that has been forming for many decades. The article provides examples of violations of international legal norms by the Collective West itself and, with its consent, by Ukraine. Preserving international law, Westphalian state system, sovereignty of states in its frameworks, sovereign in everything, including political decision-making, is urgent.

Key words: international law, geopolitical paradigm, Collective West, sovereignty, human rights, international humanitarian law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.030

URPER MEHMET Senior Lecturer at the Department of International Humanitarian Relations of St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE FORMATION AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ON THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKISH IN THE XXI CENTURY

This article discusses the main provisions of the concept of the process of foreign policy formation and decision-making, the relevance of which has been the subject of research since the second half of the 20th century in the context of international relations. The author analyzes the essential importance of memorandums and reforms of a constitutional nature, which today occupy an important place in the implementation of Turkey's foreign policy. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey has recently adopted bills of an appropriate nature, which could allow the Turkish state to take an active position in the Middle East region lately. As a result of this, relations with the states of the region would become even more favorable, and Turkey would gain real support from other countries on issues related to the EU, Cyprus and so on. Our main goal is to explore the active role of actors and state subunits in the formation and development of the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey. Along with this, the author tries to demonstrate the influence of the internal and external environment of responsible politicians on the decision-making process. In this study, with the help of analytical, comparative, including deductive and inductive methods, for the first time, the structure of state subunits that form the concept of Turkey's new foreign policy program is presented.

Key words: Turkey, Turkish foreign policy program, Russia, Decision-making process, International relations, Islam, geopolitics, geo-strategy, stability, Middle East.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.031

XIONG LEPING Ph.D., Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China

LIU ZIXI student, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China

CHINA'S POLICY AGAINST CORONOVIRUS AND SOFT POWER

This paper examines China's approaches and methods in combating the coronavirus and analyzes the reasons for the Chinese authorities' decisions to confront the covid. The paper is divided into three parts: China's anti-epidemic policy is an effective way to fight the coronavirus; the measures taken by China are a demonstration of its commitment to "human life first"; and China's successes are an example for the world. Using its experience, China implements the idea of a "Community of Human Destiny" and contributes to the international fight against covid and global development, thereby spreading its "soft power".

Key words: anti-epidemic policy, China, covid control, zero infection rate, soft power.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.032

S.S. VDOVIN PhD student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE KHANATE OF KHIVA WITH NEIGHBORS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

The article is devoted to the consideration of the relationship of the Khanate of Khiva with neighboring territories in the XI century. It is noted that relations with neighboring countries have not always been peaceful, open military clashes have taken place. Typical were the confrontations of the Khanate of Khiva with the Emirate of Bukhara, Iran, with the Kazakhs, with the Turkmen tribes, in particular, for the city of Merv. It is emphasized that the first half of the XIX century was one of the tense moments in the foreign policy of the Khanate of Khiva. It is concluded that the struggle was mainly for the border lands.

Key words: Khiva Khanate, Merv, Bukhara Emirate, Turkmens, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.033

A.R. GILFANOV Postgraduate student of Kazan (Privolzhsky) federal university, Kazan, Russia

UNESCO'S ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF PRESERVATION OF WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES

Since the adoption of the World Heritage Convention in 1972, the World Heritage List has been constantly evolving and expanding, and therefore there is an urgent need to strengthen the dissemination of guidelines on the implementation of the Convention in the participating States. Various expert meetings and the conclusions contained in UNESCO's periodic reports indicate the need to pay more attention to training and capacity-building in specific areas in which the participating States managing World Heritage sites need additional support. In this article, the author considered topical issues of the preservation of UNESCO's World Cultural Heritage, the structure of the organization and the requirements for participating states.

Key words: UNESCO, cultural heritage, ICOMOS, IUCN, preservation of cultural heritage.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.034

PH.А. PETROSYAN Postgraduate student of the Department of International Security and Foreign Policy of Russia, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia

SWEDEN JOIN NATO: FACTORS OF INSTABILITY

As part of this study, an analysis of parliamentary and public opinion in Sweden on the issue of the country's accession to NATO was carried out. The relevance of this issue is confirmed by the great resonance of the topic in the media, as well as the reaction of Russia, which announced the introduction of retaliatory measures against the actions of Sweden. The study used event analysis and statistical analysis of sociological data, analyzed the results of sociological surveys on the electoral preferences of Swedish citizens for the period from September 2018 to July 2022. The process of making a decision on Sweden's accession to NATO and the role of the political crisis of 2021 in this ., geopolitical turbulence and the pre-election situation in 2022. The hypothesis is confirmed that the policy of non-alignment of Sweden was simultaneously disrupted by unprecedented internal and external factors of instability. However, the leadership of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Sweden successfully used the ideological cliches of their political opponents to their advantage by abandoning the principle of "freedom from unions", as a result of which the party's ratings increased significantly and consolidated at a fairly high level. It is concluded that the Social Democrats have the opportunity to achieve the result of 2014 in the parliamentary elections in September 2022. The risks of using such a strategy are also highlighted. The presented study can be used in planning Russia's further foreign policy activities both in Sweden and in other states with similar domestic political parameters.

Key words: Sweden, NATO, internal politics, parliamentarism, parties.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.035

N.R. SHESTAKOV Candidate of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia

TO THE QUESTION OF THE BALKAN POLICY OF TURKEY IN RESPECT OF NATIONAL MINORITIES

The article is devoted to the problem of national minorities, we are talking about the Turkish community in the Balkans, in particular, in Bulgaria. It is noted that the Turks lived on the Balkan peninsula even before the formation of the Ottoman Empire, and after the liberation of Bulgaria and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Turks became national minorities and the problem of preserving national identity arose. It is emphasized that there are institutions in the structure of the Turkish Government that deal with the issues of the Turkish community abroad. It is concluded that the modern Turkish leadership pays sufficient attention to "soft power" in the Balkans.

Key words: national minorities, Turkish language, Turkey, Balkans, Bulgaria.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.036

A.A. SVIRIDOV master's student of the Faculty of Global Processes Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL CRISES CAUSED BY ENERGY FACTORS: THE CRISIS IN THE PERSIAN GULF IN 1990-1991

The article is devoted to the political crisis in the Persian Gulf associated with the desire of Iraq to seize the oil fields of Kuwait. The prehistory of the crisis is being studied: the Iran-Iraq war, the growth of Iraq's external debt and Saddam Hussein's policy towards Kuwait. The aims and measures of Iraq aimed at strengthening its influence in the region, and the danger of such actions for the world economy, are analyzed. The role of the UN and the USSR in attempts to influence the leader of Iraq and resolve the situation peacefully is considered. The contribution of the United States and the forces of the international coalition in overcoming this crisis is taken into account: diplomatic pressure and military intervention. The results of the crisis are summed up: the defeat of the Iraqi army, the economic damage to Kuwait and the environmental disaster in the Persian Gulf caused by the burning of oil wells. Conclusions are drawn about the international significance of this crisis.

Key words: diplomatic pressure, military intervention, threat to the global economy, the role of the UN and the international coalition.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.037

E.A. FADEEVA Master's student of the Faculty of Law, Moscow State Regional University, Mytishchi, Russia

PARTICIPATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE POLITICAL LIFE OF RUSSIA

The study of the reasons for the participation of young people in political life and how young people are involved in political activities is an important issue for both developed and developing countries. Research in this area began with general trends, and then moved on to specific country factors.

The purpose of the article is to determine the features of youth participation in political public associations. Analysis of theoretical sources on the problem of research, study of the results of surveys conducted (All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTSIOM), F.F. Foundation Ebert, Levada Center, the sociological laboratory of the Russian State University for the Humanities, etc.) The key result is that participation in public associations during training, especially in political ones, positively affects the future participation of young people in political life.

Conclusions. The political participation of young people was considered from the point of view of voting and expression of opinions on the Internet – participation in rallies, strikes or political parties was not analyzed. Nevertheless, the presented research helps to understand the key dependencies and trends of youth participation in political life in Russia at the present time.

Key words: participation in political life, voluntary association, extracurricular activities, participation in political life, youth, voting, expression of political opinion.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.89.8.038

R.R. ARSLANOV Master of International Relations, MGIMO, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT U.S. FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY AND RUSSIA'S POSITION ON IT

There is a high degree of misunderstanding between Russia and the United States, which is transforming into a permanent confrontation, especially vividly observed today. There is a significant conceptual gap between the American and Russian visions of the world, which does not allow the two countries to find common ground and pushes them to even greater rivalry. The purpose of this article is to analyze the paradigmatic and ideological foundations of the US foreign policy course and determine the degree of their divergence from the views of the Russian leadership on the world order. The author comes to the conclusion that Washington's neoconservative course has a high degree of duality and is aimed at achieving one goal – the formation of the United States as a world hegemon. Russia sees the world order differently and agrees to exist only in a multipolar, not an American-centric world, which gives the United States a reason to fight its ideological rival.

Key words: neoconservatism, realism, hypocrisy, indispensable nation, confrontation, multipolarity, rogue states.