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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 14. Issue 3 (108), 2024

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Syzdykova Zh.S. The Main Stages of the Settlement of the Astrakhan Turkmens and their Ethnographic Features
• Hasanov M.R. On the Historical Roots of the Unity of the Dagestani Peoples
• Gerasimov M.L. Transformation of the Russian Empire Foreign Policy Position on the Greek Issue in the Period from 1807 to 1832
• Gusev D.V. “It Seems to US that there is No Benefit from the Current Citizenship of the Greeks...” On the Issue of Relations Between Russians and Greeks on the Island of Paros in 1771
• Gusev P.Yu. Post-War State of the Agricultural Industry and Features of its Restoration in the Occupied Territories (by the Example of the Bryansk Region)
• Kovalenko O.Yu. The Experience of Forming a System of Physical Education in Suvorov Military Schools in 1943-1950
• Magomedova E.M. Tats – Historical Ethnos of the Caucasus
• Orlova D.I. Role of the Delegations of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR and BSSR in Resolving the Problem of Refugees and Displaced Persons (1945-1946)
• Temchuk E.I. Russia and the Peoples of Asia Minor in the Conditions of the First World War on the Caucasian Front
• Izotov I.A., Chigrin M.V. Training Process of Professional Staff for Advocacy in Pre-Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary Russia (Based on Materials of the Provinces of the Middle Volga Region)

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Lebedev I.Yu. Problems of Property in the Philosophy of New Times in the Works of T. Hobbes, J. Locke and Hegel G.-W.F.
• Pankov A.V. Modern Elitology: on the Way from Aristocracy to Non-Democracy

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Nikolaev N.P. Anthropocene – State of Emergency – Sovereignty
• Stoliar V.D. Practice of Electronic Voting Through the Lens of Technocratic Theories
• Chistov I.S., Kolpakov M.V. Use of Information Resources in the Formation of Reputational Capital on the Example of RF Subjects (Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Chuvash Republic)
• Urtaeva E.B. Formation of a New Political Leader: the Role of Image, Communications, and Strategy in Modern Politics
• Devterev V.V. The Development of the System of State Regional Government on the Example of the Rostov Region
• Asatryan B.A. Modeling of Political Governance in the Context of Changing Paradigms of Scientific Rationality
• Atamanenko A.A. Comics Culture as a National Memory Medium: Context, Features, Foreign Experience

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

• Pochinalina L.N., Maryina A.A., Olshanskaya L.V. Main Stages of Competitive Production in Bankruptcy of Legal Entities
• Shao Zixuan. Priorities and Directions for the Development of Anti-Corruption Work in China in the Next Five Years

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

• Alaudinov A.A. Modern Approaches to Conducting Hybrid Wars in the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany
• Vakhitov R.R. Concepts of Deterrence in Cyberspace
• Liangbobo. The System of International Relations in the Context of the Idea of a Multipolar World
• Seagal D.E. The Role of Transnational Corporations in Shaping US Foreign Policy
• Tabeykina E.K., Khutorova L.M. Lobbying of US Religious Organizations
• Akopyan G.A. Modern US Doctrine in the Fight Against International Terrorism: Problems and Prospects
• Wang Feixiang. Current Problems and Prospects for the Development of Russia and China
• Vlasov M.S. Features of the Information Confrontation Between Russia and the USA in the Hybrid War
• Tao Zilong. Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy and Sino-Kazakh, Sino-Russian and Sino-American Relations
• Pisarenko S.S. India's Strategic Balancing in the Indo-Pacific Region
• Xu Hao. The Trend of Globalization: the Rise of Nationalism and the Collapse of Transnational Cooperation
• Trufanova K.S. Stages of Escalation of Russian-American Relations under the Administration of J. Biden
• Logvinov D.V. Ideas of L. Mechelin on Russia-Finland Relations
• Ling Mengyuan. South Caucasus Research: Motivation, Characteristics and Development in Aspect Russian Literature
• Lu Po Lin. Current Status and Policy Orientation of Illegal Immigration and Refugee Issues in the EU
• Lian Weiyi. Chinese-Russian International Cooperation in the Field of Education and Youth Development

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

• Medvedev N.P. On the Question of Digitalization and Some Modern Trends in the Development of Science and Education

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.001

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN STAGES OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ASTRAKHAN TURKMENS AND THEIR ETHNOGRAPHIC FEATURES

This article is devoted to the consideration of the settlement of Turkmens living on the territory of Russia since the 19th century, whose main places of settlement were the Stavropol Territory and the Astrakhan region. It is noted that currently Turkmens live compactly in the Volga region of the Astrakhan region, in particular, in the villages of Atal and Funtovo-1 and Funtovo-2. Their number is about 2.5 thousand people. It is emphasized that according to written sources in Russia, Turkmen settlements first appeared in 1653 on the right bank of the Volga River, which then migrated to Stavropol. It is emphasized that the migration took place in two main waves. The descendants of the Igdyr Turkmen, along with the Chovdur and Soyunaji tribes, migrated to Astrakhan from the Mangyshlak peninsula in 1793. It is concluded that the main part of the Turkmen migrated from the Mangyshlak peninsula, and the resettlement process itself took place before the beginning of the 19th century.

Key words: Turkmens, Astrakhan region, tribes, settlement.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.002

M.R. HASANOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History, Dagestan State Pedagogical University named after. R. Gamzatova, Makhachkala, Russia

ON THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE UNITY OF THE DAGESTANI PEOPLES

The article examines the issue of the roots of the unity of the Dagestan highlanders. Based on the principle of historicism, based on data from sources and analysis of existing research, it presents material about the economic, political, cultural roots of the unity of the peoples of Dagestan. A prominent place in the article is occupied by examples of the joint struggle of the Dagestan highlanders against foreign conquerors; the significance of the annexation of Dagestan to Russia in the further development of ties between the Dagestan peoples is noted.

Key words: Dagestan, highlanders, Caucasus, conquerors, Russia, connections, trade, struggle, unity, roots, language.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.003

M.L. GERASIMOV Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FOREIGN POLICY POSITION ON THE GREEK ISSUE IN THE PERIOD FROM 1807 TO 1832

The beginning of the 19th century was a difficult, but at the same time full of bright events, period for the foreign policy of the Russian Empire, characterized by two directions: Western and Eastern. The Russian Empire was faced with the task of promoting its interests in the Eastern direction, without allowing damage to the country's interests in the European direction. In this policy, the Greek issue was only part of a complex of foreign policy decisions and processes and did not have the quality of a separate foreign policy direction, and certainly did not represent strategic importance for the foreign policy of the Russian Empire. However, over time, Russia’s foreign policy position on the Greek issue began to change, in connection with the formation of a new European security architecture, as well as the strengthening of the positions of the Russian Empire both in the western and eastern directions. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify and determine the features of the transformation of Russian foreign policy on the Greek issue. Accordingly, the main objective of the study is to analyze the foreign policy position of the Russian Empire on the Greek issue in three stages: in the pre-revolutionary period from 1807 to 1821, in the revolutionary period from 1821 to 1829, and in the post-revolutionary period from 1830 to 1832. The main research methods are: methods of general source study, historical periodization, as well as the principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and consistency. In particular, in order to fulfill the objectives, set in the study, the method of historical periodization is used based on the principle of consistency. Based on the results of the work, it was revealed that the position of the Russian Empire on the Greek issue before the revolution was dictated by interests in the European direction, and did not represent a separate foreign policy strategic direction. Only in the 1820s. The Greek question acquired significant significance in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire.

Key words: Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, foreign policy position, the Greek question, the Greek revolution.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.004

D.V. GUSEV Chief Specialist of the Russian State Naval Archives, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

“IT SEEMS TO US THAT THERE IS NO BENEFIT FROM THE CURRENT CITIZENSHIP OF THE GREEKS...” ON THE ISSUE OF RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIANS AND GREEKS ON THE ISLAND OF PAROS IN 1771

The article analyzes the position of Greek society in the initial period of the establishment of the protectorate of the Russian Empire over the islands of the Archipelago in January-March 1771 and the formation of the so-called “Archipelago Principality” in the conditions of the Russian-Turkish War of 1769-1774. There is a strong opinion in historiography that relations between the Russian military and the local population were good, however, documents from the Russian State Naval Archives also show a number of conflict situations between the peoples of the same faith in Russia and Greece. The office of the Russian squadron located in the Archipelago has both official documents calling on the Greeks to come under the protection of Empress Catherine II and executed in solemn and friendly tones, as well as private complaints from the Greeks about the periodic cruel treatment of Russian soldiers towards them. A comparison of these two types of documents suggests the extent to which such conflict cases were perceived as the norm. The purpose of the work is, based on the cited sources, to analyze the features of Russian-Greek relations on the island of Paros in the context of the First Archipelago Expedition. The methodology of the work is based on the principle of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. Historical-comparative and microhistorical methods are used as a methodological basis. In the process of research, the author comes to the conclusion that cases of oppression of the local population as a whole did not have a significant impact on the perception of the role of Russians in the war with the Turks, and the Greeks themselves continued to see Russia as a friendly country capable of continuing to provide assistance and protection to their coreligionists.

Key words: First Archipelago Expedition, Admiral G.A. Spiridov, Count A.G. Orlov, Ottoman Greece, history of the Navy, Russian-Greek relations, Russian State Naval Archives (RSNA).

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.005

P.Yu. GUSEV Graduate student of Bryansk State University named after ak. I.G. Petrovsky, Bryansk, Russia

POST-WAR STATE OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY AND FEATURES OF ITS RESTORATION IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE BRYANSK REGION)

This article describes the restoration process of collective farms, state farms and MTS. It describes in detail the damage caused by the invaders and the consequences for the region and the country as a whole. The influence of weather factors on this process and government assistance in this and other issues are also described. In addition, this scientific article uses materials from such prominent researchers as Nicolas Werth and Rudolf Pihoya, as well as materials from the State Archive of the Bryansk Region (GABO). It also outlines the importance of social interaction and unity in the difficult recovery process. Considerable attention is paid to the role of the state and, in particular, political authorities, in coordinating interactions and overall coherence.

Key words: MTS, collective farm, agriculture, revival, assistance.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.006

O.YU. KOVALENKO Lecturer at the Department of Culture, Military University named after Prince Alexander Nevsky of the Ministry of defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE EXPERIENCE OF FORMING A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SUVOROV MILITARY SCHOOLS IN 1943-1950

The article examines and analyzes the experience of forming a system of physical education in Suvorov military schools in 1943-1950. Based on normative legal acts, memoir sources and publications in periodicals, archival materials from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the dynamics of the process of formation in Suvorov military schools of the direction of activity aimed at physical training of pupils is presented, the main problem areas are identified and ways of solving them are shown in the designated historical period.

Key words: Suvorov military school, physical education, physical training, physical development, Suvorov students, sports.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.007

E.M. MAGOMEDOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of History of Dagestan State Pedagogical University named after R. Gamzatov, Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan, Russia

TATS – HISTORICAL ETHNOS OF THE CAUCASUS

The article is devoted to some issues of the Tat ethnic group. In order to strengthen their positions in Dagestan, the Sasanian rulers resettled the Tato-speaking population from Iran in the early Middle Ages to the settlements of Southern Dagestan, in particular, the Derbent and Tabasaran regions. The Tats were resettled in the village. Zidyan, Bilgadi, Kamakh, Gimeidi, Maragha, etc. The Tat language belongs to the Iranian group of languages.

Key words: Tats, Derbent, Dzharag, Kamakh, Dagestan, Sasanians, culture, language.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.008

D.I. ORLOVA Postgraduate student, Department of Russian History, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

ROLE OF THE DELEGATIONS OF THE USSR, UKRAINIAN SSR AND BSSR IN RESOLVING THE PROBLEM OF REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS (1945-1946)

The article, based on archival sources and historiographic data, provides a detailed description and detailed analysis of the very initial stage of the work of the delegations of three subjects of international relations (USSR, Ukrainian SSR, BSSR) in the UN Special Committee, which met in London on April 8, 1946, as well as in the subcommittees controlled by the UN. The purpose of the article was to analyze and determine the strategy and tactics of the activities of the Soviet delegations in conditions of confrontation and the division of representatives of 20 countries into two groups, which in some cases and circumstances diplomatically, in others – in the style of realpolitik, declared the differences and irreconcilability of their positions on key issues of the decision problems of refugees and displaced persons in the post-war period.

To study the stated topic, the article used methods such as historicism and objectivity. A comprehensive analysis of documents was carried out in conjunction with comparative research principles. An attempt at terminological analysis was also made.

Thus, the role and activities of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR and BSSR in international politics to resolve the issue of refugees and displaced persons, as one of the vulnerable categories of post-war society, the legislative fixation of their rights at the international level, and the approval of possible options for arranging their destinies were revealed. The article reflects the colossal diplomatic work of the Soviet delegations.

Despite the initial mutual agreement of principles in eliminating the problem of refugees and displaced persons on the part of the three Great Powers, namely, the humane repatriation of citizens, opposition emerged during further discussion of the issue. The policies of the countries concerned were aimed at satisfying personal interests and using human potential for the needs and goals of their country.

Key words: refugees, displaced persons, Special Committee on Refugees and Displaced Persons.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.009

E.I. TEMCHUK Military University of the Ministry of Defense, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA AND THE PEOPLES OF ASIA MINOR IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON THE CAUCASIAN FRONT

The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship that developed between the Russian military-civil administration and the national-religious groups inhabiting the regions of Turkey occupied by the Russian Empire during the First World War, as well as to analyze the basic principles of the national policy of the military general government in relation to the local population.

Key words: World War I, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Caucasian Front, civil-military administration, Armenians, Greeks, Turks, Kurds.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.010

I.A. IZOTOV Dissertation of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

M.V. CHIGRIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

TRAINING PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL STAFF FOR ADVOCACY IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY AND POST-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA (BASED ON MATERIALS OF THE PROVINCES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)

This article is devoted to the analysis of the process of training professional personnel in the provinces of the Middle Volga region for the legal profession in pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary Russia. The authors of the work: examined the systemic process of training sworn attorneys in pre-revolutionary Russia using the example of training professional personnel at the Imperial Kazan University and analyzed the professional competencies of sworn attorneys; the features of the process of training future lawyers in higher educational institutions of post-revolutionary Russia are revealed. The study revealed that, due to the high interest of the population in the legal industry, there was a regular influx of students into educational institutions who wanted to go to work in the legal profession in the future. However, not all graduates of educational institutions later became lawyers due to difficulties with finding employment and reluctance to work for a long time for low wages.

Key words: Advocacy, Imperial Kazan University, sworn attorneys, Simbirsk State University, Middle Volga region.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.011

I.YU. LEBEDEV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State Regulation of Economics, Faculty of MIGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

PROBLEMS OF PROPERTY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF NEW TIMES IN THE WORKS OF T. HOBBES, J. LOCKE AND HEGEL G.-W.F.

The views of T. Hobbes in understanding the role of the state on the problem of justice and property. J. Locke on the state of property in civil society. The doctrine of the “natural” and “civil” state of society. Anthropic principle of the origin and essence of property. Hegel's views on property as the existence of free will. Ownership and production. The role of property in the formation of the type of human personality.

Key words: legal laws and property, justice, freedom, civil society, natural law, property of intellectual work, the existence of free will, alienation of man from the means of production and property, type of human personality, legal law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.012

A.V. PANKOV Postgraduate student of the South Russian Institute management – branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

MODERN ELITOLOGY: ON THE WAY FROM ARISTOCRACY TO NON-DEMOCRACY

The article examines the processes of institutionalization of elitism as a separate scientific field based on the conceptual provisions of political science, sociology, cultural studies, philosophy and other social sciences that explore the problems of leadership and power relations. The analysis of the transformation of elitist concepts made it possible to identify the main trends in changes in ideas about elites and their role in society, depending on the dominant technological structure. Currently, there is a transition to an information non-democratic society, which determines the emergence of a new type of elites, which can be called digital elites.

Key words: elites, elitology, netocracy, aristocracy, political processes, elitogenesis, circulation of elites.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.013

N.P. NIKOLAEV Professor of the National Research University «Higher School of Economics», Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Property, Land and Property Relations, Moscow, Russia

ANTHROPOCENE – STATE OF EMERGENCY – SOVEREIGNTY

The article analyzes the impact of socio-political recognition of the onset of the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch on the problem of sovereignty. The author shows that the theory of the onset of the Anthropocene, which postulates the anthropogenic nature of all biogeophysical changes on the planet and is the basis of international climate policy, is becoming part of the global political discourse. The unprecedented changes in the state and history of humanity, expressed by the theory of the Anthropocene, are also becoming an unprecedented political problem. The Anthropocene, as part of the political, has a number of unique characteristics that are capable and tend to completely change existing political paradigms. This leads to a situation that is exceptional in relation to existing norms, which is the justification for a state of emergency. The latter, in turn, challenges sovereignty as such, which cannot but cause a response from nation states. The author shows that a feature of the confrontation between supporters of the Anthropocene theory and adherents of sovereignty is competition for the right to declare a state of emergency. The purpose of the article is to understand the Anthropocene as a new political phenomenon and its impact on the global political space. In this vein, the study represents the first attempt at a scientific analysis of the Anthropocene as part of the political sphere.

Key words: anthropocene, state sovereignty, state of emergency.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.014

V.D. STOLIAR Phd student, IP RAS, Moscow, Russia

PRACTICE OF ELECTRONIC VOTING THROUGH THE LENS OF TECHNOCRATIC THEORIES

The purpose of the article is to consider the practice of remote electronic voting through the prism of technocratic theories. It is technocratic theories, in our opinion, that can serve as the basis for describing the practices of introducing new technologies into public administration.

The work consists of two parts. In the first part, the theoretical basis of technocracy will be analyzed, the definition of the concept, its history and theoretical ideas about technocratic theories that are relevant for the present time will be considered. This part will also examine the concept of scientism as a broader theoretical framework on which technocratic theories are based. The second part of the article examines the practice of electronic voting from the point of view of technocratic theories. Examples of the current use of electronic voting in various countries are described, trends in improving the technology of remote electronic voting are noted, and prospects for further practical use of this technology are presented.

In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the role played by electronic voting at the current stage of development of human society. The conclusions are presented both from the theoretical concepts discussed in the text of the article and from cases of the practical use of this technology.

Key words: elections, electronic voting, technocratic theories, scientism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.015

I.S. CHISTOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and History State and Law Law Institute of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

M.V. KOLPAKOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and History State and Law Law Institute of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

USE OF INFORMATION RESOURCES IN THE FORMATION OF REPUTATIONAL CAPITAL ON THE EXAMPLE OF RF SUBJECTS (REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN, REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN, CHUVASH REPUBLIC)

The article studies the peculiarities of the use of information resources in the formation of reputational capital in the subject of the Russian Federation. Digitalization is an important factor in the development of modern regions, affecting their competitiveness and economic growth. The reputation of power is associated with the category of trust, and in relation to political institutions it is considered as a resource of the state's reputational capital and a kind of bridge over the abyss of uncertainty between power and society. In this regard, reputation capital should be considered as a kind of integral indicator of social efficiency of power, ensuring political stability. Positive reputation is an invaluable asset due to the possibility of identification of the subject with the help of values (identities) that have strong social legitimacy. Using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Chuvash Republic, the authors analyze the impact of information flows on the processes of formation and management of reputation. The article considers key aspects of the use of modern technologies in the sphere of information exchange and their impact on the subjects' reputation strategies. The study includes the analysis of social media, Internet resources and other information platforms in order to identify the specifics of the impact on the reputation of regions. The results of the work can be used for effective management of reputational capital at the level of regional subjects and in the development of strategies to improve the image of these territories.

Key words: information resources, reputation capital, constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.016

E.B. URTAEVA PhD in Politics, associate professor of the Department of Regional Governance and National Politics Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Odintsovo branch, Odintsovo, Russia

FORMATION OF A NEW POLITICAL LEADER: THE ROLE OF IMAGE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND STRATEGY IN MODERN POLITICS

Subject of research: the role of image, communications, and modern political strategy in the formation of new leaders in Russian politics. Methods: literature review, institutional analysis, critical conceptual analysis of scientific literature about research, survey of experts, in-depth interview. Results: the history and modernity of studying aspects of the formation of a new political leader is considered, the significance of the corresponding work for modern Russian politics is characterized. The concept of the image of a new political leader is presented, and preferences for leadership qualities in the views of youth and professional experts are characterized. The specifics of modern communications in the formation of a new political leader are revealed, considering the opinions of experts, and the need to combine modern and traditional forms and channels of political communication is shown. Current strategies for the formation of a new political leader are presented, and the expert choice of the preferential use of communication strategies is discussed. The research materials can be used in practical work on the formation of new political leaders, their education and political promotion. Conclusions and recommendations: the need to create a unique and attractive image of the new political leader is emphasized. Based on the results of the study, practice-oriented recommendations were proposed on key projections for the formation of a new political leader in modern Russian politics.

Key words: political leader, new political leader, politics of the Russian Federation, image of a politician, mass communications, digital communications, political strategies, political communications.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.017

V.V. DEVTEREV Postgraduate student, South-Russia Institute of Management – Branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF STATE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ROSTOV REGION

The article is devoted to the analysis of the history and current state of the system of state regional management on the example of the Rostov region of the Russian Federation. It examines the evolution of regional authorities since the early 1990s, when significant political changes took place that led to the formation of new power structures in response to the loss of the position of the CPSU and the need to adapt to new economic and social conditions. The author analyzes the processes of reorganization of local government in the context of the political and economic crisis, as well as the consequences of the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation for regional governance. Special attention is paid to changes in the distribution of powers between the federal center and the regions, the formation of municipal government and the interaction of various levels of government with public and business structures. The article also highlights the conduct of elections and the formation of.

Key words: region, subject, Russian Federation, state, municipal government, federal center.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.018

B.A. ASATRYAN Head of the regional branch of the All-Russian organization "New Formation", Assistant to the Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of the Rostov region, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

MODELING OF POLITICAL GOVERNANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING PARADIGMS OF SCIENTIFIC RATIONALITY

The article examines from the point of view of various, inscribed in the relevant substantive and relational ontologies, theoretical and methodological approaches (kratological, structural and functional, institutional, communicative, actor-network, etc.) and their historical genesis, systemic structural and functional elements and organizational principles of political management; theoretical and methodological and applied modeling problems are highlighted political management in modern political science, related to the requirement of objectivity, experimental verification of a scientific hypothesis, the theory of "ideal types", "attribution to value" (M. Weber), etc.; correlations between the change of types of scientific rationality and the evolution of paradigms of political management, which are correlated with the classical, non-classical and post-non-classical paradigm of scientific rationality and the corresponding objects of research of simple linear, complex, self-developing nonlinear socio-political systems, are analyzed.

Key words: political management, theoretical and methodological modeling, types of scientific rationality, simple linear, complex, self-developing nonlinear socio-political systems, ideal type.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.019

А.А. ATAMANENKO Junior researcher, department of political science, Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences (INION) RAS, Moscow, Russia

COMICS CULTURE AS A NATIONAL MEMORY MEDIUM: CONTEXT, FEATURES, FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The article analyzes various aspects of the relationship between comics and political communication, emphasizing their importance as a means of forming national identity. The purpose of the article is to explore the role of comics in preserving and transmitting the historical memory of nations.

The study reveals that comics not only reflect past events and personal stories, but also actively participate in the creation of a collective historical narrative. The article draws attention to the variety of approaches to representing the past in comics, including graphic novels, historical comics, and comics adaptations of constitutions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the political and educational aspects of comics, identifying their role in teaching citizenship and the formation of critical thinking. The study also highlights the need to develop a methodological framework for the systematic study of comics as a source of national memory. Overall, the article represents an important contribution to the understanding of comics as a means of transmitting and interpreting historical events and the values of national culture.

Key words: collective memory, national identity, mass culture, comics culture, historical memory.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.020

L.N. POCHINALINA Candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

A.A. MARYINA Candidate of legal sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

L.V. OLSHANSKAYA Candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence ANO VO "Moscow International University", Moscow, Russia

MAIN STAGES OF COMPETITIVE PRODUCTION IN BANKRUPTCY OF LEGAL ENTITIES

This article analyzes the current problem of regulating the bankruptcy process within the framework of legislation. The authors examine in detail the key stages of bankruptcy proceedings, emphasizing their importance for ensuring legal clarity and economic stability. The main attention is paid to the need for a bankruptcy procedure, which, according to the authors, is an important tool for maintaining the stable functioning of the country's economy, especially in the context of the increasing number of recorded cases of bankruptcy. The article also highlights the importance of clearly defining the timing of bankruptcy proceedings to ensure the efficiency and predictability of the process. Moreover, attention is drawn to the role and functions of the bankruptcy trustee, who plays a central role in managing the bankruptcy process, including asset valuation, debt management and distribution of funds to creditors. The procedure for satisfying creditors' claims and the payment procedure are also covered in detail, since these aspects are key points affecting the interests of all participants in the process. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the bankruptcy procedure, highlighting its complexity and complexity, as well as its importance for economic progress and legal protection for market participants. It is concluded that bankruptcy proceedings are an effective measure of legislative regulation that plays a key role in creating a favorable business environment, proportionately satisfying the claims of creditors and maintaining the economic stability of the country. At the same time, it is emphasized that bankruptcy proceedings not only help resolve financial difficulties, but also ensure a fair distribution of resources between creditors. Thus, the article contributes to the development of the discussion about the role of bankruptcy proceedings in the bankruptcy of legal entities and can serve as the basis for further analysis and development of various strategies in this area.

Key words: bankruptcy, bankruptcy trustee, creditor, bankruptcy estate, Bankruptcy Law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.021

SHAO ZIXUAN Graduate student of Moscow State University, Higher School of Cultural Policy and Management in the Humanities, Moscow, Russia

PRIORITIES AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-CORRUPTION WORK IN CHINA IN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS

What is the biggest threat to political parties in any country? This is corruption. The “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party's Hundred-Year Struggle” states unequivocally: “Corruption is the greatest threat to the long-term governance of the Party, and fighting corruption is the most important task. This is a political struggle that cannot and should not be lost” [1]. The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China recently published the "Work Plan of the Central Anti-Corruption Coordination Group (2023-2027)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"). It explains the guiding ideology of work for the next five years, and also clarifies the requirements for investigating and solving problems of corruption by the Party Central Committee. Similar plans have existed before, so the question arises: why does this plan deserve more attention from the global anti-corruption academic community? Understanding and studying this issue is critical for today's anti-corruption scholars and makes its analysis the purpose of this article. To achieve it, the following tasks are being solved: the features of the Central Coordination Group for the Fight against Corruption are determined; characterized by the Plan and the key areas of its application. Based on the study, the following conclusions were drawn: firstly, China’s anti-corruption campaign is unlikely to be softened, let alone stopped; secondly, the current anti-corruption campaign is different from the past. In the next few years, China will strengthen its management of new types of corruption and hidden corruption; Thirdly, the goal of the fight against corruption is to eliminate both its symptoms and root causes.

Key words: China, planning, Central Anti-Corruption Coordination Group, anti-corruption, government.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.022

А.А. ALAUDINOV Candidate of Political Sciences, commander of the AKHMAT special forces ‒ deputy commander of the 2nd Army Corps of the 8th Army, Southern Military District, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

MODERN APPROACHES TO CONDUCTING HYBRID WARS IN THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY

This paper explores the concepts of hybrid warfare of four NATO member countries: USA, Great Britain, France and Germany. The use of means and methods of hybrid warfare is considered by these countries as an alternative to the means and methods of traditional wars and armed conflicts.

The purpose of this work is to identify the most important approaches in the hybrid wars of four key NATO countries. Research objectives: 1) to identify the key features of the concepts of hybrid wars of the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany; 2) to show which methods and means of hybrid wars are of interest to these states.

Methodology. In addition to general scientific methods, including analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, the study used comparative and systematic approaches, as well as document analysis.

Results. The main results of the study include the identified approaches in the hybrid wars of the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany. It has been revealed that the United States uses methods and means of non-kinetic and kinetic types of hybrid warfare and uses them on a global scale. The United Kingdom, France and Germany are also active participants in hybrid wars, especially in the cognitive and cyber spheres.

Conclusions. The developed concepts and practical developments of hybrid wars are actively applied by the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany against Russia, supporting the Kiev regime and providing it with comprehensive support in an attempt to inflict a strategic defeat on it. Counteraction measures on the part of Russia are proposed to neutralize the means and methods of hybrid warfare used against it by NATO countries, primarily information and psychological operations.

Key words: hybrid wars, USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, information and psychological operations, cognitive wars, cyber wars.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.023

R.R. VAKHITOV Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

CONCEPTS OF DETERRENCE IN CYBERSPACE

The article is devoted to a current topic in the field of development of cyber technologies in the modern world, namely the concepts of deterrence in the cyberspace field. It is noted that at the beginning of the 21st century, digitalization is forming new guidelines in the field of warfare in all spheres: ground, air, space. The study develops general concepts and rules for deterrence of states and, in particular, reviews the concept of deterrence in cyberspace. The analysis establishes that the concept of cyber deterrence differs significantly from the classical concepts of deterrence in nuclear or other areas. It turns out that in the field of cyberspace it is important not only to communicate clearly, but also to demonstrate the effectiveness of one’s cyber capabilities. The article shows that not only our capabilities as an aggressor state, but also, in particular, the circumstances of the defending side are crucial for the deterrence effect. Her exposure to threats is largely determined by how he discovered his vulnerability. This approach provides not only objective protection from cyber threats, but also the auxiliary impact of threats. Therefore, strategic improvement of resilience in the states of their system remains necessary.

Key words: cyber technologies, international relations, cyber security, cyber threats, deterrence concepts.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.024

LIANGBOBO Graduate student, International Relations of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, History of international relations and foreign policy, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, China

THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IDEA OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD

This article presents theoretical l approaches to assess the creation of multipolarity of this world in the context of international relations. The purpose of the article is to determine the advantages of the system of international relations built on the principle of multipolarity in comparison with the unipolar system. Methods used in this article: the comparative method, method of political analysis, historical method. The results of the study showed that the multipolar system of international relations is more promising, because the multipolar model of the world order corresponds to the interests of all countries in the process of globalization. The author of the article, comparing the multipolar world with unipolar one, concludes that multipolarity is the main factor in the geopolitical shape of the modern world, because it promotes the development of political, economic and cultural interactions between countries and peoples.

Key words: international relations, multipolarity, unipolarity, bipolarity, globalization, hegemony.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.025

D.E. SEAGAL Graduate student, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE ROLE OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN SHAPING US FOREIGN POLICY

The article examines the influence of globalization and technological innovations on the strategies of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the modern economy. The authors analyze the role of TNCs as key players on the international stage, emphasizing their significant contribution to research and development activities, which in many cases surpass the R&D budgets of entire countries. The article also discusses the shift in the balance between traditional factors of production and the new focus on human capital and information technologies as key elements in creating competitive advantage. Furthermore, it considers the theoretical and historical context of TNC development and their role in global politics, as well as the influence of the media, particularly the «CNN effect», on shaping public opinion in the context of the Ukrainian crisis and perceptions of Russia.

Key words: globalization, transnational corporations, R&D, information economy, technological progress, human capital, competitive advantages, global politics, CNN effect, Ukrainian crisis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.026

E.K. TABEYKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

L.M. KHUTOROVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Pedagogy, Kazan State Energy University, Kazan, Russia

LOBBYING OF US RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

The article talks about the fact that issues related to lobbying are relevant in the scientific literature. The origins of this concept have not been precisely established. For example, the opinion is voiced that the name comes from the reception room of the English Parliament, the “lobby”, where people gathered who were waiting to be received to introduce a new bill or amend existing legal acts. Other sources trace the origin of this term to a statement by the 18th US President W. Grant, who by it meant petitioners gathering in the hotel lobby. In its modern meaning, this term began to be used in the United States at the beginning of the 19th century. According to most researchers, lobbying is the practice of putting pressure on government officials by a group of people or an individual using means that do not violate existing laws. The goal of lobbying is to achieve the adoption of a particular law or decision.

Key words: lobbying, parliament, church, religion, human rights activist, state, practice, law.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.027

G.A. AKOPYAN Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

MODERN US DOCTRINE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The US doctrine in the fight against terrorism is one of the main components of the country's security policy. It is based on the principles of preventive action, coordination with international partners and the use of a variety of tools to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism.

At the center of the doctrine is the principle of constant monitoring and analysis of threats, which allows the government to take measures to prevent terrorist attacks before they occur. This includes collecting information by various specialized services, conducting operational activities, and forecasting possible scenarios.

The doctrine also implies cooperation with other countries, governments and international organizations in the fight against terrorism. Joint operations and information sharing help identify and neutralize terrorist threats in their early stages.

Despite the multilateral scope of the state’s activities to eliminate the terrorist threat in the world, there are serious problems that can affect the vector of anti-terrorism activities.

In general, American doctrine in the fight against terrorism is a comprehensive and flexible strategy based on threat control, cooperation with other countries and preventive measures. It contributes to ensuring national security and maintaining peace and stability in the world community.

Key words: doctrine, approaches, anti-terrorism activities, USA, problems, national security strategies, development prospects.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.028

WANG FEIXIANG Ph.D. of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA AND CHINA

The article discusses issues related to current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China. The purpose of the study is to study current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China, to identify the main features and traits. Basic research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of developing partnerships between Russia and China in the long term. The process of interaction between Russia and China in various fields and areas of activity has been studied: politics, science, culture, trade, etc. The impact of digitalization on the commodity structure of China's exports is considered. The dynamics of oil exports from Russia to China are analyzed. The increase in demand for gas and oil from 2015 to 2040 was studied. According to different forecast options. The author of the article notes that there are great development prospects for partner countries in various fields and areas of activity. To successfully implement the set goals and objectives, it is necessary to develop a long-term development strategy, determine approaches and mechanisms for influencing economic, political and other processes, identify possible problems and risks, and also evaluate the effectiveness of the result obtained.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to study current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China, to identify the main features and traits.

Methods: Basic research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others.

Results: Current problems and prospects for the development of Russia and China were studied. The main features and traits are revealed.

Conclusions: In the modern development of Russian-Chinese cooperation, there is a variety of areas of interaction, including powerful exchanges at the highest level, economic and humanitarian integration. There are also many problems that require immediate attention and solutions. The success of achieving the set goals and objectives will depend on management policies, the level of development of international cooperation, as well as internal and external environmental factors.

Key words: current problems, development prospects, Russia, China, cooperation, trade, export.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.029

M.S. VLASOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and history of state and law of the Law Institute Russian Friendship University peoples named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF THE INFORMATION CONFRONTATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE USA IN THE HYBRID WAR

At the beginning of the work, the author analyzes the history of the emergence of hybrid wars, but the main focus is on the information component of a hybrid war, which contains propaganda, counter-propaganda, the creation of disinformation, fake news and the use of rumors to manipulate public opinion and undermine trust within enemy societies.

The article examines the specific strategies and tactics of information warfare used by Russia and the United States, such as cyber attacks, psychological operations and strategic communication, and the author points out the differences in the information strategies of the two countries due to their historical, cultural and political characteristics. It analyzes successful and unsuccessful examples of information campaigns in hybrid conflicts, such as the annexation of Crimea, the conflict in eastern Ukraine and the fight against terrorism, and then highlights the consequences of information operations for international relations, in particular, increasing international isolation and the imposition of sanctions. At the conclusion of the work, the author writes about economic codependence, despite political differences between Russia and the United States.

Key words: hybrid war, information confrontation, Russia, USA, propaganda, cyber attacks, psychological operations, disinformation, strategic communication, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.030

TAO ZILONG Postgraduate Student, Department of Political Science, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, China

KAZAKHSTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY AND SINO-KAZAKH, SINO-RUSSIAN AND SINO-AMERICAN RELATIONS

Introduction: Kazakhstan's foreign policy is undergoing significant changes due to the strengthening of China's role in the region and the world. Kazakhstan, being at the junction of the interests of key players – China, Russia and the United States, seeks to pursue a multi-vector policy, balancing between them. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of Kazakhstan's foreign policy in the context of Sino-Kazakh, Sino-Russian and Sino-American relations.

Materials and methods: Qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis are used in the work. A systematic analysis of documents, agreements and public statements by the leaders of Kazakhstan, China, Russia and the United States for the period from 1991 to 2023 was carried out. Statistical data on trade turnover, investments and joint projects between the countries are collected from official sources and international organizations such as the IMF, the World Bank, the SCO, the EAEU. Comparative analysis has been applied to identify dynamics and trends in relations between countries.

Results: The study showed that Kazakhstan is successfully implementing a multi-vector foreign policy, developing a strategic partnership with China, maintaining close ties with Russia and establishing a constructive dialogue with the United States. The trade turnover between Kazakhstan and China increased from $1.29 billion in 2001 to $25.2 billion in 2022. China has invested over $33 billion in the economy of Kazakhstan, implementing large-scale projects in the energy, transport and manufacturing industries. Kazakhstan supports the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, considering it as an opportunity to modernize infrastructure and strengthen its role as a transit hub. At the same time, Kazakhstan retains membership in the EAEU and the CSTO, considering Russia a key partner in the field of security and economy. Astana is also developing relations with Washington, having signed an expanded trade and investment agreement and an agreement on military cooperation in 2022. The United States views Kazakhstan as an important partner in Central Asia, able to balance the influence of China and Russia in the region.

Key words: Kazakhstan's foreign policy, Sino-Kazakh relations, Sino-Russian relations, Sino-American relations, multi-vector, strategic partnership, investment, trade, infrastructure projects, security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.031

S.S. PISARENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

INDIA'S STRATEGIC BALANCING IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION

This article examines the current state of affairs of India in the Indo-Pacific region. Today, India is opening up new prospects for cooperation in the IPR both to ensure economic and military security with its allies in QUAD and ASEAN, and to strengthen its own economy and security. The need to strengthen relations with its allies across the board is driven by China's growing economic and military presence in the region.

The article analyzed official statements by heads of state, representatives of the ministries of foreign affairs, and ministries of defense.

The study revealed that India in the IPR is actively increasing its dialogue opportunities with Southeast Asian countries and highly appreciates the importance of dialogue with ASEAN and its QUAD allies.

As for Southeast Asia, India is interested in cooperation in promoting all kinds of maritime security initiatives, from building ships and conducting exercises to initiatives to preserve marine biodiversity. Indian elites see ASEAN as one of the main allies in the IPR since the Association is the third largest market in the world in which India can sell its goods.

The Indian government is deliberately strengthening relations with Western countries, in particular with the United States, concluding new contracts for the production and supply of stationary and mobile weapons, as well as new military vessels and information exchange facilities, holding meetings of the heads of defense and foreign affairs departments every month. All this suggests that India is trying to increase its economic and military potential, as well as take a good position in the Indo-Pacific region.

Key words: Indo-Pacific region, Indian foreign policy, US foreign policy, IPR, militarization of IPR.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.032

XU HAO Postgraduate, International Relations and Global Studies Moscow State University, China

THE TREND OF GLOBALIZATION: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND THE COLLAPSE OF TRANSNATIONAL COOPERATION

Over the past decade, nationalist sentiment has been on the rise in many countries around the world. This calls into question the trends towards globalization and deepening international cooperation that had previously been observed. The aim of this study is to analyze the reasons behind the resurgence of nationalism in the context of the unifying effects of globalization.

To achieve this, statistical data from public opinion polls conducted between 2008-2019 in 26 countries was synthesized. The polls were carried out by renowned agencies such as the Pew Research Center and Eurobarometer, with an overall sample of over 500,000 respondents. Additionally, research from the World Bank and regional bodies concerning national identity dynamics was analyzed.

The results reveal concerning trends across multiple countries and regions. For instance, the percentage of people considering their national identity as primary has increased substantially over the past decade in European countries like France (43% to 51%), Italy (37% to 47%), and Hungary (52% to 67%). Similar patterns are observed in the United States, with a 10 percentage point rise in Americans identifying primarily with their nationality. Levels of national pride have also reached historic highs of 76-90% in the last ten years in China, Taiwanese and Vietnam.

This strengthens the argument that globalization may inadvertently incite nationalism rather than diminishing it. As such, detailed investigation is imperative to mitigate rising inter-ethnic tensions that threaten international stability. The next sections analyze factors driving this growth and provide evidence-based recommendations to reverse the trends observed.

Key words: globalization, nationalism, national movements, separatism, multinational state, transnational cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.033

K.S. TRUFANOVA Graduate student of the faculty of global studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

STAGES OF ESCALATION OF RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF J. BIDEN

This scholarly article examines the stages of escalation in Russian-American relations under the Biden administration, analyzing the historical context of bilateral ties, key points of conflict and events, and proposing conflict resolution paths and prospects for further development of relations between the countries in the context of global and regional challenges.

Key words: Russian-American relations, Biden administration, escalation stages, historical context, conflict points, de-escalation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.034

D.V. LOGVINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of History of Social and Political Studies, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

IDEAS OF L. MECHELIN ON RUSSIA-FINLAND RELATIONS

In the nineteenth century the social and political discourse of the Russian Empire centered around the status of the Grand Duchy of Finland. One of the key figures in this polemic was Leopold Mechelin, who defended Finland's right to independence on the basis of legislative acts and historical facts in his own interpretation. Taking into account the role of Mechelin in the struggle for the Independence of Finland, it seems important to analyze his views on the nature of relations between Finland and Russia and their possible future. Because of this it possible to present the socio-political situation of the epoch and the development of the «Finnish question» more fully. This goal is achieved in this article with the methods of historical-bibliographical and political-textual analysis. As a result of the research it was shown that Mechelin perceived the relations between Finland and Russia as relations of two equal subjects within the essentially federal entity – the Russian Power (Derzhava). According to this conception, Russia and Finland should not interfere in each other's internal affairs, developing independently in accordance with their national features but preserving mutual interests. In the international arena, they should act as a single legal entity, ruled by the Russian emperor, pursuing the goals of achieving the security of the lands entrusted to him.

Key words: Leo Mechelin, independence, Russification of Finland, federal relations, Finnish question.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.035

LING MENGYUAN Ph.D. Candidate, Department of International Relations Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU), Beijing, China

SOUTH CAUCASUS RESEARCH: MOTIVATION, CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT IN ASPECT RUSSIAN LITERATURE

The Caucasus is a region whose research has been ongoing for many decades, attracting the attention of both scientists and many writers. In addition, it is a border zone that unites and separates Europe and Asia, which makes it a kind of arena for political clashes. The article provides an overview of research in the Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet periods, and also provides a distinction between the toponyms South Caucasus and Transcaucasia. The main discoveries in various periods in the field of history, economics, geography, ethnography, and archeology are outlined. The South Caucasus is examined from a literary perspective and examples are given. For specialists in history, ethnography, as well as university students.

Key words: South Caucasus, Transcaucasia, research, literature, history, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.036

LU PO LIN Graduate student of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

CURRENT STATUS AND POLICY ORIENTATION OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE ISSUES IN THE EU

In late 2010, Tunisia and many other countries in the Middle East were involved in a series of social unrest known in the West as the Arab Spring (1). Since then, the influx of refugees from the Middle East, North Africa and Asia into Europe has become a complex issue for the EU and its member states.

In recent years, the Covid-19 pandemic, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the energy crisis have complicated the EU economy. Faced with downward pressure on the domestic economy and problems such as high inflation and unemployment, EU member states may be unable to provide the financial support needed to resettle illegal immigrants and refugees.

To this end, the EU and its Member States have carried out numerous consultations and taken various measures, but the problem of illegal immigration and refugees remains difficult to fully address. More recently, a new round of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Gaza Strip has spread to Europe, causing an influx of new refugees from the Middle East to Europe. The problems of illegal immigration and refugees have risen to a whole new level. This article will examine the growing problems of illegal immigration and refugees through policy changes in EU member states and official data published by the UN.

Key words: EU, immigration policy, problem of illegal immigration, refugees, borders.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.037

LIAN WEIYI Graduate student of the Higher School of Cultural Affairs policy and management in humanitarian sphere (faculty) of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

CHINESE-RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT

Sino-Russian relations are at an all-time high and have been officially established as a “comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era,” which means that China and Russia will cooperate and develop more in the future. Youth is an important component of the development of our time and the country’s hope for the future. Thus, youth development in the two countries is also an important part of the content of Sino-Russian cooperation. Currently, the two countries have launched a number of projects and cooperation opportunities to collaborate on youth education and future development. In particular, "Briefing on Studying in China" provides a convenient and effective service platform for Russian youth to study in China, and also creates a bridge for friendly relations between foreign students from the two countries. From 2024 to 2025, it will be the year of culture between China and Russia. Exchanges between the two countries in the field of cultural industries will be closer. Therefore, the future trend will be a challenge for the development of the youth of the two countries, even if it is an opportunity.

Key words: Chinese-Russian relations, youth, studying abroad, educational cooperation.

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.108.3.038

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Science Today", Moscow, Russia

ON THE QUESTION OF DIGITALIZATION AND SOME MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

The article makes an attempt to analyze current trends in the development of science and education in Russia based on a review of current scientific publications of recent years in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The problems of digitalization of Russian science and education are studied separately. Based on the scientific publications of scientists, a conclusion is drawn about the inconsistency of some strategic plans for the transformation of Russian education based on the European model and without taking into account domestic tradition.

Key words: science, education, development trends, digitalization, European model, Russian tradition, review of publications.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations” Volume 14. Issue 4 (109), 2024

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Makina A.I. Separate Customs of Help from the Khakas
• Zuev A.V. Russian Shipbuilding in the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Centuries
• Ryabova M.M. Theoretical Foundations of Solidary Economy as an Object of Specific Historical Research (Based on the Example of Old Believer Entrepreneurship)
• Sibiryakov M.N. The Fuel Crisis in Yakutsk in the Winter of 1922
• Bill M.V. Formation of the USSR State Arbitration in 1931
• Borodin M.P., Platonov A.V., Rubtsov S.N. Main Directions of Material and Technical Condition of the Professional Fire Team Depot in Ensuring Fire Safety of the Capital of the Russian Empire
• Ladovich A.A. Development of Transportation System in Western Siberia in the XIX Century
• Miku N.V. Legal Education and Legal Propaganda in the USSR in the Early 1970s. (Based on the Materials of the Activities of Cultural Institutions of the Penza Region)
• Osinskaya A.A., Osipov A.A., Maximova M.V., Kolodeznikova M.I., Guryeva A.B. The Study of the Ecogeographic Features of the Brush Structure on the Example of Students of the North-Eastern Federal University
• Ptashko T.G., Perebeynos A.E., Trofimova N.V., Pavlenko E.F. Increasing the Economic Literacy of Workers at Ural Factories in the Second Half of the 20th Century
• Snezhkova I.A. Crimea Before and After its Accession to Russia

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Elistratova S.S., Rodionova M.E. Forms of Administrative-Territorial Division in Modern Federal States: Foreign and Russian Experience

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Borisova N.R., Ilyazarova D.V. Regulatory and Legal Support of Activities Clubs of Young Voters
• Muradyan L.O. Results of the “Parade of Sovereignities” and Ratification of the Belovezha Agreements by the Supreme Council of Russia
• Vasil'chenko M.A. On the Issue of Private Finance Political Parties in Russia
• Putina O.V. Religions in the Media Sphere: Problems and Challenges of Our Time
• Dadaev Z.A. The Specifics of the Impact of Mass Media on the Formation of Political Consciousness of Young People
• Palitay I.S., Devochkina A.S. Young Citizens Perceive the System of Recruiting Political Leaders in Modern Russia (on the Example of the Yaroslavl Region)
• Akopyan G.A. Modern Terrorism: Key Features of Development and Problems of its Eradication
• Trofimov V.A. Sakhalin Oblast as an Ethnopolitical Space and a Regional Community

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

• Fedotova M.S. The Policy of Commercialization of Higher Education in Russia: Cultural and Historical Dimensions

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

• Makarov E.P., Fedotov V.V. Impact of the French and Indian War 1754-1763 to Economic Development of Virginia in the Mid-18th Century
• Li Yawen. China-Kazakhstan Relations within the Framework of Theinitiative “One Belt, One Road”
• Telenga M.P., Prokopets I.V., Nefyodova Yu.I. The Problem of Vulnerability of Russian Business in Trade and Economic Relations Between Russia and China
• Alaudinov A.A. Concepts and Approaches of Conducting Hybrid Wars of the People's Republic of China
• Dong Dan. The Evolution of Diplomatic Relations Between Russia and China: Problems and Prospects for Development
• Wang Xinyue, Wang Gang. Sino-Russian Relations under the "Belt and Road" Initiative
• Zinnurov I.Kh. Features of the Development of Socio-Political, Scientific and Educational Cooperation Between Russia and Azerbaijan at the Present Stage
• Kuruma Yunussa, Kaba Laye, Toure Gnalen. Formation and Implementation of Foreign Policy Strategies of the Republic of Guinea
• Lan Yujing. The Basic Logic of Modernizing the Political System of China
• Nasirov E.Kh., Yashkova T.A., Aliyev A.M. Azerbaijan at the Present Stage of Development: a New Vector
• Pisarenko S.S. Strengthening Australia's Military Capabilities in the IPR
• Sviridov A.A. Main Trends in the Global Energy Market
• Skutina S.G., Gerasimova I.V., Afonin M.V., Grishin V.O. Main Directions of Improvement of State Policy on Voluntary Resettlement of Compatriots from Abroad
• Spasov A.A. Political Analysis of the Dayton Accords as a Fundamental Document in the Settlement of the Ethnopolitical Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Iliopoulou Areti, Stenko A.I. Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy: 30 Year-Long Success Story of Religious and Parliamentary Diplomacy Synergy and a Promising Platform for Dialogue in the New Political Reality
• Tikhonov A.E. Environmental Agenda in the Strategies of Global Cities: a Comparative Analysis of London and New York Policies
• Kobzarev V.N., Shitikova Y.A. Japanese and Chinese Public Opinion on the Ownership of the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

• Medvedev N.P. Foundations of Russian Statehood: on the Question of the Use of Some Current Scientific Publications in Developing a Training Course

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.005

A.I. MAKINA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Fundamental Medicine, Khakas State University after N.F. Katanov, Abakan, Russia

SEPARATE CUSTOMS OF HELP FROM THE KHAKAS

Economic and household forms of assistance and mutual assistance characterize the archaic stage of social work, are aimed at ensuring the life and well-being of members of the clan, community, and people as a whole. Forms of assistance and mutual assistance in the traditional Khakass society covered all aspects of ensuring the life of the people, including housing construction, assistance in extreme situations. The identification and description of the traditions of assistance in housing construction, extreme situations among Khakas will allow us to substantiate the existence of a prototype of the institute of social work in the region. Research objectives: to highlight the presence of a tradition of assistance in housing construction, to characterize the tradition of assistance in housing construction, to describe the traditions of assistance in extreme situations. Research methods: systematic and comparative analysis. The period under study: the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The results of the study: during the period under study, the Khakass people had traditions of helping.

Key words: mutual assistance, housing, community, clan, social assistance, construction, traditions of assistance, Khakassia, Khakass ethnic group.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.001

A.V. ZUEV Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the of private law departments, Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, St. Petersburg, Russia

RUSSIAN SHIPBUILDING IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The article examines the state of commercial shipbuilding in post-reform Russia. The transition from sailing ships to steam ships required a radical reorganization and modernization of the existing network of public and private admiralties, factories, shipyards and workshops. Over several decades, the number of ships in the maritime fleet has increased many times. The progressive development of domestic shipbuilding in pre-revolutionary Russia is confirmed. However, it can be stated that despite the progress, Russian shipyards did not have sufficient capacity to meet the needs of the commercial fleet.

Key words: Shipping companies, merchant shipping, merchant fleet, shipbuilding, ship repair, mechanical plants, shipyards, docks, admiralty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.002

М.М. RYABOVA Senior Lecturer of the Department of History and Humanities, State University of Humanities and Technology, Moscow, Russia

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOLIDARY ECONOMY AS AN OBJECT OF SPECIFIC HISTORICAL RESEARCH (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF OLD BELIEVER ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

The article discusses the theoretical foundations of the solidarity economy, which are fully compatible with the principles of Old Believer entrepreneurship. Today, researchers are increasingly turning to the Old Believer identity, emphasizing their characteristic qualities, such as community, mutual trust and high social responsibility. Thanks largely to these features, the Old Believers created a special economic structure based on elements of a solidarity economy. It should be emphasized that the author’s understanding of the term “solidarity” as the consolidation of society to solve certain cultural, socio-economic, political problems aimed at achieving the common good, presupposes the presence of formed common values, goals, beliefs or interests, which was always present in the communities of the “old faith." Certain stories related to the formation of the foundations of the solidarity economy are already present in historical research. In this regard, the study of the principles of Old Believer entrepreneurship, which are fully compatible with the principles of the solidarity economy, also deserve special attention.

Key words: solidarity economy, entrepreneurship, Old Believers, consolidation, community.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.003

M.N. SIBIRYAKOV Postgraduate student of the Faculty of History of the M.K. Ammosov NEFU, Yakutsk, Russia

THE FUEL CRISIS IN YAKUTSK IN THE WINTER OF 1922

The scientific article is devoted to a little-studied problem in Russian historiography – the wood crisis that arose in the city of Yakutsk during the siege of 1922 as a result of military operations and the difficult political situation around the city. This article examines the crisis situations caused by the wood famine and the measures to combat the crisis situation that were taken by the city's leadership. The purpose of this article is to study the crisis and its impact on the life of the city's population. The research is based on the analysis of publications in the press of those years and archival documents. The author examines the impact of the fuel crisis on the cultural and socio-economic life of the city. The article discusses ways to solve these problems, which were undertaken by local governments that worked in harsh conditions of a harsh winter. The author comes to the conclusion that one of the main problems was the provision of fuel wood to the residents of the city, which were used for heating buildings. The causes and consequences of the crisis in Yakutsk in 1922 were studied. The destruction of land and river transport routes, lack of financing led to a catastrophic situation with the provision of essential goods to citizens in the winter of 1921-1922.

Key words: Russian Civil War, siege of Yakutsk, insurgency, fuel forest, fuel crisis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.004

M.V. BILL Graduate student Surgut State University, Surgut, Russia

FORMATION OF THE USSR STATE ARBITRATION IN 1931

In this article, based on a wide range of historical literature and archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, an attempt is made through the use of narrative, historical-comparative, chronological and statistical methods of historical research to analyze the socio-economic reasons for the creation and functioning of the State Arbitration of the USSR. In order to identify the main reasons for the decision to create a State arbitration with the redirection of the tasks of arbitration commissions to it, the author pays great attention to the study of socio-economic processes taking place in the Soviet Union during the period under consideration.

Noting the differences in the activities of State Arbitration and Arbitration Commissions, he notes the peculiarities of its formation, the natural result of which was the creation of an institution that met the historical challenges of the period under study and greatly contributed to the growth of the economic potential of the country.

Key words: State Arbitration of the USSR, arbitration commission, jurisdiction, legal regulation, social and economic reasons, professional training, socialist competition, economic policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.006

M.P. BORODIN Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Retraining and Advanced Training of Specialists, St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia named after Hero of the Russian Federation General of the Army E.N. Zinicheva, St. Petersburg, Russia

A.V. PLATONOV Candidate of philosophical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of socio-economic and humanitarian disciplines, Leningrad Regional Branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia

S.N. RUBTSOV Doctor of historical sciences, Professor of the Departments of social sciences Northwest Institute of Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg, Russia

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE PROFESSIONAL FIRE TEAM DEPOT IN ENSURING FIRE SAFETY OF THE CAPITAL OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

The article carried out a study of the main areas of the material and technical condition of the professional fire brigade depot of the capital of the Russian Empire as part of improving fire safety. The relevance of the article is due to the continuity of the main aspects of the material and technical condition of the depot of the professional fire brigade of the capital of the Russian Empire in the activities of the fire service at the present time. The purpose of the study is to identify the accents of the main directions of development and improvement of the material and technical condition of the imperial fire brigade depot, which contributes to the fulfillment of the tasks of modern fire and rescue units in extinguishing fires and eliminating emergency situations, based on historical experience and professional competencies in the field of fire safety. An analysis of the main directions of development and improvement of the material and technical condition of the depot of the Imperial Capital professional fire brigade indicates its relevance at the present stage in organizing fire suppression and emergency response, taking into account optimization and corresponding technical progress in the architectural and functional components.

Key words: fire station, telegraph office, barracks, pipe shed, fire stables, fire tower.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.007

А.А. LADOVICH Postgraduate student of the Department of History and Documentology Kurgan State University, Kurgan, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN WESTERN SIBERIA IN THE XIX CENTURY

The article analyzes the sources, which are devoted to the specifics of transport proper, as well as judgments and assessments of the history of transport in Western Siberia in the XIX century. The purpose of the article is to study the historical aspects of the development of transportation infrastructure in Western Siberia in the XIX century. Objectives: 1) to characterize the economic situation of the territories of Western Siberia and its influence on the dynamics of transport system development; 2) to study the demographic condition in the region and its role in the formation of transport routes; 3) to describe the benefits for the treasury and the state due to the development of transport in Western Siberia. Methods: the basis of the study is the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism. The work used historical and general scientific methods of research, namely: analysis and synthesis, historical-genetic, historical-typological, biographical, historical-comparative, problem-historiographical and others. Results: in the process of research it was established that in the development of transport system in Western Siberia in the XIX century the economic specialization of the region, socio-economic parameters and socio-cultural aspect of life of the population, as well as the relationship with internal external markets were of great importance. For the state treasury, transportation companies and peasants with developed economies, especially for postal functions, were of considerable commercial and profitable interest. Conclusions – the growth of Siberian population became a prerequisite for the strengthening and development of the transportation network. In Siberia there was constantly felt an acute shortage of local people, because of what roads with high possibility to build and operate, repair was very problematic.

Key words: development, transportation system, Western Siberia, post-Soviet historiography, population, economy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.008

N.V. MIKU Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Philosophy of Penza State University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia

LEGAL EDUCATION AND LEGAL PROPAGANDA IN THE USSR IN THE EARLY 1970S. (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE PENZA REGION)

The article considers issues of content and types of work of Soviet-state bodies on legal education and propaganda of legal knowledge among citizens at the regional level – in the Penza region in the designated chronological framework – in the early 1970s. A study of the practice of Penza organizations in legal education allows you to recreate an objective picture of the daily life of the Soviet population; supplement the historical knowledge of the essence of state policy in the social sphere during the period under review.

The article sets a goal – to study the content and forms of work of cultural institutions of the Penza region of the early 1970s. on legal education and legal propaganda. The understanding of the term «legal education» is specified as the actions of state and public structures to develop Soviet legal awareness and raise the legal culture of the population.

The tasks of the study were implemented on the basis of analysis and generalization of materials from the Foundation of the Department of Culture of the Penza Oblast Executive Committee of the State Archive of the Penza Region (F. r-2357). Based on the documents of the archive, the key directions and organization of the dissemination of legal knowledge in the context of Soviet-party decisions were studied; analyzed the practice of creating coordination and methodological councils for legal propaganda; forms of propaganda are indicated – lectures, corners, wall newspapers, «Days of legal culture», visiting sessions of courts, etc.

The work uses methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative.

The study of the main directions and methods of implementing legal propaganda in the early 1970s. in the Penza region made it possible to identify the main trends and difficulties in the development of cultural institutions, to determine the direction of the subsequent study of the scientific problem.

Key words: USSR, legal awareness, legal education, legal propaganda, cultural institutions, Penza region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.009

А.А. OSINSKAYA Candidate of Medical Sciences, associate Professor of the Department of Human Anatomy at the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov Yakutsk, Russia

А.А. OSIPOV Student of the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia

M.V. MAXIMOVA Student of the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia

M.I. KOLODEZNIKOVA Student of the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia

A.B. GURYEVA Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Human Anatomy at the Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov Yakutsk, Russia

THE STUDY OF THE ECOGEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE BRUSH STRUCTURE ON THE EXAMPLE OF STUDENTS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

Purpose: to determine the ecogeographic features of the structure of the brush in NEFU students.

Methods: The paper presents an analysis of anthropometric measurements of the hand of 43 male students of the NEFU Medical Institute. The surveyed were divided into groups according to the region of permanent residence. The height and anthropometric parameters of the brush were measured. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the SPSS application software package for Windows (version 22.0).

Results: It was revealed that with indistinguishable values of height, the indicators of the length and width of the hand are greater in students from Egypt than in Yakuts. The width of the metacarpal of the hand in the examined from the first group is significantly higher than in the examined from the second. In Egyptians, the average values of the lengths of the proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges of all fingers of the hand are significantly higher than those of Yakut students. It was found that the length of the hand of Egyptian students is longer due to the length of the phalanges of the fingers of the hand.

Conclusions: The conducted anthropometric study showed the presence of ecogeographic features of the brush.

Key words: boys, brush length, brush width, length of the phalanges of the brush, anthropometry, Yakutia, Egypt.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.010

T.G. PTASHKO Сandidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Assistant professor, Social work, Pedagogics and Psychology Department, Southern Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

A.E. PEREBEYNOS Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant professor, General History Department, Southern Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

N.V. TROFIMOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the Department of General History, South Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Department of World History, Chelyabinsk, Russia

E.F. PAVLENKO Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology and Social Work, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

INCREASING THE ECONOMIC LITERACY OF WORKERS AT URAL FACTORIES IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Organization of economic education of the population is a current direction of social policy of a modern state. The requirements of civil society are aimed at developing financial literacy among people, including the younger generation, which contributes to the quality of life, ensuring a correct understanding of economic aspects that affect all spheres of human life – professional, family, personal.

This issue has deep historical roots, the study of which allows for a competent approach to organizing the financial literacy system today. Objectives of the study: to reveal the issue of increasing the economic education of workers at Ural enterprises in the middle of the 20th century, to characterize the features of the functioning of the institute of propagandists, to identify the specific issues of working on the personnel of propagandists, improving the level of their theoretical and methodological skills through courses, seminars, conferences, and the work of methodological councils in factories, carrying out certification, as well as using the work experience of propagandists.

Research methods: system analysis, generalization. Period under study: second half of the 20th century.

Results: the management of Ural enterprises has developed a special system for organizing the economic education of workers, which is characterized by the selection of personnel to increase the economic level of workers, improving the level of methodological skills of propagandists through the use of a variety of training methods (courses, seminars, conferences, work of methodological councils at factories, certification of propagandists), using the work experience of propagandists.

Conclusion: description of the issue of organizing increased economic literacy of workers in Ural factories in the second half. The 20th century allows us to study the experience and state that it can be used in modern conditions in order to increase the level of economic education of workers.

Key words: economic education, propagandists, training, methods of training propagandists.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.012

I.A. SNEZHKOVA Cand. Sci. (Hist.), Senior Researcher, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology name after N.N. Miklukho-Maklay, RAS, Russia, Moscow

CRIMEA BEFORE AND AFTER ITS ACCESSION TO RUSSIA

In March 2024, the accession of Crimea to Russia after a 10-year break was widely celebrated in our country. The proposed paper analyzed the existence of Crimea as part of Ukraine from the early 90's and after its accession to Russia in 2014. Crimeans, being a part of Ukraine, have severely experienced the attempts of Ukraine to reduce the teaching of the Russian language in schools, the transformation of historical science in order to reformat the consciousness of the people to the Ukrainian way. In this regard, after the coup d'état in 2013, the Crimeans tried to secede from Ukraine, which they succeeded with the support of Russia. Since becoming a part of Russia, the region has undergone numerous changes related to large-scale construction and improvement of the region. The Crimean Bridge, the Tavrida highway, and a new airport were built. Numerous kindergartens and schools appeared. The number of well-equipped hospitals increased. The living standards of Crimeans have improved – salaries and pensions have increased, unemployment has decreased. All these reasons led to almost 100 percent support of people for Crimea as part of Russia and a wide celebration of its 10th anniversary.

Key words: Crimea as part of Ukraine – infringement of the Russian language and transformation of history, coup d'état 2013. Referendum on the of Crimea to Russiа 2014 a. Large-scale construction in Crimea after the accession and rise of the living standards of Crimeans with the active support of Russia.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.013

S.S. ELISTRATOVA Marketer at Resultative Marketing LLC, graduate of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia

M.E. RODIONOVA Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Mass Communications, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Procurement and Public, Department of Economics Faculty of the State University of Enlightenment, Moscow, Russia

FORMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISION IN MODERN FEDERAL STATES: FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of administrative-territorial division as well as their forms in federal states. The purpose of the work is highlighting the features of the forms of administrative and territorial division of modern federations. The analysis confirms the concept of symmetric and asymmetric federations. Some federations seek to give subjects the same status, rights and opportunities (for example, Germany), and there are those who constitutionally fix the imbalance of status and powers of territorial units within the federation (for example, Canada, India, Russia). Moreover, there are countries where the principle of symmetry formally applies, but in practice asymmetric trends are manifested (UAE). All this is conditioned by historical development, cultural, geographical and demographic factors.

Key words: administrative-territorial division, forms of administrative-territorial division, administrative-territorial structure, federal state, symmetric federations, asymmetric federations, Russia, USA, Canada, Germany, India, UAE and Nigeria.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.014

N.R. BORISOVA Senior Lecturer, Department of Theory and History of State and Law and Public Law Disciplines, Nizhnekamsk Branch of Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov, Nizhnekamsk, Russia

D.V. ILYAZAROVA Student of the Faculty of Law of Nizhnekamsk branch of Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov, Nizhnekamsk, Russia

REGULATORY AND LEGAL SUPPORT OF ACTIVITIES CLUBS OF YOUNG VOTERS

Currently, clubs of young voters have established themselves as an effective form of work with young and future voters, which requires detailed study and institutionalization based on the generalization of the most effective practices. Despite the fact that the current domestic legislation encourages the creation and functioning of youth associations designed to promote the formation of electoral awareness and electoral activity, it is premature to talk about the existence of the necessary and sufficient consolidation of the legal status of clubs of young voters. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and legal regulation of the activities of clubs of young voters established and successfully operating in the Russian Federation. The object of the study is public relations arising in the process of regulatory regulation of the creation and functioning of clubs of young voters. The subject of the study is the norms of domestic legislation in the field of regulatory regulation of the activities of clubs of young voters, as well as their practical implementation. The methodological basis of the research is a dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which allows analyzing them in their historical development and functioning, in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, as well as general scientific (systemic, functional) and general logical methods (analysis, synthesis, analogy), which made it possible to comprehensively and objectively examine the object, establish a list of the most acute questions related to the subject of the study. The scientific and practical relevance of this study lies in the fact that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory regulation of the activities of clubs of young voters was carried out, on the basis of which proposals for its further improvement were formulated.

Key words: legal regulation, young voters, clubs of young voters, electoral socialization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.015

L.O. MURADYAN Applicant for the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

RESULTS OF THE “PARADE OF SOVEREIGNITIES” AND RATIFICATION OF THE BELOVEZHA AGREEMENTS BY THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF RUSSIA

The events of the end of 1991 turned out to be a point of no return in the history of the Soviet Union. At a time when the power was falling apart, a new rapid course of events was awakening, uncontrollable and dictating its own rules. One of the episodes of this piece of time, called the "parade of sovereignties", and the ratification of the Belovezhskaya Agreements by the Supreme Council of Russia, are key historical periods that had an unpredictable impact on future events.

The relevance of this topic has not decreased now, decades after these events. In fact, they still occupy a central place in the historical analysis of the transition period of the Russian state. The parade of Sovereignties, organized in early December 1991 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, was a meeting of the heads of the member republics of the USSR, their heads and higher authorities. Here, at this iconic place, a decisive blow was struck against the unified Soviet state, which formally marked the end of its existence.

The Belovezhskaya Agreements, signed by the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, served as an official act on the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. They became the cause of the impulse that served for the subsequent collapse of other Soviet republics and the formation of new, independent states. This event, of course, became a turning point in the history of Russia and the entire post-Soviet space.

The signed Belovezhskaya Agreements eventually led to the official dissolution of the Soviet Union and marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the Russian state. The gradually changed political movement of the country since its stay in the USSR led to the restructuring and state-building, widely known as the "legal continuum" of the Soviet administration, which is now called Russia.

Considering this, the results of the "parade of sovereignties" and the ratification of the Belovezhskaya Agreements by the Supreme Council of Russia became key factors that determined the subsequent course of development of the country and its position on the world stage. It was thanks to these events that Russia embarked on the path of building a new state, bringing to life the principles of democracy, freedom, and sovereignty of nations.

Thus, the period of the "parade of sovereignties" and the ratification of the Belovezhskaya Agreements by the Supreme Council of Russia is an integral historical part of the development of Russia and the post-Soviet space. The relevance of this topic is confirmed by the significance and influence that these events had on a turning point in the country's history. Their understanding and analysis allow us to better understand the causes, consequences and dynamics of Russia's development and its position in the global context.

Key words: parade, sovereignty, Bialowieza Agreements.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.016

M.A. VASIL'CHENKO Cand. Sci. (Hist.), Associate Professor of the Chair of Fundamental Legal and Social-humanitarian Disciplines, Moscow Financial and Industrial University «Synergy», Moscow, Russia

ON THE ISSUE OF PRIVATE FINANCE POLITICAL PARTIES IN RUSSIA

The article discusses amendments to the Federal Law "On Political Parties" regarding the interaction of political parties with private capital, related to the possibility of increasing lending to parties by legal entities to 216 million rubles. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that political parties act as a link between the government and society, and are a key condition for the development of democratic institutions. The analysis of measures of support for parties by the state allows us to predict the key trends in the development of the Russian political system. The purpose of the work is to determine the role of this legal document in the development of party building. The objectives of the work are defined by the purpose and formulated as follows: to determine the reasons for the increase in lending, to assess the existing volume of donations in the structure of financial activities of a political party, to determine the possibilities and boundaries of law enforcement practice within the framework of this draft law. The author analyzes the existing legal mechanisms for replenishing the budget of the parties, considers the priority areas of spending. Based on the changes made, he formulates a forecast of possible consequences for the process of political development. Based on the analysis of the financing structure of political parties, the author concludes that the process of interaction between private companies and parties will be complicated by a high degree of financial risks, in the absence of lobbying for the interests of large financial structures.

Key words: political party, budget, commercial banking sector, legal consequences.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.017

O.V. PUTINA Postgraduate of study at the Department of Management in the Sphere of Interethnic and Interfaith Relations of the Faculty of Public Administration of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov”; the leading specialist of the Center for International Projects of the Federal State budgetary educational institution of higher Education “Moscow Pedagogical State University”, Moscow, Russia

RELIGIONS IN THE MEDIA SPHERE: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF OUR TIME

The modern media sphere, where the construction, broadcasting and accumulation of socially significant issues take place, is of great importance for all spheres of society, including religious life. This is confirmed by the appearance on the official websites of religious associations of the addresses of pages in social networks and messengers, personal pages of preachers. The presence of religious associations in the media is caused not only by the desire to transmit information and unite the flock, but also by the need to respond to socio-cultural challenges, the need to respond to the representation of confessional issues by subjects of the media sphere. Often, religious polemics in the media are constructed by the subjects of the media sphere to achieve their goals that are inconsistent with the goals of religious associations. The missionary media activity of religious associations demonstrates a willingness to spread religious tradition, considers it as a means of mutual enrichment of cultures. New languages and communication channels influence intra-confessional activities, defining new formats of interaction, rules of conduct for religious journalists and the need for them to acquire new knowledge and skills. Technological changes entail transformations of behavioral norms and value orientations of the individual, forming an aesthetic construct of morality. Meanings are not denied, they are not justified, but are considered from the standpoint of reason, while fading into the background. The role of religion is not just to transmit information and find answers to emerging challenges, but to form a worldview and value orientations, which becomes a determining factor in human behavior. Thus, religion and values remain inextricably linked.

Key words: religions in the media sphere, religious journalism, religious polemics, missionary media activity, ethics in the media sphere, religion and values.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.019

Z.A. DADAEV Graduate student in the Faculty of Journalism IGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE SPECIFICS OF THE IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA ON THE FORMATION OF POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF YOUNG PEOPLE

This article examines the material of new mass media and provides an analysis of the main concepts of influencing the consciousness of young people. The novelty of the article lies in its comprehensive coverage of the system of methods of influence and various manipulations used by journalists in conditions of freedom of speech. Ways to solve an urgent problem of our time are proposed: media education, development of a strategy for preventing the unwanted negative influence of the mass media.

The flow of information that has befallen people has radically changed the quality of life, and it is quite natural that the present time is considered to be informational. Information is both a wealth and an urgent problem of our time, which must be understood, which must be assessed and analyzed in a comprehensive manner, so as not to miss a single significant detail regarding such an important phenomenon, or rather a tool for influencing the consciousness of the public. Keywords: mass media, strategies, freedom of speech, journalist, methods of influence.

Key words: mass media, strategies, freedom of speech, journalist, methods of influence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.018

I.S. PALITAY Candidate of Social Sciences, leading researcher, State Academic University for the Humanities; assistant professor of the Department of Sociology and Psychology of Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

A.S. DEVOCHKINA Master’s degree student of the Faculty of Political Science of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

YOUNG CITIZENS PERCEIVE THE SYSTEM OF RECRUITING POLITICAL LEADERS IN MODERN RUSSIA (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE YAROSLAVL REGION

In the current political system in Russia, the issues of involving young people in the country’s social and political activities and identifying leadership potential through the current system of recruiting political leaders are increasing their urgency every year. Youth political leadership plays a key role in shaping the future political development of the country, which is why the prospects for its development become a strategic priority of our state. Young people’s perception of the existing system of seeking and selecting political leaders through competitive practices reveals a correlation between the breadth of dissemination of these mechanisms and the level of involvement of the younger generation. The article is a description of the results of the study, the main purpose of which was to identify ideas of youth of Yaroslavl region about the main mechanisms that are used to identify and support potential political leaders among youth. To achieve this, the authors conducted empirical research using the in-depth interview method. The respondents were young people between the ages of 18 and 35. The results obtained make it possible to draw a conclusion that the channels for recruiting political leaders in modern Russia are perceived by most young people as an opportunity for personal and professional self-realization. Meanwhile, there was a low level of awareness among young yaroslavls about the implementation of federal and regional leadership projects.Тhis should be taken into account in improving strategies for involving young people in the political processes of the country and in forming a new generation of political leaders.

Key words: youth, youth political leadership, recruitment system, leadership contests.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.020

G.A. AKOPYAN Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

MODERN TERRORISM: KEY FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT AND PROBLEMS OF ITS ERADICATION

Modern terrorism is a current and complex phenomenon on the world stage. Its key development features cover multilateral aspects of the life of societies within national states. The modern world is constantly faced with the threat of international terrorism. International terrorist organizations carry out acts of violence beyond the borders of their home countries, establishing a wide network of connections and penetrating into various areas of life. Therefore, the fight against terrorism requires cooperation between states and the exchange of information.

The viability of criminal groups is ensured thanks to existing self-sufficiency mechanisms. Financial and material support for interested actors in world politics remains one of the key problems that states are struggling with, creating measures to suppress sponsorship channels.

Modern terrorists actively use advanced technologies to plan and carry out acts of violence. The Internet and social media have become important communication tools for coordinating and recruiting new members. Crimes committed by terrorists in cyberspace pose a serious threat, since they can use cyber attacks to cause damage to infrastructure, the state, and organizations.

Key words: terrorism, terrorist groups, terrorist financing, illegal violence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.023

V.A. TROFIMOV Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

SAKHALIN OBLAST AS AN ETHNOPOLITICAL SPACE AND A REGIONAL COMMUNITY

The article "Sakhalin Oblast as an ethnopolitical space and a regional community" reveals the peculiarities of the formation of the ethnopolitical space of the Sakhalin region as well as its state and functioning at the present stage of socio-political development. At the same time, within the framework of this article, attention is also paid to the study of the specifics of the Sakhalin regional community, Sakhalin regional identity and mentality. At the same time, the author draws attention to some phenomena and processes that can potentially pose a danger to this ethnopolitical space and the regional community.

Key words: Sakhalin region, ethnopolitical space, ethnopolitical processes, migration processes, regional identity, regional community, interethnic relations.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.011

M.S. FEDOTOVA Assistant, Department of Political Science and Mass Communications, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Bachelor's and Master's degree graduate National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

THE POLICY OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA: CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS

In the context of globalization and the strengthening of market relations, Russian higher education is undergoing a phase of significant transformations, with commercialization being a central aspect. This study focuses on analyzing the specifics of commercialization in Russian higher education, emphasizing the cultural and historical aspects that shape the unique context of this process. The primary goal of the article is to identify and describe the historical and cultural peculiarities that hinder the development of commercialization in the educational sphere. To achieve these objectives, methods such as in-depth interviews with leading experts in higher education and analysis of current trends in this area were employed. The results indicated that the historical legacy of the Soviet period and the specific features of the national mentality significantly influence the perception and implementation of the commercialization concept. The conclusions of the study emphasize that for further development of commercialization, it is necessary to consider both the positive and negative aspects of this process, relying on a deep understanding of the cultural and historical peculiarities of Russian society.

Key words: commercialization of education, educational policy, higher education, private universities.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.022

E.P. MAKAROV Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor of the department Philosophy, social sciences and humanities, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia

V.V. FEDOTOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor of the department Philosophy, social sciences and humanities, Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia

IMPACT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763 TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGINIA IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY

The study focuses on studying the political and economic development of Virginia on the eve and during the French and Indian War of 1754-1763, as well as changes in the post-war period, when the difference in the relationship between the authorities of the metropolis and the local community of the colony became increasingly noticeable. A separate subject of analysis is the connection between the pre-war and war periods of development of the colonial trade and financial sphere and its individual system-forming elements.

Key words: French and Indian War, political elite, political nation, Great Britain, North America, colonial politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.032

LI YAWEN Postgraduate, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CHINA-KAZAKHSTAN RELATIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THEINITIATIVE “ONE BELT, ONE ROAD”

Kazakhstan is a Central Asian country with the largest economy, the highest level of development and the strongest comprehensive national force. It is also the first Central Asian country to unite with China in the framework of the Belt and Road Cooperation initiative and cooperate in the field of production facilities. The idea is substantiated that from the beginning of the establishment of diplomatic relations to the present, China and Kazakhstan have achieved a great leap in development. There is mutual trust in politics and mutually beneficial business cooperation between the two countries. Together with the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative “Belt and Road” forms the basic concept of the initiative “Belt and Road”. The “One Belt and One Road” initiative is not only a global strategy, an urgent topic, but also contains many specific areas of cooperation. Kazakhstan is the only way to develop the Belt and Road to the west, as well as the first and most active country to support the initiative “Belt and Road”. Based on the study, China and Kazakhstan actively cooperate in many fields, such as industry, energy, security and humanities, it has been established that Kazakhstan is an important fulcrum for the development of China and adjacent regions in the western direction. The article touches on the topic mainly outlines the China–Kazakhstan relations within the framework of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative.

Key words: China, Kazakhstan, China-Kazakhstan relations, One Belt and One Road, Nurly Zhol.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.021

M.P. TELENGA Candidate of Historical Science, Associate Professor Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Diplomaсy, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia

I.V. PROKOPETS Bachelor of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Diplomacy, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia

YU.I. NEFYODOVA Bachelor of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies and Diplomacy, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF VULNERABILITY OF RUSSIAN BUSINESS IN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA

The article discusses the difficulties encountered by Russian businessmen in connection with the sanctions pressure and the reorientation to the east. The specifics of doing business for Chinese companies in Russia and their ways of regulation by the Russian authorities, as well as the problems of Russian companies entering the domestic market of the People's Republic of China. Bilateral contacts between representatives of the states and their impact on the creation of joint instruments for the quantitative and qualitative expansion of bilateral economic ties were also analyzed. The strengths and weaknesses of Russian companies in competition in both Russia and China were studied, as well as the impact of e-commerce as the main tool for successful business not only in China, but also the interaction of Chinese businessmen with Russian marketplaces. The problem of erroneous perception of cultural realities and business practices in Asia, in China, and the personnel shortage of specialized specialists in Russian business was considered. The impact of sanctions pressure on bilateral trade and economic ties and the resulting threats to business were also considered.

Key words: Business, Russia, China, trade turnover, sanctions, marketing, marketplace.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.024

А.А. ALAUDINOV Candidate of Political Sciences, commander of the AKHMAT special forces ‒ deputy commander of the 2nd Army Corps of the 8th Army, Southern Military District, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES OF CONDUCTING HYBRID WARS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

The main concepts and key approaches of conducting hybrid wars of the People's Republic of China are discussed in the article. Both the theoretical developments of Chinese specialists in this field and examples of China's specific use of hybrid warfare tools are of interest.

The purpose of the research is to identify the concepts and campaigns of China's hybrid wars.

The objectives include the following: 1) identification the key provisions of Chinese concepts of hybrid warfare; 2) show the main means and methods on which China relies in hybrid wars.

Results. The key provisions of the concept of "unrestricted warfare", which acts as a Chinese analogue of the concept of hybrid wars, are revealed. The specificity of the concept of "systems confrontation" and its features are shown. The main provisions of the concept of the "System Destruction Warfare" are defined. The research revealed that China places the main emphasis in hybrid wars on their non-kinetic forms, including cybernetic, sanctions and counter-sanctions means and methods. It is shown that China pays special attention to cyber intelligence and cyber attacks. In response to the unfriendly, from Beijing's point of view, actions of the United States and South Korea, China also applies sanctions measures. It has been established that Chinese experts pay considerable attention to the confrontation in the information sphere.

Conclusions. The People's Republic of China, having certain theoretical developments and practical experience in the use of means and methods of hybrid warfare, relies mainly on non-kinetic forms of hybrid warfare. At the same time, China has no experience in conducting kinetic hybrid wars, including the use of "color revolutions" or the use of irregular formations as the main tool for achieving military and political goals.

Key words: China, hybrid wars, "unrestricted warfare", "systems confrontation", "system destruction warfare", non-kinetic hybrid wars, kinetic hybrid wars.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.025

DONG DAN Senior lecturer (master's degree) of the Russian Language Center of the, Sanya University, China

THE EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT

This article analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of international relations between China and Russia in the context of the Ukrainian crisis of 2024, as well as their interaction within international organizations such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The main focus is on the economic and political aspects of bilateral relations, particularly deepening economic ties against the backdrop of the crisis in Ukraine, strategic partnership in international organizations, and differences in approaches to foreign policy. The impact of these relations on the global geopolitical situation is discussed, as well as the potential for coordination of efforts within BRICS and the SCO to address common challenges such as separatism, terrorism, and illegal drug trafficking. Problems and prospects of using the yuan in economic relations and its influence on international currency relations are analyzed.

Key words: China, Russia, BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Ukrainian crisis, economic ties, political partnership, international relations, yuan, geopolitics, foreign policy, international sanctions, military-political cooperation, separatism, terrorism, illegal drug trafficking.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.027

WANG XINYUE Master student at the Russian Language Institute of the Dalian University of Foreign Languages, Dalian, China

WANG GANG Associate professor, PhD, graduate supervisor, School of Russian, Dalian University of Foreign Languages, Dalian, China

SINO-RUSSIAN RELATIONS UNDER THE "BELT AND ROAD" INITIATIVE

The Belt and Road is a win-win cooperation path proposed by China to promote common development and achieve common prosperity. Under the Belt and Road Initiative, China-Russia relations have been further consolidated. The two countries have become more economically integrated, have deepened political mutual trust, have enjoyed close bilateral cooperation in various fields, and have flourished people-to-people and cultural exchanges.

Key words: the Belt and Road, China-Russian relations, economic integration, political mutual trust, people-to-people exchanges.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.028

I.KH. ZINNUROV Head of the Representative office of Rossotrudnichestvo in the Republic of Azerbaijan, Russian Information and Cultural Center in Baku, Councelor of the Russian Embassy in Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-POLITICAL, SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN AT THE PRESENT STAGE

Within the framework of the development of humanitarian and cultural cooperation of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Azerbaijan at the present stage, the following areas can be distinguished: Socio-political events on modern and historical issues, Popularization of classical and modern Russian culture, Strengthening the position of the Russian language, Promotion of Russian education and support for scientific and technical cooperation.

Key words: Russia, Azerbaijan, socio-political interaction, scientific and educational cooperation, Russian language, scientific and technical cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.029

KURUMA YUNUSSA Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Policy and History State and Law Institute of Law of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumuba, Moscow, Russia

KABA LAYE Postgraduate student of the Department of Comparative Political Science Law Institute of the Russian University Friendship of Peoples named after Patrice Lumuba, Moscow, Russia

TOURE GNALEN Master's student at the Department of International Relations Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA

The article reveals the foreign policy strategy of the Republic of Guinea from the moment of independence from France in 1958 to the present time. The article focuses on the current foreign policy guidelines of the Republic of Guinea and how they change depending on who governs the country.

The bilateral relations of the Republic of Guinea with Russia, the USA, the EU countries and China. Author analyzes the political and economic strategies of Guinea's partnerships with international partners.

The issue of regional cooperation the Republic of Guinea is also considered. It`s as the most important vector of Guinea`s international activities. The article reveals Guinea's participation in regional projects and organizations, such as the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African Countries (ECOWAS), etc. The problems faced by the Republic of Guinea in its foreign policy activities are also analyzed.

Key words: Republic of Guinea, foreign policy, Africa, France, Russia, USA, economic cooperation, regional cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.030

LAN YUJING PhD student, Department of Comparative Political Science Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

THE BASIC LOGIC OF MODERNIZING THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF CHINA

This article explores the basic principles and directions of modernization of the political system of China. The article analyzes the evolution of the Chinese political system since the reform and opening up under the leadership of the CCP and its impact on modern political processes. Based on an analysis of current documents and scientific literature, the article examines key aspects of modernization, including strengthening the role of the CCP, developing the rule of law, improving public administration and improving mechanisms for citizen participation in decision-making. The author identifies important trends in modern political practice, such as strengthening centralized government, expanding the government's social responsibility and the active use of modern information technologies to improve governance. The article also discusses the challenges and obstacles facing the process of modernizing China's political system, including the need to balance stability and reform, as well as ensuring legitimacy and transparency of power.

Key words: Chinese political system, institutional advantages, logic, Chinese Communist Party.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.031

E.KH. NASIROV Deputy of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Director of the Institute for Political Studies Academy of Public Administration at President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan

T.A. YASHKOVA Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Academy of Labor and Social Relations, Moscow, Russia

A.M. ALIYEV Graduate student of the Department of Philosophy and Sociology Educational institution of trade unions of higher education "Academy of Labor and Social Relations", Moscow, Russia

AZERBAIJAN AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT: A NEW VECTOR

The authors note that ensuring sustainable and inclusive development and expanding democratic institutions is the main priority of state policy in Azerbaijan. The article focuses on the development of civil society and the implementation of the e-government model in the republic, and also makes an attempt to clarify the essence of the steps taken in this area and evaluate them. The development of civil society and digitalization of management in modern Azerbaijan is shown.

Key words: reforms, civil society, e-government, public administration, digitalization, Azerbaijan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.033

S.S. PISARENKO Postgraduate student of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

STRENGTHENING AUSTRALIA'S MILITARY CAPABILITIES IN THE IPR

This article examines the current course of the Australian government to build up its military potential in the Indo-Pacific region throughout the 20th century and currently. The Australian government, being in a constant state of conflict among the political elites, is trying to determine which of the hegemons in the IPR is more profitable for it to cooperate with. The article analyzed official statements by heads of state, representatives of the ministries of foreign affairs, and ministries of defense. The study found that tensions within the Australian government stemmed from Australia's obligations under treaties dating back to the Second World War, as many of them often involved the state in conflicts that were at odds with its own national interests. At the end of the 20th century. Australia has been able to establish itself as a reliable economic partner in the IPR, which has given the Australian government the freedom to choose its own path. At the present stage, Australia is combining a strategy to ensure the integrity of its state by purchasing the latest technologies for its offensive forces, in the form of modern communications technologies, long-range missiles for its destroyers and carrier-based aircraft. Over the past three years, due to the tense situation in the world, the Australian establishment has spent a significant amount of money on the purchase of both ready-made military weapons and licenses for their creation within their state. Equipping ships with weapons of this class not only indicates that the state will patrol maritime trade routes, but will also use them for something more.

Key words: Australia in the ITR, Australian military forces, Australia and the USA in the IPR, Australia and China in the IPR.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.034

А.А. SVIRIDOV Graduate student of the Faculty of Global Processes Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

MAIN TRENDS IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY MARKET

This article discusses the main development trends and problems of the global energy market. The issues of increasing the share of the Asian region in energy consumption, the development of national oil companies, the influence of the American “shale revolution” on global energy and the relationship of the concept of sustainable development with energy, as well as the increasing politicization of international relations are considered.

Key words: shift in energy consumption centers, national oil companies, technological progress, shale oil, renewable energy sources, politicization of international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.035

S.G. SKUTINA Leading specialist of the Department of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

I.V. GERASIMOVA Candidate of Economic Sciences, employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

M.V. AFONIN Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies of the Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

V.O. GRISHIN Deputy Head of the Department of Internal Audit, Licensing and Accreditation of Educational Programs, Management of Organization and Quality Control of Educational Activities, State University of Education, Moscow, Russia

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF STATE POLICY ON VOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT OF COMPATRIOTS FROM ABROAD

The study proposes new approaches to the implementation of state policy on the voluntary resettlement of compatriots. The resettlement of compatriots as an integral part of the state's migration policy allows us to implement some strategic tasks of managing external migration processes related to the development of human capital. State policy in this area can be considered as an effective tool for the return and attraction to the state of citizens in demand by the economy and ready for faster integration into the host society. In this regard, the practical part of the implementation of the resettlement policy of modern Russia requires closer attention to the resettlement of compatriots from unfriendly countries, as well as the creation of mechanisms for the resettlement of foreigners who are ready for integration into Russian society with a close cultural code. The implementation of these mechanisms is possible in the context not only within the framework of institutional transformations, or the formal-legal method characteristic of adjusting migration legislation, but also comparativist, which involves the selection and co-optation of the most successful resettlement practices.

Key words: migration, migration policy, state policy, compatriots, human capital.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.036

А.А. SPASOV Ph.D. in Political Science, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov», Senior Lecturer at the Department of Political Analysis and socio-psychological processes, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DAYTON ACCORDS AS A FUNDAMENTAL DOCUMENT IN THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

This article analyzes the key principles of the Dayton Accords, which served as the basis for the settlement of the ethnopolitical conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Taking into account the specifics of the internal political confrontation, as well as attempts to exert foreign policy influence on the country, it is possible to assess the actions of the parties aimed at resolving the ethnopolitical conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the end of the article, the author notes that thanks to the active participation of the international community, the Dayton Agreements were signed, and this put an end to the open confrontation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but at the same time, a number of internal contradictions remain today, to resolve which it is necessary to develop a unified and balanced position of all interested parties in the state.

Key words: the Dayton Accords, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the ethnopolitical conflict, the Balkans, the peace treaty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.037

ILIOPOULOU ARETI Researcher, Department of Comparative Political Science, RUDN University named after P. Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

A.I. STENKO Teacher, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University named after P. Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

INTERPARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY ON ORTHODOXY: 30 YEAR-LONG SUCCESS STORY OF RELIGIOUS AND PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY SYNERGY AND A PROMISING PLATFORM FOR DIALOGUE IN THE NEW POLITICAL REALITY

The article examines history of interaction between the legislative bodies of the member countries of the Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy (IAO), that over 30 years of cooperation managed to turn this format into a bright and unique example of the synergy of religious and parliamentary diplomacies. The paper analyzes reasons and circumstances that led to the forced de facto freezing of participation in the activities of the structure of such important members as Belarus, Syria and Russia. Authors study the relevant official documents of the IAO (transcripts of annual General Assemblies, minutes of meetings of the International Secretariat, newsletters, etc.) and of the specialized parliamentary structures of the organization’s states (statements of national delegations, declarations, press releases). This work also provides an assessment of the prospects for overcoming the current near-crisis situation in the IAO with the help of mechanisms and tools of both parliamentary and religious diplomacy.

Key words: Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy, interparliamentary cooperation, religious diplomacy, parliamentary diplomacy, Russian Orthodox Church, Russian foreign policy, Greek foreign policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.038

A.E. TIKHONOV Postgraduate student of the School of World Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA IN THE STRATEGIES OF GLOBAL CITIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LONDON AND NEW YORK POLICIES

The article analyzes the environmental programs of global cities – London and New York. The author compares the goals of the cities' environmental strategies with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The author of the article concludes that the measures taken by the authorities of London and New York, almost completely coincide, and this is primarily due to the fact that when developing a common environmental strategy, the governments of the two cities were guided by the UN Sustainable Development Goals. From the described measures, the most successful initiatives of the London and New York authorities are highlighted, which can be used in the development of environmental strategies by other global cities authorities.

Key words: global city, London, New York, environmental strategy, UN Sustainable Development Goals, global environmental problem.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.026

V.N. KOBZAREV Student of the Department of International Relations and Customs Affairs, Baikal State University (BSU), Irkutsk, Russia

Y.A. SHITIKOVA Senior lecturer of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University (BSU), Irkutsk, Russia

JAPANESE AND CHINESE PUBLIC OPINION ON THE OWNERSHIP OF THE SENKAKU/DIAOYU ISLANDS

Often international conflicts between countries are territorial disputes, where each of the conflicting parties seeks the desired results, there is a clash of interests. In the co-modern world there are many dozens of territorial disputes that have not been finalized so far, some of them are in the cold or hot phase of the conflict. The governments of the conflicting states in most cases take a clear and confident position on the disputed territories, but it is important to realize that the government's position on foreign policy does not always reflect the position and sentiments of ordinary citizens.

In this article we will consider the public position of Japan and China on the ownership of the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands, which, like many territorial disputes, are of a long-term and unregulated nature. It is necessary to find out whether the citizens of both countries hold the same positions pursued by the national governments of the states or whether the positions differ.

Key words: PRC, Japan, islands, territorial conflict, Senkaku, Diaoyu.

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.109.4.039

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Science Today" Moscow, Russia

FOUNDATIONS OF RUSSIAN STATEHOOD: ON THE QUESTION OF THE USE OF SOME CURRENT SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS IN DEVELOPING A TRAINING COURSE

The article attempts an analytical review of some current publications in scientific journals from the list of the Higher Attestation Commission and the use of these materials in the formation of a bibliographic base for the training course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood”. This study is a continuation of the materials published by the author in the journal “Issues of National and Federal Relations” 2024. No. 1. The article provides a review of scientific publications by Russian and foreign authors touching on some aspects of the history of the Great Patriotic War. From a short review of scientific publications it follows that these problems for researchers are relevant, scientifically significant and can become important materials for the educational course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood” in higher educational institutions.

Key words: Russian statehood, Great Patriotic War, nation-building, Russia.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 14. Issue 2 (107), 2024

CONTENTS

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

• Kurenkova E.A. F.I. Tyutchev's Historiosophic Views of the Crimean War Period: Expectations and Reality
• Nikolskaya A.V., Belanovskaya I.S. Communication of Authority and Society During the Reign of Alexander I
• Starodubtsev A.Yu. Agitation and Propaganda During the Civil War in Russia 1917-1922. In Modern Russian Historiography
• Golovina A.I. The Genocide of the Jewish Population in the Occupied Territory of the Bryansk Region in 1941-1944
• Gusev P.Yu. Post-War Features Restoration of Industry in the Territory of the Bryansk Region
• Kargapolov V.P., Klyuchnikova A.N., Prikhodko N.K., Kopytova A.V. Athletes of the Khabarovsk Territory on the Fronts of the Great Patriotic War and the War with Japan
• Konev V.A. A Discussion in the Journal "Vozhatyi" about the Transformation of the Pioneer Movement in the Second Half of the 1980s.
• Narcissus M.S. Regulation of Land Conflicts and Strengthening of Social Structure: a Study of Law and Order in Peasant Communities of the Northern Region in the 16th-17th Centuries
• Oreshin S.A. The Problem of the Political Status of the Chechen Republic in the Russian-Chechen Negotiations of the 1990s.
• Pogartsev V.V. The Use of Wireless and Wired Radio on the Fronts of the Russian-Japanese War (1904-1905)
• Pokasov V.F., Anuprienko I.A., Malyavina G.I. Transformation of the Kurds’ Culture and Local Traditions on the Ottoman Empire Territory in the Second Half of the XVII Century
• Rogachev A.M. The Use of Strikebreakers by Unions of Entrepreneurs as a Means of Countering the Strike Movement in the Russian Empire of the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries
• Subbotin D.A. Establishment of Healthcare System in Tsarist Russia of Late XVIII – Early XX Centuries. (Using Simbirsk Province as an Example)
• Khvastov A.N. Formation of a New Political Consciousness in the Course of Cultural and Mass Work with German Prisoners of War in the Period from 1941 to 1953
• Darenskaia I.V. The "Right to Appeal" as a Form of Control Over the Activities of the State Apparatus in the 1920s-1930s
• Voitovich A.H. Population and Settlement of the Azerbaijani Diaspora in Tyumen Region in 1989-2020

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

• Starostin A.M. Modern Political Strategizing in the Context of Cognitive Constructivist Methodology
• Lebedev I.Yu. Property Problem in the History of Ancient Philosophy (Part II)
• Starostin A.M., Ponedelkov A.V. Civilizational Format Representations of Modern Russian Elites
• Furman T.G. Contradictions of Technological Society as a Political and Philosophical Construct of the National Idea of Modern Russia
• Kerimov O.O. The Role and Place of Military Elites in the "Power Triangle" in the Concept of I.R. Mills and Modernity

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Zhang Yifei. The Influence of National Ideology on the Evolution of China's Political System: from the 1940s to the Present
• Devterev V.V. The Main Features of the System of Federal Relations
• Gandaloeva Z.M. Political Limology in the Context of Sub-National Borders

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

• Balynskaya N.R., Murtazin R.A., Shkurko N.S. Transformation of Youth Policy Russian Federation (Based on the Example of the Work of Profile Forums)
• Dmitriev N.Yu. The Model of the Nationalization of Civil Society and its Reflection in the Practice of Interaction Between Political Elites and Civil Society Structures in Modern Russia

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

• Fedorov D.V. National and Cultural Aspects of the Confrontation Between Russia and the West
• Han Wenxin. How Public Opinion about China Transforms the Diplomatic Strategy Between China and the US: Historical Context and Contemporary Issues
• Ivanova N.E. Scientific and Educational Cooperation Between Russia and the Dominican Republic on the Example of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba
• Wang Feixiang. Political Problems of International Relations of Global and Regional Development
• Karagachev V.V., Uvarova G.G. Evaluation Contours of the State Environmental Policy in the Context of the Crisis of International Relations
• Leang Taingsoth. Political Features of Relations Between Cambodia and ASEAN Countries in the XXI Century
• Lidzhieva K.N. The Foreign Policy Priorities of the Republic of Korea Through the Prism of the Presidents' Inaugural Speeches
• Miloevich L. Theory of Regional Security Complexes on the Example of US Containment of Russia Since 2000 in the Context of European Security
• Xu Chang, Don Juyuan, Xu Hao. Comprehensively Enhancing Sino-Russia Relations to Help Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind
• Shanchuan Zhizi. Cooperation of China and Kyrgyzstan in the Struggle with Poverty: Gender Aspect
• Mammadova N.Kh. New Elements of the Manifestation of the “Humanitarian Intervention” of the United States at the Beginning of the XXI Century

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

• Medvedev N.P. On the Question about Directions of Scientific Research by Regionology

NATIONAL HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.001

E.A. KURENKOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of the History of Russia of the State University of Education, Moscow, Russia

F.I. TYUTCHEV'S HISTORIOSOPHIC VIEWS OF THE CRIMEAN WAR PERIOD: EXPECTATIONS AND REALITY

F.I. Tyutchev as a poet belongs not only to the most profound representatives of domestic culture. His historical and philosophical heritage, which reflects his views on the historical process of Russia's development, is of special interest. In this article on the basis of journalistic works and epistolary heritage of F.I. the attitude of the poet and diplomat to the events of the Crimean War is revealed, his ideas affecting the problems of Russia’s foreign policy are analyzed.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the basic, conceptual provisions of historiosophic views of F.I. Tyutchev during the Crimean War, to determine their role in the cognition of the historical process.

The following tasks are set in this study:

– to make a brief excursion into the history of the Crimean War;

– to determine the essence of the concept of "Russophobia" introduced by F.I. Tyutchev, relying on his publicism and letters, where he reveals the causes of this phenomenon;

– to reveal the idea of messianic purpose of Russia, which in Tyutchev in the context of the events of the Crimean War acquires special significance;

– to analyze F.I. Tyutchev’s views concerning mutual relations between Russia and Europe and determine their relevance in modern world politics.

The following methods were used in this study:

– historical-hermeneutic method, through which the main historiosophic provisions set forth in Tyutchev's concept were characterized and their interpretation was given;

– comparativist method, which was used in the process of analyzing Tyutchev’s conception of the opposition "Russia – West".

The results of this study allow not only to reveal deeper the personality of F.I. Tyutchev, who was not only a great poet, but also did a lot for Russia in the diplomatic field, leaving behind works that present a relevant for today's time concept of Russian history at a certain segment of its path.

Key words: F.I. Tyutchev, Crimean War, Russophobia, Russia, the West.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.002

A.V. NIKOLSKAYA Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Kosygin Russian State University, Moscow, Russia

I.S. BELANOVSKAYA Student of the Philological Faculty of the Psychological Direction of the RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

COMMUNICATION OF AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY DURING THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER I

The article argues that the main driver of Russian development in the era of Alexander I was authotiry, although educated society tried to indicate the desired directions of development. It has been suggested that the conflicting demands of reformers and conservatives forced Alexander to carry out gradual reforms without introducing the general public to his plans. Based on the theory of violation of expectations, it is shown that the result of such activitу was disappointment in the emperor. Communication between government and society is considered within the framework of feedback in the context of the presence/absence of cooperation, mutual understanding and the sense of justice perceived by the people. Satisfaction with relationships with authority is considered in need, emotional and cognitive aspects.

Key words: reforms, modernization, communication between government and society, theory of violation of expectations, cooperation/competition between government and society.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.003

A.YU. STARODUBTSEV Graduate student, Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

AGITATION AND PROPAGANDA DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA 1917-1922. IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The Russian Civil War became one of the most tragic and significant episodes in the history of our country. The key feature of this conflict was а politico-ideological confrontation of the all sides of the conflict. For the first time, the country was split primarily for ideological reasons, which led to the extreme importance of the classical methods of waging political struggle – agitation and propaganda. They were the key instruments of disseminating certain views and convincing a large number of people of the correctness of a particular political program.

The purpose of this work is to identify the main trends characteristic of the modern stage of study of agitation and propaganda during the Civil War of 1917-1922 in Russia. By the term “trends” we mean the main directions within which modern historians develop their research: the specifics of choosing the subject of research, attention to certain problems, approaches to their disclosure. Chronologically, works from the second half of the 1980s to the present are considered as modern historiography.

The main objectives of the study are: to identify trends characteristic of the current stage of studying agitation and propaganda during the Civil War and to analyze works devoted to the topic of agitation and propaganda during the Civil War.

The main method used in this study was the method of historiographic analysis and the method of periodization. The relevance and novelty of the study lies in the fact that the majority of the studies, when considering the degree of knowledge of the topic, tend to concentrate on the works of the Soviet period, and have little regard to modern works. At the same time, modern historiography has already accumulated a significant amount of research that requires our analysis.

Key words: Russian Civil War, historiography, agitation, propaganda, ideology.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.004

A.I. GOLOVINA Graduate student, Moscow City University, Institute of Humanities, Department of History, Moscow, Russia

THE GENOCIDE OF THE JEWISH POPULATION IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF THE BRYANSK REGION IN 1941-1944

The Bryansk region was one of the largest places of massacre of the Jewish population in the territory of the RSFSR. Using the example of the Holocaust in the Bryansk region, one can trace the typical features of the extermination of the Jewish population in Central Russia. The registration of Jews and the allocation of special signes allowed the Nazis to pursue a systematic policy of genocide. The methods and forms of the Holocaust in the Bryansk region were similar to those used in Eastern Belarus and the Central regions of the RSFSR as a whole. The authors of this article, based on the documents of the fund 7021 of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Atrocities of the German Fascist Invaders and Their Accomplices and the Damage They Caused to Citizens, Collective Farms, Public Organizations, State Enterprises and Institutions of the USSR (ChGK) of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, using problematic chronological and comparative historical methods Research is restoring the chronicle of the extermination of the Jewish population of the Bryansk region.

Key words: the Holocaust, the Great Patriotic War, RSFSR, genocide, fascism, Bryansk region, getto.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.005

P.Yu. GUSEV Graduate student of Bryansk State University named after ak. I.G. Petrovsky, Bryansk, Russia

POST-WAR FEATURES RESTORATION OF INDUSTRY IN THE TERRITORY OF THE BRYANSK REGION

The article describes the features of industrial restoration in the liberated Bryansk region. It tells about the consequences of the occupation and the damage caused to the region. It also shows what difficulties the residents faced and at what cost everything was restored. In addition, the article uses materials from the State Archive of the Bryansk Region (SABO) and the works of prominent researchers. Specific examples also show the features of the restoration process. The role of authorities in organization and supply in war and post-war times is outlined in detail.

Key words: restoration, occupation, enterprises, five-year plan, workers, labor.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.006

V.P. KARGAPOLOV Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Higher School of Physical Biology and Biology of the Pacific State University, Khabarovsk, Russia

A.N. KLYUCHNIKOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department theories and methods of physical culture in the Far East State Academy of Physical Culture FSBEI HE "Far Eastern Academy of Physical Culture", Khabarovsk, Russia

N.K. PRIKHODKO Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor at the Higher School of Physical Culture and Biology Pacific State University, Khabarovsk, Russia

A.V. KOPYTOVA Senior lecturer at the department of humanities Sciences of the Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture FSBEI HE "Far Eastern Academy of Physical Culture", Khabarovsk, Russia

ATHLETES OF THE KHABAROVSK TERRITORY ON THE FRONTS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AND THE WAR WITH JAPAN

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that patriotism during the Great Patriotic War became the most important value in Soviet society. The source of unprecedented mass heroism among millions of Soviet citizens was selfless devotion to their Homeland. Among them were athletes who went to the front and, showing incredible courage, not sparing themselves, stood to their deaths defending our Homeland. There is very little information about such extraordinary people. And about the warrior-athletes of the Far East, such information is presented in a very limited form.

The Soviet-Japanese war of 1945 constantly gives food for thought about the events that took place during that interesting and difficult period in the history of the USSR and the whole world. This war was intended to put an end to the division of spheres of influence between the world powers represented by the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, and to establish a new alignment of forces in the political world order of that era. This confrontation with Japan left an extremely deep mark on history and remains in fact the only dark spot of the Second World War. Unfortunately, the events of the Soviet-Japanese war are not sufficiently covered in the media, there are practically no fiction books, no films have been made, and there is little documentary chronicle. This is probably why students of schools, secondary and higher educational institutions are poorly informed about the course of the battles in the Far East, they do not understand the significance of the Soviet Union's victory over Japan in 1945, and it was in the Far East that the end was set in World War II [5].

The article presents (by name) athletes of the Far East who fought for their homeland on the fronts in the Great Patriotic War, which ended with victory over Japan.

Key words: warriors-athletes, sports and combat awards, sports coach, team player, front-line soldier.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.007

V.A. KONEV Postgraduate student, Departament of History, Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

A DISCUSSION IN THE JOURNAL "VOZHATYI" ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PIONEER MOVEMENT IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1980S.

In the article, based on the opinions of pioneer workers published in the magazine “Leader,” their vision of the transformation of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. In particular, materials from the “Magazine-Reader-Journal” section will be used, in which letters from counselors were published and analyzed by the magazine’s authors. The purpose of the article is to identify the range of problems that interested the professional community of pioneer workers in the second half of the 1980s. The author of the article concludes that the counselors looked at the transformation of the pioneer movement differently. Some of them expressed a state of despair in their letters and said that they would soon decide to leave Pioneer. In some republican organizations there was a process of creating structures independent from the All-Union Pioneer Organization. The authors of the magazine tried to analyze this process and understand how to prevent further splitting of the once united pioneer movement. Some of the leaders note that they have no idea how to work with pioneers. For the most part, this applies to small rural schools. The magazine tried to provide methodological support to such counselors. Special attention will be paid to the work of the magazine with current problems of children and youth of the period under review.

Key words: All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin, pioneer, leader, pioneer periodicals, “Leader” magazine, children's and youth organizations in the USSR and Russia, perestroika in the USSR (1985-1991).

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.008

M.S. NARCISSUS PhD student, Department of Ancient History of Russia/Scientific and Historical Archive and Group of Source Studies St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

REGULATION OF LAND CONFLICTS AND STRENGTHENING OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE: A STUDY OF LAW AND ORDER IN PEASANT COMMUNITIES OF THE NORTHERN REGION IN THE 16TH-17TH CENTURIES

This article presents a multi-faceted study of the social structure and internal relationships of peasant communities in the northern region of Russia from the 16th to the early 18th century. The main goal of the study is to deeply analyze the daily life and social relationships of peasants, as well as to develop a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of legal regulation and judicial proceedings that influenced everyday life and social stability in peasant communities. Various historical sources were used in the research, including acts, chronicles, economic records, personal correspondence, official documents, genealogical data, and court records. Analysis of these materials allowed the author to identify key issues that caused conflicts within the communities, such as disputes over land plots, tax burdens, and fulfilling obligations to the state and landowners. Special attention is given to the role of local gatherings and the clergy in the process of peaceful conflict resolution and maintaining order in society. Studying the diaries of clergymen, particularly the diary of Vasily Sokolov, as well as the documentation of the Vologda Diocesan News, revealed valuable information about the spiritual aspirations of peasants and the moral and ethical aspects of their lives. The article concludes that judicial proceedings and conflict regulation significantly influence the social processes within peasant communities, emphasizing the need for a detailed study of these aspects for a complete understanding of the socio-cultural dynamics of the northern Russian village during the period under consideration. The work contributes to historical science by expanding the understanding of the social history of peasantry and their interaction with state and church institutions.

Key words: peasant communities, Northern region, 16th-17th centuries, law and order, land conflicts, judicial proceedings, church and clergy, historical documents, Collection of Acts, Vasily Sokolov's diary, social structure.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.009

S.A. ORESHIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Researcher at the Caucasus Department of the Miklukho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF THE POLITICAL STATUS OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC IN THE RUSSIAN-CHECHEN NEGOTIATIONS OF THE 1990S.

The article deals with the attempts to settle the status of Chechnya, which unilaterally declared independence in 1991. The relevance of the study lies in the need to take into account historical experience when solving problems of national-state and federal construction in multiethnic regions, one of which is the North Caucasus, which increases the effectiveness of managing interethnic and interfaith relations. The study of this experience will help to avoid the emergence of new contradictions. It is important to understand why, despite numerous negotiations, including at a high level, it was not possible to resolve this issue peacefully. The article analyzes the approaches of the Russian and Chechen sides to the problem of the status of the Chechen Republic, identify the main stages of the negotiation process, their participants, the goals of the parties and the difficulties they had to face. The author used a descriptive-narrative, comparative, typological and systematic method, as well as an analysis of historical literature on this issue.

The approach of the Russian side was generally more balanced and constructive. Russia was ready to grant Chechnya broad autonomy, offering regional authority’s various options for the development of bilateral relations: a federal, confederate, associative state, granting Chechnya a special status. However, the Chechen side insisted on recognizing the legal independence of the Chechen Republic, which was unacceptable to the Russian leadership. It seems that the issue of independence was pedaled by the Dudaev administration in order to force the Kremlin to recognize the legitimacy of the separatist regime that came to power by force in the autumn of 1991. The Khasavyurt Agreements of 1996 and the Treaty on Peace and Principles of Relations between the Russian Federation and the Czech Republic of 1997 actually postponed the problem of determining the status of Chechnya and allowed the parties to interpret this issue from different positions.

Key words: Russian Federation, Chechen Republic, Chechen conflict, federal relations, regional policy, Khasavyurt Agreements, B.N. Yeltsin, D.M. Dudaev.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.010

V.V. POGARTSEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Pacific State University, Higher School of Pedagogy and History, Khabarovsk, Russia

THE USE OF WIRELESS AND WIRED RADIO ON THE FRONTS OF THE RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR (1904-1905)

The article examines the initial period of testing of wired and wireless radio in the conditions of the Russian-Japanese war (1904-1905). Being at that time the newest invention, radio proved to be an important, and sometimes necessary means of warfare in the XX century. The author analyzes a number of important military battles, such as the Battle of Tsushima, the defense of Port Arthur, the battles of Liaoyang, during which radio communication was a tool that directly influenced the results of these battles. At the end of the article, it is concluded that the Japanese side was technically more prepared in matters of radio equipment than the Russian army and navy. During the Russian-Japanese war, for the first time, the concepts of military terminology are included: "radio equipment", "radio intelligence", "radio direction finding", etc.

Key words: Russian-Japanese war, wireless and wired radio, radio equipment, radio intelligence, the Far East.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.011

V.F. POKASOV Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

I.A. ANUPRIENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

G.I. MALYAVINA Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF THE KURDS’ CULTURE AND LOCAL TRADITIONS ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TERRITORY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XVII CENTURY

The article undertakes an analysis of the sociocultural appearance of the Kurdish community on the territory of the Ottoman Empire during the period of breaking down old traditions and updating new ones. The main types of research sources are personal sources, ethnographic data and research from field expeditions. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a private study of the peculiarities of the everyday life of the Kurds, not as a political, but as a mental, cultural process. The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of strengthening sociocultural ties between various ethnic groups of the Russian Federation, including the Kurds, as well as their familiarization with other faiths and religious traditions. In the methodological aspect, the content of the work can be used to highlight the cultural side of the topic of resistance of the Kurdish community to the pressure of the Ottoman Empire in the XVII-XVIII centuries. at the level of higher education institution. Scientific novelty is expressed in a new look at the coverage of the culture and traditions of the Kurds, based on the characteristics of nomadism and a syncretic approach to determining the role of Yezidism in the formation of the mental complex of the entire ethnic group as a whole. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the sociocultural appearance of the Kurdish community of the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the XVII century. The methodological apparatus includes special historical methods, methods of historical anthropology and cultural studies. As a result of the study, the authors come to the conclusion about the combination of eudaimonic and utilitarian in Kurdish culture based on constant resistance to Turkish pressure and the urgent need to gain independence by “closing” within communal boundaries.

Key words: Kurds, Yazidism, aesthetosphere, utilitarianism, way of life, everyday life, confrontation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.012

А.М. ROGACHEV Graduate, Moscow City University Institute of Humanities, Department of Russian History, Moscow, Russia

THE USE OF STRIKEBREAKERS BY UNIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS AS A MEANS OF COUNTERING THE STRIKE MOVEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The article discusses the features of the use of strikebreakers by unions of entrepreneurs of the Russian Empire. It is concluded that on the territory of our country, the «yellow» trade unions and labor bureaus typical of Western countries did not take stable, long-term forms. Such organizations arose, as a rule, during bursts of protest activity of workers, quickly fading away after the end of the strike wave. To combat strikes, domestic entrepreneurs had the opportunity to make extensive use of the repressive apparatus of the state, which often made it unnecessary both to search for ways of dialogue with workers and to form a reserve of loyal personnel in case of a possible strike.

Key words: strikebreaker, strikebreaking, labor movement, "yellow" trade unions, unions of entrepreneurs, strikes.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.013

D.A. SUBBOTIN Postgraduate student of the Department of History of Ulyanovsk, State Pedagogical University them. I.N. Ulyanova, Ulyanovsk, Russia

ESTABLISHMENT OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN TSARIST RUSSIA OF LATE XVIII – EARLY XX CENTURIES. (USING SIMBIRSK PROVINCE AS AN EXAMPLE)

The article on archival materials attempted to reveal the formation of the health care system and the formation of a hospital complex since the beginning of the 19th century, using the example of the Simbirsk Medical Provincial Council, which was created primarily in order to carry out all relations in the medical sphere. It should be noted that urban medicine of the studied period has passed a difficult path of formation, encountering many obstacles and obstacles on its way.

Key words: zemstvos, medicine, medical institutions, hospitals, health care system, Order of public charity, control, special institutions for people with mental development problems, hospital, orphanages, health care system, director of public schools, inspector of provincial medical administration.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.014

A.N. KHVASTOV Adjunct of the Military University named after Prince Alexander Nevsky Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

FORMATION OF A NEW POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE COURSE OF CULTURAL AND MASS WORK WITH GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR IN THE PERIOD FROM 1941 TO 1953

The article presents the main forms and methods of propaganda work with German prisoners of war in the period from 1941 until the 1950s.

For each of the forms and methods of propaganda work with German prisoners of war: meetings, rallies of German prisoners of war, group and individual conversations, lectures and reports, wall printing, radio, question and answer evenings, group newspaper readings, library work, political circles and political information, specific historical information, actual examples of implementation are provided these forms and the results achieved.

Key words: the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army, fascism, anti-fascist activities, German prisoners of war, forms and methods of propaganda work.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.015

I.V. DARENSKAIA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Nizhny Tagil State Social and Pedagogical Institute (branch) of the Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University, Nizhny Tagil, Russia

THE "RIGHT TO APPEAL" AS A FORM OF CONTROL OVER THE ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE APPARATUS IN THE 1920S-1930S

The article examines the concept and meaning of a complaint as the realization of the "right to appeal" of a Soviet citizen and as a form of state control. The author analyzes the mechanism of receiving and considering complaints, characterizes the social composition of "complainants", classifies the reasons for appeals. The activities of the district complaint bureaus, the forms of their work and the regulatory framework of their activities are considered in detail. The study was conducted on the materials of industrial cities of the Urals.

Key words: complaint, interaction between government and society, modernization, "the great turning point".

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.016

A.H. VOITOVICH Lecturer at the Department of philosophy, foreign languages and humanitarian training, Tyumen Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, police lieutenant colonel, Tyumen, Russia

POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE AZERBAIJANI DIASPORA IN TYUMEN REGION IN 1989-2020

Based on population census data, the article analyzes the dynamics of the number and geography of the Azerbaijani diaspora in the Tyumen region in the period from 1989 to 2020. Conclusions are drawn about the causes of migration, the features of settlement in the Tyumen region are highlighted, and graphic data with numerical results of the study are prepared.

Key words: Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijani diaspora, demography, population, population census, Tyumen region.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.017

A.M. STAROSTIN Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Leading Researcher, Rostov State University of Economics, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

MODERN POLITICAL STRATEGIZING IN THE CONTEXT OF COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVIST METHODOLOGY

The article analyzes the conceptual aspects of the modern theory of strategizing (unity of design and practical aspects) from the standpoint of cognitive constructivist methodology. The interrelation of predictive and project activities in the development of the future is shown. The optimal conditions for effective strategizing and the "golden rule of strategizing" are formulated, which consists in setting on "designing the future". In relation to modern political practice, the most likely trends of strategic impacts on the trends in the development of the global world and the transformation of Russia's political role in the medium and long term are shown.

Key words: cognitive design approach, strategizing, strategizing registers, restrictions and prohibitions in strategizing, adaptive strategies, "golden rule of strategizing", evolution management.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.018

I.YU. LEBEDEV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State Regulation of Economics, Faculty of MIGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

PROPERTY PROBLEM IN THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY (PART II)

Primary systematic analysis of the problems of property and social philosophy in the works of Plato and Aristotle. Private and public property, their interdependence and differences. Types of government. Laws and their role in society. Hedonic and rationalistic principle. Aristotle on human nature and property. The concept of natural inequality, production and consumption. The role of property as a cause of war.

Key words: property, ancient philosophy, social philosophy, Plato, Aristotle, anthropic principle, the desiring and rational principle of the human soul, oligarchy, chrematistics, state, laws, incentive for private property, justice, timocracy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.019

A.M. STAROSTIN Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, leading researcher at RGEU (RINH), Rostov-on-Don, Russia

A.V. PONEDELKOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics YuRIU RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

CIVILIZATIONAL FORMAT REPRESENTATIONS OF MODERN RUSSIAN ELITES

The article analyzes political and civilizational paradigms (conservative, constructivist, universalist) in the representation of those modern phase transitions that are currently observed at the global and national-state level of socio-global dynamics.

Focusing both on certain shifts in the evolution of the paradigms themselves and on new priorities in their composition, the management potential of modern political and administrative elites in Russia is monitored. This is carried out on the basis of expert sociological research under the program “Civilizational uniqueness of the Russian political elite.”

The data presented and their analysis make it possible to outline priority steps for the rotation of elites and the improvement of methods for their selection and adaptation to new political and value guidelines for the socio-political development of modern Russia as a state-civilization.

Key words: civilizational approach, civilizational political science, conservative-civilizational model, secular-civilizational model, universalist model, “Russian model of management”, administrative and political elites, civilization-oriented frames, expert survey.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.020

T.G. FURMAN Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor of the Department of Administrative Law of the North-Western Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

CONTRADICTIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY AS A POLITICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONSTRUCT OF THE NATIONAL IDEA OF MODERN RUSSIA

The article examines the influence of the processes of globalization and digitalization on the very essence of the national idea of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that digital technologies have a direct impact not only on the development of society and the state, but also has a close symbiotic relationship with the civic activity of the population.

It has been proven that digitalization opens up new opportunities for the development of society, the legal sphere and the economy, and also helps to improve the standard of living of the population. A contradictory fact has been noted, according to which, regardless of the fact that the technologization of society allows one to control its digital data, information systems and technologies, and also ensure the protection of its citizens from threats and risks in the digital sphere, at the same time there are risks of interference or control from outside other countries. The author also notes the emergence of new forms of Internet participation in politics, the expansion of opportunities to influence the processes of making political and managerial decisions, necessitate further research in this area.

Key words: digitalization, technological society, national idea, Russian world, confrontation, contradictions, globalization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.021

O.O. KERIMOV Postgraduate, South-Russia Institute of Management – branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

THE ROLE AND PLACE OF MILITARY ELITES IN THE "POWER TRIANGLE" IN THE CONCEPT OF I.R. MILLS AND MODERNITY

In this article, the author analyzes the role and place of military elites in the structure of power, based on the concept of the "power triangle" developed by the American sociologist R. Mills. The author explores how the interaction between military, political and economic elites forms the basis of power structures in the modern world, with an emphasis on the unique role and functions of military elites. The article examines the changes in the dynamics of the power of military elites in the light of globalization, technological innovations, international threats and transnational military alliances.

Key words: power triangle, military elite, R. Mills' concept of elites, power, managerial decisions, globalization.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.022

ZHANG YIFEI Postgraduate student, Faculty of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE INFLUENCE OF NATIONAL IDEOLOGY ON THE EVOLUTION OF CHINA'S POLITICAL SYSTEM: FROM THE 1940S TO THE PRESENT

In this article, the author examines the evolution of the political regime in the People's Republic of China, especially aspects of the rule of Mao Zedong and Xi Jinping, who during their rule introduced many ideological directions of the state's development. In the article, the author describes the main consequences of the strategic directions of China's development for a given period of time, and also describes the important features of the ideology of Mao Zedong and Xi Jinping. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that, given the conduct of Mao Zedong's policy, it can be said that it was aimed at building socialism, modifying foreign policy, the main goal of this development direction was based on the formation of equality between the rich and the poor. Xi Jinping's ideas are taking on the direction of a comprehensive and multifaceted policy, and the way they are formulated makes it difficult for some Western states to counteract their ideas. Xi Jinping argues for the need to strengthen party oversight of all areas of development of the Chinese public and strengthen strict party discipline.

Key words: ideology, comprehensive and multifaceted politics, party supervision, Chinese public, party discipline, building socialism, modification of foreign policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.023

V.V. DEVTEREV Postgraduate student, South-Russia Institute of Management – Branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM OF FEDERAL RELATIONS

The article is devoted to the analysis of the structure and features of the federal structure of states. A federation is defined as a multi-level system of government that unites various territorial units, such as states or cantons, which possess certain attributes of sovereignty. The article examines the nature of federal relations as contractual and constitutional, as well as issues of separation of power and competencies between the federal center and the subjects of the federation, mechanisms for ensuring the unity and sovereignty of the state within the federal system. The author analyzes various federal states, their unique features and ways of solving problems related to governance, foreign and domestic policy, as well as economic and social integration of the subjects of the federation. Special attention is paid to the issues of territorial integrity, sovereignty of the country and methods of maintaining stability in the fed.

Key words: federation, state, integrity, sovereignty, Constitution, management methods.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.024

Z.M. GANDALOEVA Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL LIMOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF SUB-NATIONAL BORDERS

The article examines the issues of lymphology in the political sphere, in the context of building external and internal state borders in domestic and foreign literature. The types and tasks of lymphology are investigated based on the anthropogeographic, functional and political approach of foreign and Russian scientists. Examples of controversial issues related to the establishment of subnational borders are given. The article notes the commonality of the approach to the study of national and subnational borders.

Key words: limnology, border, research, subnational border, political limology, borderland, borderland.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.025

N.R. BALYNSKAYA Doctor of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Vice-Rector GBOU HE "South Ural State Institute of Arts" them. P.I. Tchaikovsky", Chelyabinsk, Russia

R.A. MURTAZIN Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of MiSU FSBEI HE "Magnitogorsk State Technical University named after. G.I. Nosova", Magnitogorsk, Russia

N.S. SHKURKO Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Cultural Studies Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "North-Eastern Federal University named after. M.K. Ammosova", Yakutsk, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF YOUTH POLICY RUSSIAN FEDERATION (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WORK OF PROFILE FORUMS)

In the Russian Federation, youth policy represents one of the most important areas of activity of power structures (government) in the social sphere. The authorities see youth as a “valuable resource”, because in the near future it will be representatives of the younger generation who will integrate into the ranks of the political and business elites and will occupy status positions in the industrial, scientific, financial and cultural spheres of society. In the conditions of ideological and information wars waged against Russia, it is vital that the consciousness of the younger generation be imbued with a sense of patriotism, share the provisions of the state ideology and focus on a conscious position in protecting the interests of the state. One of the ways taken by the federal and regional authorities to “not lose young people” has been in the last decade the holding of large-scale socially prestigious events – youth forums with educational and discussion platforms, master classes, quests, and cultural events.

Key words: youth, patriotism, Rosmolodezh, Russia, course “for active youth”, forums, educational and discussion platforms.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.026

N.YU. DMITRIEV Postgraduate student, South-Russia Institute of Management – Branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

THE MODEL OF THE NATIONALIZATION OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND ITS REFLECTION IN THE PRACTICE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN POLITICAL ELITES AND CIVIL SOCIETY STRUCTURES IN MODERN RUSSIA

The relevance of studying models of interaction between political elites and civil society structures is due to the fact that despite the signs of civil society fixed in political science, which are universal for countries undergoing modernization processes, the study of the processes of formation of civil society in states with a totalitarian past involves the use of special approaches to analyzing the problems of civil society development during the so-called liberal transit. This applies primarily to the post-Soviet countries, to which Russia belongs: in relation to our country, not only the so-called quantitative parameters of the functioning of civil society, reflecting the number of its various institutions, structures or elements, but also the qualitative components of the process of formation of civil society, including its role in determining the country's development strategies, should be studied. The nature of interaction with public authorities, factors constraining or contributing to the development of civil society.

The main results of the study include the provisions according to which In modern Russia there is a dominance of the model of nationalization of civil society: despite the formal recognition by the ruling elite of the need to develop and strengthen civil society institutions and dialogue with various civil associations and associations, in reality the processes under consideration are implemented under comprehensive control by the state authorities, as a result what becomes their inevitable formalization, the loss of the creative component. The considered paternalistic model of interaction between civil society institutions and the state is based on state support and guardianship of civil society, which are implemented through a number of institutional forms. At the same time, there are practically no real dialogue platforms between public authorities and various associations and associations of citizens in our country. According to the conclusion of the author of the study, in our country, civil society and its institutions have an extremely insignificant impact on various areas of the implemented state policy, which, in turn, results in an insufficiently high level of the latter and an increase in distrust of this policy on the part of the population.

Key words: society, state, state power, nationalization, public organization, non-profit organization, civil society, civil association, civil dialogue, paternalism, political elite, political party, bureaucracy, political system, statistic.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.027

D.V. FEDOROV Postgraduate student of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Institute of Public Administration and Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia

NATIONAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE CONFRONTATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE WEST

The confrontation between the Russian Federation and Western countries, which began in 2014 with the reunification of Crimea with Russia and continues to this day, has reached a new, previously unknown level. This new level is characterized by total confrontation in all spheres of society: information warfare, financial and economic confrontation, ideological and cultural struggle, open armed confrontation with Western-led Ukraine and proxy battles in different regions and places of the planet. These manifestations of actions hostile to Russia by Western countries pose an existential threat to the integrity of the Russian Federation and its very continued existence.

In this article, Russia's confrontation with Western countries is considered from the point of view of studying the main activities of the state, society and individuals to strengthen the country as a whole and its ability to emerge victorious from it.

The clash of the two civilizations is already underway, and in what form it will finally result, time will tell. For an unconditional victory in this confrontation, we need to change. With the aim of this change, the main areas of activity of the state, society and individuals to strengthen Russia are determined.

Key words: Russian, ethnos, West, Russia, confrontation, ideology, national, cultural space, decolonization, elite, demography.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.028

HAN WENXIN Ph.D. student, Faculty of World Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

HOW PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT CHINA TRANSFORMS THE DIPLOMATIC STRATEGY BETWEEN CHINA AND THE US: HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Historically, the relationship between China and the United States has been strongly influenced by public opinion about China. This influence, from the first contacts between the two countries to the present day, has shaped the development of this bilateral relationship from various perspectives. This article aims to investigate how public opinion about China has historically influenced the foreign policy strategies of the US and China, as well as the problems and adjustments in the strategy of bilateral relations in the current international situation.

In history, especially at the dawn of diplomatic relations between China and the US, American public opinion was optimistically inclined towards the prospects of cooperation with China. However, due to huge political, cultural, and ideological differences, public opinion quickly changed. During the Cold War, strategic cooperation between China and the US was strengthened in opposition to a common enemy – the USSR. In this period, American public opinion about China was primarily based on geopolitical considerations, emphasizing the importance of strategic cooperation. However, after the end of the Cold War, the influence of public opinion became more ambiguous, especially on issues such as trade, human rights, and regional security.

With the advent of the 21st century, digitalization and globalization further amplify the power of public opinion. The development of the Internet and social networks has allowed public opinion related to China to spread faster and wider around the world, simultaneously increasing the complexity of information. In this context, the influence of public opinion on the foreign policy strategies of the US and China has become more noticeable, especially on issues such as trade wars, technological rivalry, and the South China Sea. Public opinion not only shaped public perception but also largely determined the direction of political decisions.

In such an internationalized information environment, the positions of both sides also began to diverge. On a number of key issues, public opinion within both countries shows significant differences, which to some extent limits foreign policy strategy to domestic public opinion. In such conditions, the formulation and implementation of foreign policy strategy face unprecedented challenges.

Overall, public opinion about China has had a significant impact on the foreign policy strategy of the US and China over the past decades. This influence is manifested not only in the formation of official policy but also, more importantly, in the perception and expectations of the relationship between the two countries. In the modern changing international conditions, understanding and managing this influence is key to the stability and development of relations between China and the US.

Key words: Diplomatic strategy, Limitation of public opinion, External relations, Bilateral relations, Human rights issue.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.029

N.E. IVANOVA Assistant, Peoples` Friendsip University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (Russia), Faculty of humanities and social sciences, Department of foreign languages, Moscow, Russia

SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ON THE EXAMPLE OF PEOPLES' FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF RUSSIA NAMED AFTER PATRICE LUMUMBA

In the article international educational cooperation on the example of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology of the Dominican Republic and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba is considered as a component of international educational cooperation between the Russian Federation and Latin American countries. The basis of this cooperation is a Special cooperation agreement between the Ministry of higher education, science and technology of the Dominican Republic (MESCyT) and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) dated 02/03/2017. The admission and training of Dominican citizens in the areas of master and residency degrees as well as in the studies of Russian language is actively conducted in the fields of this Special agreement.

The purpose of the work is to estimate the effectiveness of the named method of cooperation between countries in the context of recruitment and training of Latin American students in the Russian Federation.

Key words: international education, Latin America, the Dominican Republic, Ministry of higher education, science and technology, master degree, residency degree.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.030

WANG FEIXIANG Graduate student of Russian Friendship University peoples named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The article discusses issues related to political problems of international relations of global and regional development. The purpose of the study is to study the political problems of international relations of global and regional development, to identify their main causes, and also to find effective ways to solve these problems. Research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others. The concept of “political problem” is defined. The main reasons for the emergence of political problems on a global and regional scale are considered. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of using an integrated approach in solving global and regional problems of a political nature, which consists of joint actions on the part of the governments of various countries and states, as well as regional authorities. A global problem is the problem of maintaining peace and preventing war between different countries and states. The problem of cybersecurity poses a serious threat to society and requires the development of solutions to protect data in the information space. An important political problem of global and regional development is the problem of climate change on Earth, in particular the temperature regime. An algorithm has been developed to solve the main political problems of international relations of global and regional development.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to study the political problems of international relations of global and regional development, to identify their main causes, and also to find effective ways to solve these problems.

Methods: Basic research methods: method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others.

Results: The political problems of international relations of global and regional development have been studied. Their main reasons have been identified. An algorithm has been developed to solve major political problems.

Conclusions: The success of solving political problems in the global and regional aspects will depend on the well-thought-out strategy and actions of the governments of various countries, their coordinated work by seeking dialogue in resolving major issues in politics, economics, socio-cultural sphere, etc.

Key words: political problems, solution, efficiency, globalization, regional development, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.031

V.V. KARAGACHEV Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics, South Russian Institute of Management – Branch of RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

G.G. UVAROVA Doctor of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics, South Russian Institute of Management – Branch of RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

EVALUATION CONTOURS OF THE STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CRISIS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The article is devoted to the assessment of key aspects of the formation and development of state environmental policy in the context of the crisis of international relations. The authors of the article consider how the global political situation affects the environmental strategy of sustainable development in the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the need to modernize environmental policy in order to increase its effectiveness and adaptability to changing international conditions. A number of factors influencing the state environmental policy, including economic, social, scientific and technical aspects, are evaluated. Special attention is paid to the need to integrate environmental policy with national security and foreign policy, as well as the development of international cooperation mechanisms that take into account current geopolitical challenges.

Key words: geopolitics, national security, environmental safety, assessment of environmental policy, modernization, innovative technologies, environmental protection, efficiency.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.032

LEANG TAINGSOTH PhD student, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

POLITICAL FEATURES OF RELATIONS BETWEEN CAMBODIA AND ASEAN COUNTRIES IN THE XXI CENTURY

This article examines the political specifics of the relationship between Cambodia and the ASEAN countries. The changes that continue to shape each individual region are faced with an ongoing change of power or a change in the political motives of the country and the strategy of the main political forces. As one of the ASEAN member States, Cambodia has played a fundamental role in actively engaging and diversifying the country's foreign policy in relations with the diplomacy of small States. The purpose of the article is to analyze the political features affecting the quality of relations between Cambodia and ASEAN countries in the 21st century. The reliability and validity of the results obtained is ensured by the theoretical analysis of scientific literature, official documents and legislation of Cambodia. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the vector of Cambodia's political behavior in the international arena is not independent, and is dictated by the political strategies of China and the United States in Southeast Asia. By the example of the analysis of the territorial conflict in the period 2000-2010. It is shown between Cambodia and Vietnam that the role of the ASEAN regional association in this conflict was manifested unevenly and unequally. This allowed external forces to strengthen the political authority of the United Nations in peacekeeping foreign policy for a while. Cambodia's use of the legal and political mechanisms of this bloc during the ASEAN presidency was not particularly constructive, but rather looked like an abuse of its powers to influence opponents within ASEAN. There is reason to believe that the situation has changed a little with India's chairmanship in ASEAN, because the new member of the bloc has approved a new political initiative regarding the functioning of this association of countries based on international law and rules.

Key words: ASEAN, regional integration, the ASEAN way, the principle of non-interference, political development, political security, diversification of foreign policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.033

K.N. LIDZHIEVA PhD student Faculty of Global Studies Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE FOREIGN POLICY PRIORITIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE PRESIDENTS' INAUGURAL SPEECHES

Studying the foreign policy priorities of the Republic of Korea through the analysis of the inaugural speeches of the presidents will help to understand the directions of development of the foreign policy of this state. The purpose of the article is to trace the dynamics of the foreign policy priorities of the administrations of the presidents of the Republic of Korea based on the analysis of the inaugural speeches of the heads of state in the period from 1998 to 2022. The chronological framework of this study is defined as follows: the beginning of the period under review is due to the entry of the state into the new XXI century, which came during the presidential term of Kim Dae Jung, who was elected to this post in 1998, and the end is the moment of election to the post of President of the Republic of Yoon Suk Yeol in 2022. Research methods – content analysis of the inaugural speeches of six presidents in Korean and English; comparative analysis; problem-chronological approach.

Key words: Republic of Korea, Korean Peninsula, Northeast Asia, foreign policy priorities, inaugural address.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.034

L. MILOEVICH Assistant to the Ambassador of the Republic of Serbia to the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THEORY OF REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEXES ON THE EXAMPLE OF US CONTAINMENT OF RUSSIA SINCE 2000 IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY

This article is devoted to the analysis of the American policy of containing Russia in the context of European security through the prism of Regional Security Complex Theory. In the article, we look back at the main postulates of the theory and separately analyze American foreign policy since 2000 through the main provisions of this theory.

Key words: theory of the regional security complex, complex, European security, regional security, policy of containing Russia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.035

XU CHANG Postgraduate student at Russian University Friendship of Peoples named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

DON JUYUAN Postgraduate student at Russian University Friendship of Peoples named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

XU HAO Postgraduate student of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

COMPREHENSIVELY ENHANCING SINO-RUSSIA RELATIONS TO HELP BUILD A COMMUNITY WITH A SHARED FUTURE FOR MANKIND

In an era marked by unparalleled global transformations, the universal yearning for peace and collective progress emerges as a central pillar of humanity's aspirations. The pursuit of tranquility and the advancement of development resonate deeply with the core interests of peoples across the globe. Presently, the international milieu stands at a critical juncture, necessitating the adoption of innovative governance paradigms to establish an equitable and rational global framework. Amidst this backdrop of "composite interdependence", the infusion of Chinese strategic insights and methodologies offers a beacon of hope, presenting a pathway towards the realization of shared prosperity and mutual resilience. These contributions bear significant theoretical and practical implications for the international community, underscoring the pivotal role of collaborative endeavors. China and Russia, as nations committed to the principles of responsibility and mutual support, are poised to harness this momentous opportunity. By fostering multifaceted cooperation across economic, political, cultural, and military domains, these countries are uniquely positioned to augment their bilateral ties significantly. Such synergistic alliances are instrumental in paving the way towards the formation of a unified global community, dedicated to the collective well-being and future of mankind.

Key words: Sino-Russia relations, a community with a shared future of mankind, strategy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.036

SHANCHUAN ZHIZI Ph.D. student of Institute of Area Studies of Peking University, Beijing, China

COOPERATION OF CHINA AND KYRGYZSTAN IN THE STRUGGLE WITH POVERTY: GENDER ASPECT

During the construction of a new sovereign state, Kyrgyzstan will have to solve the problems of the socio-economic plan. The problem of poverty is one of the most acute social problems of modern society Kyrgyzstan. The elimination of poverty among women affects their survival and development, and is also of great importance for interrupting the transmission of poverty from generation to generation and stimulating the long-term development of the country and society. In modern society, women face violations of their rights, there is a disparity in the wages of men and women, and women's participation in decision-making at the political level. It is noted that the biggest problems are observed in the field of education, employment, and healthcare. It is emphasized that Kyrgyzstan pays close attention to the experience of neighboring states, in this case, we are talking about the experience of the People's Republic of China.

Key words: poverty, women, gender problem, Kyrgyzstan, China.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.037

N.KH. MAMMADOVA PhD student, Baku Slavic University, Baku, Azerbaijan

NEW ELEMENTS OF THE MANIFESTATION OF THE “HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION” OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

The topicality of the chosen topic is due to the transformation of the geopolitical space in certain regions of the world. The article describes the new elements of manifestation that took place in the policy of humanitarian intervention, which occupied an important place in US international relations after the international terrorist act of September 11, 2001, about the methods and results of the introduction of humanism and democracy in certain regions of the world. In the conditions of informational openness of the modern world and its multilateral (economic, political, social) globalization, cases of massive violations of human rights by state bodies and other institutions (or with their consent) determined the need for international intervention. Recently, humanitarian intervention has been increasingly used as one of these forms of intervention. The experiences of such interventions, their goals, composition and effectiveness have unique historical and political characteristics. The study of these characteristics from the political side in modern conditions is relevant both from a scientific-theoretical and political-practical point of view. The purpose of the work is to analyze new elements of the manifestation and methods of application of “humanitarian intervention” that manifested itself in US foreign policy after the terror of 2001. The methods of comparative complex, factorial, discursive and statistical analysis are used in the work. It can be concluded that the active and ideological foreign policy doctrine of George W. Bush not only shaped the image of the United States as a military interventionist in the international arena and justified its use of a dominant position in the world, but also ensured the spread of its zone of influence to the whole world in connection with the events of September 11. Moreover, criticism of the ideological foundations of interference in foreign policy began to appear already in 2006 with the change of the majority in Congress, after which the political platform completely changed with the victory of the Democratic Party in the US presidential election.

Key words: United States, international terrorism on September 11, humanitarian intervention, paternalism, right of preventive self-defense.

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.107.2.038

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Science Today", Moscow, Russia

ON THE QUESTION ABOUT DIRECTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH BY REGIONOLOGY

The article makes an attempt to analyze the scientific publications of Russian and foreign authors of the last two years in peer-reviewed journals on regional studies in order to determine the vector of scientific research and current publications on regional and municipal problems. A conclusion is made about the development of regionalology as an established new interdisciplinary scientific direction.

Key words: regional science, interdisciplinary scientific discipline, scientific research, current publications, areas of research.