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OUR AUTHORS

ABDULAEV A.X. – post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Head of the Education Department of the Khasavyurt district of Dagestan, senior expert of the Moscow anti-corruption Committee at the Moscow Chamber of Trade and Industry, Russia, Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan.

ALABERDOV Ch.R. – post-graduate student at the faculty of international relations of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

AMIANTOVA I.S. – candidate of Sciences (political sciences), associate Professor at the Chair of political science and political administration of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, lecturer at the Department of humanities and social sciences of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.

ARTEEV S.P. – lecturer of the Department of political science and international relations Humanities Institute of Syktyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin, Syktyvkar, Russia.

BAKULIA I.Yu. – post-graduate student, working for a PHD at the Department of National and Federative Relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia.

CHERNENKO E.F. – candidate of Sciences (economics), assistant professor of the Department of theory and history of international relations of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.

CRECHUN T.V. – master at the Department of theory and history of international relations of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.

DOROKHOV V.Zh. – candidate of Sciences (history), associate Professor, Deputy head of the Department of socio-humanitarian and economic disciplines of the Far East Institute of Law of the Interior Ministry of Russia, Khabarovsk, Russia.

FOMENKO A.A. – PhD student, Voronezh State University Department of contemporary Russian history and historiography, Voronezh, Russia.

HANALYEV N.U. – candidate of Sciences (political sciences), staff member of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia.

HONG SERYUN – post-graduate student of the Department of History of International Relations and foreign policy of Russia Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russia.

GUSARSKAYA T.A. – senior lecturer at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.

KOBEL'KOV A.N. – post-graduate student, Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO RAN), Moscow, Russia.

KRASNOV L.N. – post-graduate student at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.

КURBONOVA Z.M. – candidate of Sciences (political sciences), working for a doctorate degree at the Institute of philosophy, political science and law named after A. Bahovaddinov of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikista.

LEPING XIONG – post-graduate (PhD student) of the Department of Political Analysis and Management of Faculty of Humanitarian and Social Sciences of the People’s Friendship University of Russia, China.

LYAMTSEVA L.V. – Ph. D., associate Professor of the Department of history of Russia and foreign countries of the Institute of history and law of Syktyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin, Syktyvkar, Russia.

МАSYUK S.V. – post-graduate student at the Chair of state management and political technologies of the State Management University, advisor for interaction with public authorities to the General Director of PJSC "Institute of human stem cells", Moscow, Russia.

MEDVEDEV N.P. – Doctor of Sciences (political sciences), Professor at the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.

МЕKHDIEV E.T. – candidate of Sciences (history), researcher at the Centre for Post-Soviet Studies of the Institute of International Studies (IIS) of the Institute of International Relations, Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia.

MIKHAYLENKO A.N. – Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of International security and Russian foreign policy chair at the Department of national security, Institute of law and national security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russ.

МUSAEV G.N. – post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Moscow, Russia.

NIKONOVA M.N. – post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Moscow, Russia.

OVSEPYAN V.V. – post-graduate student at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.

PRIMOVA E.N. – PhD (history), leading researcher at Scientific an Research Institute of the Academy of the General Prosecution Office of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

PRYAKHIN V.F. – D.Sc. (political science), Club of Rome National Committee member Professor, Department of Area Studies and Foreign Policy, RSUH, Moscow, Russia.

SANTIKOV R.A. – post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Moscow, Russia.

SARUKHANYAN V.O. – candidate of Sciences (law), assistant professor at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.

SHIPILOV A.V. – candidate of cultural science, doctoral candidate of chair of history and cultural science, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after B.N. Yeltsin, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

TIKHONOVA L.E. – graduate student history of Russia Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia.

URAZAYEVA F.P. – candidate of historical sciences, Senior lecturer, Department of International Relations and World Economy, Faculty of International Relations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National university, Almaty, Kazakhstan.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Issue 2 (37), 2017.

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN HISTORY

• Kadymov A.A. The History of the Development of Voluntary Sports Clubs BASSR in 1950-1960 (Central State Archive of the Bashkir ASSR)
• Huang Tingting History of Teaching Russian Language in Universities of Heilongjiang Province in 1949-1959
• Zeytunyan L.S. Turkish Defenders of the Armenian People in the Ottoman Empire in the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries
• Zhigulskaya D.V. Turkey in the Last Two Decades of the 20th Century: Islamic Resurgence in Politics and its Implications for Democracy

NATIONAL RELATIONS AND ETHNOPOLITICS

• Karsanova E.S. Multiculturalism and Secularization as the Basic Principles of Contemporary Liberal Societies
• Emirov R.M. To the Question of the Caucasus as a Single Geopolitical Space in its Relationship with the Greater Middle East
• Suleimen A.A. Ethnosocial Structure of Kazakhstan in the Soviet Union
• Mikeladze A.M. Intercultural Dialog as a Factor of Formation of the Tolerance and Trust in the System of Ethnopolitical Relations (on the Example of the Georgian Culture in Russia)

POLITICAL PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

• Abdulaev A.Kh. Impact of Corruption on the State and Municipal Authorities
• Danilova E.A. Problem of Social Media use in the International Branding of Armed Forces
• Sarukhanyan V.O., Gusarskaya T.A. Corruption and Money Laundering: Contemporary Challenges for the Modern State. Part II
• Gritsenko R.A., Prokopchuk D.D., Tantsura M.S. Using "Big Data" in Applied Political Analysis

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

• Kurmanali Kyzy M. Government Policy of the Kyrgyz Republic in the Education Management
• Urazayeva F.P. Sustainability of the Japanese Economy and Scientific and Technical Innovation Cooperation with the Countries of Central Asia
• Sodikov Sh.Dj. Water as a Source of Energy Security (on the Example of the Republic of Tajikistan)
• Hong Serun Russia's Cooperation with Western Partners in the Implementation of Arctic Projects in Post Sanctions Period
• Mehmet Urper British Policy in the Middle East: from the Concept of World Community to the Concept of Network Cooperation

REVIEWS OF MONOGRAPHS

Medvedev N.P. Review of D.E. Slizovsky’s monograph “Political leadership of Rus – Russia: Origins and Contradictions of Grand Strategy”. – M.: Publishing house of the journal "Issues of politology", 2017. – P. 220.

TOPICAL REVIEWS OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN THIS JOURNAL

Perkova D.V. Review of the article by Professor E.S. Kursanova, Doctor of Sciences (political sciences) "Multiculturalism and secularism as fundamental principles of modern liberal societies".

Our authors № 2-2017

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN HISTORY

A.A. KADYMOV lecturer in special training of Ufa juridical Institute of MIA of Russia, Ufa, Russia

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VOLUNTARY SPORTS CLUBS BASSR IN 1950-1960 (CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE BASHKIR ASSR)

The article discusses the history of the development of voluntary sports clubs on the territory of the Bashkir ASSR in 1950-60. Presents the Central state archive of the Bashkir ASSR in cities and districts of the Republic. In the post-war Bashkortostan intensive work of government bodies and voluntary sports societies, various seminars, where lectures, sports and Komsomol assets, the training of trainers, training of znachkistov. In BASSR in 1950-60 he won prizes such sports society as "oil worker", "Farmer", "Dynamo", "spark", "Medic", "Petrel", "Red star", "Labor reserves," "Spartacus," according to the materials of the October revolution, BASSR. In 1954, by decision of the government of the Main Department for physical culture and sport, which was part of the Ministry of health of the Bashkir ASSR, it was decided to restore the sports Committee.

Key words: voluntary sports associations, physical culture, Union, team.

HUANG TINGTING postgraduate student of the Department of history and archaeology, Far Eastern Federal University, lecturer at Heihe University of China, Vladivostok, Russia

HISTORY OF TEACHING RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN UNIVERSITIES OF HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE IN 1949-1959

This article presents the history of teaching Russian language in the universities of Heilongjiang province. The author considers the positive experience as well as difficulties in the organization of Russian language teaching during the period from 1949 to 1959. Due to its special status and location of Heilongjiang province, the Russian language teaching in these years experienced a "Golden period". The history of teaching Russian language at universities in Heilongjiang province is shown against the background of difficult international situation and difficult internal situation in China.

Key words: Russian language, language policy, the teaching of Russian in universities, Soviet specialists, Heilongjiang province, teacher of Russian language.

L.S. ZEYTUNYAN Post-graduate student of the Department of General History of the Adyghe State University Deputy Director for Scientific and Methodological Work of the Municipal Autonomous General Educational Establishment of the Beloyarsky District "Secondary General School of Sorum settlement", Sorum, Russia

TURKISH DEFENDERS OF THE ARMENIAN PEOPLE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES

The article is devoted to the description of intercession among the Turkish population for Armenian neighbors during the period of mass persecutions. The documents unequivocally testify that not all Turks participated in violent actions against the Armenian population. Some of them not only refused to comply with the orders of the higher authorities, but also saved the Armenians. It is supposed to dispel the myth about the supposedly categorically hostile attitude of the entire Turkish population against the Armenians in this period of time.

Key words: vali, kaymakam, Armenian population, Kurds, anti-Armenian policy, Abdul-Hamid II, Young Turk regime.

D.V. ZHIGULSKAYA PhD in history, Department of Central Asia and the Caucasus, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University (IAAS MSU), Moscow, Russia

TURKEY IN THE LAST TWO DECADES OF THE 20TH CENTURY: ISLAMIC RESURGENCE IN POLITICS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMOCRACY

This paper focuses on Turkish politics of the 1980-2000’s period and, in particular, discusses the concept of Turkish-Islamic Synthesis and the process of revitalization of political Islam and its implications for democracy in Turkey. Phenomenon of the Turkish-Islamic Synthesis should be perceived as one of the manifestations of cultural bifurcation of Turkish society, caused by socioeconomic change, with mass migration from rural areas and intensive urbanization, industrialization and development of a service industry, which deepened social differentiation and fragmentation in Turkey. The growing role of Islam in Turkish politics in the last two decades of the 20th century is discussed in this paper in terms of the prerequisites that paved the way for the formation of today’s ruling Justice and Development Party. In particular, the paper describes the Welfare Party (Refah Partisi) of Necmettin Erbakan, the dissolution of which eventually led to the rethinking within the Islamic movement about its future political strategy and further split to the «traditionalists» and «reformists».

Key words: Turkey, political Islam, democracy, Turkish-Islamic Synthesis, the Welfare Party of Turkey, the Justice and Development Party of Turkey.

NATIONAL RELATIONS AND ETHNOPOLITICS

E.S. KARSANOVA Doctor of Political Science Professor at the Department of Government and Public Administration Odintsovo branch of MGIMO University, Odintsovo (Moscow region), Russia

MULTICULTURALISM AND SECULARIZATION AS THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONTEMPORARY LIBERAL SOCIETIES

Author examines different views on prospects of multiculturalism in the Western societies, their opportunity to build inclusive states, to maintain cultural diversity and peaceful coexistence of different cultural and historic communities. Scrutinizing such concepts as “multiculturalism” and “secular humanism” author special attention puts on secularization, which in growing extend determines political trends of contemporary states and becomes more and more concrete problem of relation between multiculturalism and liberalism.

Key words: secular humanism, multiculturalism, post-secular age, a state, Western Europe, cultural diversity, liberalism.

R.M. EMIROV PhD (political sciences), Moscow, Russia

TO THE QUESTION OF THE CAUCASUS AS A SINGLE GEOPOLITICAL SPACE IN ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST

The paper attempts to identify and analyze some systemic and structural characteristics of the Caucasus as a single geopolitical space in its relationship with the region of the Greater Middle East. The main attention is focused on the aspects that make it possible to link Russia's North Caucasus with the South Caucasus states, and through them with the states of the Middle East. It is shown that the main links uniting these three regions into a single geopolitical space are the ethno-national and confessional geopolitical subspaces that cross national borders and, therefore, do not coincide with national territories.

Key words: Geopolitics, politics, state, geopolitical space, territory, the Caucasus, the Greater Middle East, region, nation, ethnic group, and others.

A.A. SULEIMEN post-graduate student, working for a PhD degree at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Astana, Kazakhstan

ETHNOSOCIAL STRUCTURE OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE SOVIET UNION

This article describes the changes in ethno-social structure of the Kazakh society in the Soviet period of development. The purpose of the article is to identify internal and external determinants that have a determining influence on the formation of ethnosocial structure of Kazakhstan in the Soviet Union. Marked some mental features of the Kazakh ethnic group, contributed to the revival of the identity of the Kazakh people on the sovereign stage of development.

Key words: ethno-social structure of the Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union, national policy, net migration, non-titular population, ethnic and cultural pressure, the Kazakh ethnos, socio-cultural nomadic way of life.

A.M. MIKELADZE Graduate student at the National and Federative Relations Department of The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

INTERCULTURAL DIALOG AS A FACTOR OF FORMATION OF THE TOLERANCE AND TRUST IN THE SYSTEM OF ETHNOPOLITICAL RELATIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE GEORGIAN CULTURE IN RUSSIA)

This article is devoted to the role of the intercultural dialogue in the convergence of two nations and forming of strong interpersonal relations. Author analyzes influence of the centuries-old intercultural contacts between Russian and Georgian people on their relations despite of complicated political situation between these countries on the certain period of time.

Key words: interethnic relations, culture, cultural heritage, intercultural dialogue, art, trust, tolerance, interpersonal relations, tourism.

POLITICAL PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

А.Kh. ABDULAEV post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Head of the Education Department of the Khasavyurt district of Dagestan, senior expert of the Moscow anti-corruption Committee at the Moscow Chamber of Trade and Industry, Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan, Russia

IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON THE STATE AND MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES

The article considers political corruption as a type of corruption and its impact on state and municipal authorities. The article describes basic approaches to the understanding of the current political corruption in the political science literature and examines the history of such notion. The author analyzes foreign experience in combating political corruption and suggests possible directions of its application in the Russian political and legal systems.

Key words: corruption, political corruption, corruption of state power, corruption of municipal authorities, foreign experience of combating corruption.

E.A. DANILOVA PhD in political science, the senior research associate, the leading expert of the Center of science, technologies and education development in the field of defense and safety of the state at TGU, National research Tomsk state university, Tomsk, Russia

PROBLEM OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE IN THE INTERNATIONAL BRANDING OF ARMED FORCES

Social media as a new instrument of public diplomacy in the global information world can be used for the purpose of strategy implementation of political branding. Article is devoted to the analysis of a problem of social media application concerning branding of armed forces taking into account traditional closeness of army and the defense industry in general. The purpose of article is carrying out the state-of-the-art review of foreign approaches to a possibility of social media use by foreign armies and perspective of their application within the strategy of the national defense industry branding. Risks and restrictions of the specified technologies are investigated: placement of the "accidental" images contradicting information policy of national army, use of documentation of war by non-governmental organizations to dispute actions of the government from the point of view of military interventions, the inadvertent message of a geolocation to the opponent through social media, threat of a military operation and safety of soldiers. In relation to the Russian national practice new technologies are accepted to use by certain statesmen, however, the perspective of mass use of social media looks risky and doubtful. Modern information technologies demand careful adaptation to national mentality. Attentive filtering of information occasions, including with involvement of experts of the defense industry is required, and the state control over distribution of messages in the field of defense and safety is necessary.

Key words: social media, public diplomacy, branding, armed forces, army, national safety.

V.О. SARUKHANYAN Candidate of Sciences (law), assistant professor at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

Т.А. GUSARSKAYA senior lecturer at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

CORRUPTION AND MONEY LAUNDERING: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES FOR THE MODERN STATE. PART II

The article examines issues related to the corruption and money laundering. In particular, the article presents the special attention of international community to such types of offences; reveals potential threats they represent to the national security and state system as a result of symbiosis between corruption and money laundering. The article describes the common characteristics of international conventions and international structures, the interaction of which is targeted to combat such crimes. Based on the examined materials recommendations are developed to form an effective system against corruption and money laundering.

Key words: corruption, the fight against money laundering, money laundering, anti-corruption, national security, international cooperation, FATF, international conventions.

R.A. GRITSENKO Student of the third year of training "Political Science" Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

D.D. PROKOPCHUK Student of the third year of training "Political Science" Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

M.S.TANTSURA candidate of political science, associate professor of department «Political Science» Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

USING "BIG DATA" IN APPLIED POLITICAL ANALYSIS

Today, it is hard to imagine our life without the Internet. When the question calls for an answer, people usually seek help in search enginges, talk in social networks and find out news from them, watch YouTube videos, shop in online stores or access various websites. Information about all the activities in the Internet is saved as "Big Data". In this research, author addresses the definition of "Big Data", its main characteristics, in which spheres and how the analysis of "Big Data" is used. It also explains the modus operandi of "Big Data" and two methods of the usage of "Big Data" in applied political analysis. To measure the level of support of different political forces, to predict possible political events with high accuracy, to segment the target groups more precisely – all this is possible if you use "Big Data" in political analysis.

Key words: Large data, political analysis, political forecasting.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

M. KURMANALI KYZY PhD Historical sciences, Vice rector of Mahmud Kashgari-Barskani Eastern University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

GOVERNMENT POLICY OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC IN THE EDUCATION MANAGEMENT

In this article the author considers one of the relevant issues of contemporary period of our society, which is the state policy in the field of education management and its influence on the situation and development of higher education in the country. It reflects the issues in the system and through analysis it provides the ways out of the current situation.

Key words: Kyrgyzstan, state policy, higher education, reforms, staff preparation, faculty members, students.

F.P. URAZAYEVA Candidate of historical sciences, Senior lecturer, Department of International Relations and World Economy, Faculty of International Relations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National university, Almaty, Kazakhstan

SUSTAINABILITY OF THE JAPANESE ECONOMY AND SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INNOVATION COOPERATION WITH THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA

Central Asia is part of the competition in which foreign policy players compete for access to the resources of the countries of the region and foreign policy influence. The competition for control over the resources of the region often finds expression in bilateral and multilateral economic and military agreements concluded with the states of Central Asia. No exception is Japan, which first of all regards the Central Asian countries as a source of raw materials, as well as a strategic region that gives the opportunity to strengthen its influence deep into the continent. Japanese diplomacy uses the policy of "soft power" in the region, which in this case consists in the refusal to use military force in resolving international disputes, as well as appealing primarily to cultural and economic methods of developing cooperation.

Key words: scientific cooperation, economy, Japan, Central Asia, region, development.

SH.DJ. SODIKOV Ph.D., research fellow at the IMI Analytical Center of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), the deputy chairman of the Moscow City Bar Association "Law and Justice", Moscow, Russia

WATER AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY SECURITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN)

Energy is central to Tajikistan. This main element and core of the country's industry and agriculture is an integral part of the life-support system of the whole society. The article considers the water resources of Tajikistan as a source of national energy security, as well as a detailed description of the country's hydropower resources, its potential and complexities.

Key words: Hydropower, Tajikistan, Energy Security, Economy.

HONG SERUN postgraduate student of the Department of history of international relations and foreign policy of Russia, MGIMO-University of the Ministry of Foreign Relations, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA'S COOPERATION WITH WESTERN PARTNERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARCTIC PROJECTS IN POST SANCTIONS PERIOD

The article examines the impact of Western sanctions on Russian energy companies and fuel and energy complex, including in the short, medium and long term. The author notes that the sanctions have affected financial, technological and corporate spheres of activity. The energy sector has been most seriously affected by financial sanctions because typically it operates by attracting foreign investments. A higher price of borrowing in the global financial market has led to a rise in the costs of oil and gas companies. The negative effects of the sanctions in the area of technology were particularly evident in the Arctic projects which require technology and equipment capable of operating in Arctic conditions. Meanwhile, such technologies are available only from the United States, Canada and Norway. However, Russia's cooperation with Western countries continues, particularly in the field of industrial safety standards in the Arctic. Sanctions in the corporate sphere have led to the reduction of reputational capital and higher counterparty risk for the Russian oil and gas companies. In conclusion, the article gives an assessment of the results of sanctions.

Key words: the energy resources of the Arctic, the Northern Sea route, China, South Korea, Japan.

MEHMET URPER postgraduate student, St. Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

BRITISH POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: FROM THE CONCEPT OF WORLD COMMUNITY TO THE CONCEPT OF NETWORK COOPERATION

The article discusses two main doctrines of British foreign policy, namely, the global community and networking doctrines. Using examples and materials from reputable sources, the author demonstrates a failure of both approaches applied to real political issues and explains why in reality British foreign policy is based not on the declared liberal approach but on the hidden realistic approach.

Key words: the concept of the global community, the concept of networking, Middle East, UK, foreign policy.

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Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Issue 1 (36), 2017.

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN HISTORY

• Medvedev N.P. The State Duma and the Federation Council in 1993: History of the First Meetings
• Dorokhov V.Zh. Lack of Personnel in the Soviet Union Militia in 1945-1949 (on the example of Khabarovsk territory)
• Arteev S.P., Lyamtseva L.V. Finno-Ugric Cultural Space: the Experience of Interaction Between the Komi Republic and Hungary
• Shipilov A.V. The Culture of Kyrgyzstan in Epoch of Changes (90th of the XX century)
• Alaberdov Ch.R. Historic Background of the Syrian Conflict: Key Geopolitical Players
• Fomenko A.A. The Problems of the Nation in Contemporary Constructivist Historiography

NATIONAL RELATIONS AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

• Abdulaev A.X. Developing Dagestan in the Context of State Reforms
• Мusaev G.N. Ethnopolitical Conflicts: the Questions of Typology And Classification
• Kobel'kov A.N. Transnational Turkish Diaspora as a Factor of the Evolution of German-Turkish Relations
• Krasnov L.N. Radical Ukrainization: New Language Policy Projects
• Nikonova M.N. Normative-Appraisal Property of Institutional Factors in the Context of Regional Cluster Policy

THE PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• Sarukhanyan V.O., Gusarskaya T.A. Corruption and Money Laundering: Contemporary Challenges for the Modern State. Part I
• Santikov R.A. Features and Problems of Civil Society Development in the Russian Federation
• Маsyuk S.V. Corporate Social Responsibility Policy in the Field of Public Health
• Tikhonova L.E. Manifestations of the Positive and Negative Electoral Activity of Citizens in Russian Federation in 2013-2015

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

• Pryakhin V.F. Globalization: World Order, World Politics and World View
• Mikhaylenko A.N. Perspective Directions of the Eurasian Economic Unions’ External Development
• Amiantova I.S. International Sanctions as a Method of Solving Political Problems
• Hanalyev N.U. Syrian Node in the Balance of Geopolitical Forces in the Middle EAST
• Меkhdiev E.T. Cooperation between Azerbaijan and the North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO): joint projects and future prospects
• Primova E.N. Particularities of Federal and Land Relations in Germany
• Crechun T.V., Chernenko E.F. Foreign Policy Cooperation of France with EU Countries on Migration Issues
• Urazayeva F.P. Japan Relations co Countries of Central Asia
• Hong Seryun North-East Asia (China, South Korea, Japan) in Russian Projects of Developing the Arctic
• Leping Xiong The United States Presidential Election: Soft Power or Political Show?
• Ovsepyan V.V. The Role of Civil Society in the Coinage of National States in the South Caucasus
• Bakulia I.Yu. The Role of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in the Evolution of the Political System of South Africa
• Кurbonova Z.M. Existence Problems of Enclaves, Ways and Methods of Their Decisions

REVIEWS

Review of the monograph: Medvedev, N.P. Political crises and conflicts: theory and practice. – M.: Publishing house of the journal "Questions of Political Science", 2017. – 176 p.

Our authors № 1-2017

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN HISTORY

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Sciences (political sciences), Professor at the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

THE STATE DUMA AND THE FEDERATION COUNCIL IN 1993: HISTORY OF THE FIRST MEETINGS

The article analyzes political developments in 1993-1994. The adoption of the new Constitution of Russia and election of deputies of the Federal Assembly on the basis of new principles have changed the balance of political powers. A multiparty system began to develop in Russia. The President and the Government have strengthened their positions. Intriguing began to develop in the presidential Administration.

Key words: the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, State Duma, deputies of the Parliament, the presidential Administration, system of government, multiparty system, the alignment of political forces, intriguing.

V.Zh. DOROKHOV Candidate of Sciences (history), associate Professor, Deputy head of the Department of socio-humanitarian and economic disciplines of the Far East Institute of Law of the Interior Ministry of Russia, Khabarovsk, Russia

LACK OF PERSONNEL IN THE SOVIET UNION MILITIA IN 1945-1949 (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KHABAROVSK TERRITORY)

Сircumstances of wartime, 1941-1945. They led to a professional level leaching of the militia authorities of the USSR. Instead he went to the front to work in the militia came yesterday's schoolchildren, women or older persons of military age, many of which were not by vocation, and at the call. As a result, after the war with the militia authorities in the 1945-1949 biennium. became permanent observed "turnover" of personnel, due to the mass exodus of previously mobilized contingent, severe and even life threatening conditions, when inadequately low assessment of their work. As a consequence of this was reflected in the professional and educational level of the militia officers, the growing number of breaches of discipline and crimes by the actions of the militia.

Key words: USSR Interior Ministry, the police, education, discipline violations, the problem of personnel, material support of police officers.

S.P. ARTEEV lecturer of the Department of political science and international relations Humanities Institute of Syktyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin, Syktyvkar, Russia

L.V. LYAMTSEVA Ph.D., associate Professor of the Department of history of Russia and foreign countries of the Institute of history and law of Syktyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin, Syktyvkar, Russia

FINNO-UGRIC CULTURAL SPACE: THE EXPERIENCE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN THE KOMI REPUBLIC AND HUNGARY

The article is devoted to issues of a transnational cultural space, covering the subjects of the Russian Federation, inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples, and foreign Finno-Ugric States represented Hungary, Finland and Estonia. The authors focus on the interaction of the Komi Republic and Hungary in the sphere of culture in the 1990s and 2000s. The aim of paper is to provide a multidimensional analysis of the Komi-Hungarian cultural cooperation. To achieve the goal, the task of identifying both the significant achievements and any glaring problem areas. Theoretical and methodological basis of research is historical-genetic and systematic methods. Also used content analysis. As a result, the authors note the successes of the Komi-Hungarian cooperation in the field of traditional cultural landscape. At the same time innovative cultural landscape in its quantitative and qualitative characteristics clearly inferior to traditional. Noted organizational problems, particularly in terms of establishing and maintaining sister city relationship between the towns of Komi Republic and Hungary. The authors come to the conclusion that there is considerable potential for cultural cooperation between the Komi Republic and Hungary. At the same time to move Komi-Hungarian cultural cooperation to a qualitatively higher level, it is necessary to establish strategic planning at new level.

Key words: Komi Republic, Hungary, federalism, ethnic relations, international relations of the state regions.

A.V. SHIPILOV candidate of cultural science, doctoral candidate of chair of history and cultural science, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after B.N. Yeltsin, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

THE CULTURE OF KYRGYZSTAN IN EPOCH OF CHANGES (90th of the XX century)

The problems of maintenance and development of culture of Kyrgyzstan open up on the initial stage of sovereign, in 90th of the XX century. Basic attention is spared to the sphere of education, social-economic problems and efforts of the state on their overcoming.

Key words: economic crisis, unemployment, «shuttle business», emigration, cultural values, establishments of culture.

Ch.R. ALABERDOV post-graduate student at the faculty of international relations of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

HISTORIC BACKGROUND OF THE SYRIAN CONFLICT: KEY GEOPOLITICAL PLAYERS

In the spring of 2011, an armed conflict broke out in the Syrian Arab Republic between the supporters of President Bashar al Assad and forces of the Syrian opposition. The article reveals problems and historic background of the conflict in Syria. It identifies the main interested countries. It gives a detailed analysis of the goals and objectives set before the Russian Federation as the main actor in the international arena, with an influence in the region. It identifies countermeasures, as well as the main methods and ways of resolving the crisis.

Key words: the Syrian conflict, Syria, Russia, crisis, Bashar al-Assad, war, the Geneva peace talks, geopolitical interests, international community.

A.A. FOMENKO PhD student, Voronezh State University Department of contemporary Russian history and historiography, Voronezh, Russia

THE PROBLEMS OF THE NATION IN CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTIVIST HISTORIOGRAPHY

The article is focused on the different viewpoints of scholars and politicians on the concept of «nation». The author, as an adherent of the radical constructivism's ideas presumes that this term is an attempt to use it for the political purposes in manipulations of society and attempts to prove its inconsistency.

Key words: nation, identity, constructivist approaches, the control of masses, state.

NATIONAL RELATIONS AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

А.Х. ABDULAEV post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Head of the Education Department of the Khasavyurt district of Dagestan, senior expert of the Moscow anti-corruption Committee at the Moscow Chamber of Trade and Industry, Russia, Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan

DEVELOPING DAGESTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE REFORMS

The article analyzes the Republic of Dagestan development problem, considers the situation during R. G. Abdulatipov's period of reign and discusses messages of the head of the Republic to the National Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan.

Key words: Republic of Dagestan, socio-economic development, region, message to the National Assembly.

G.N. МUSAEV post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Moscow, Russia

ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICTS: THE QUESTIONS OF TYPOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION

The article analyzes the problem of typology and classification of ethnic conflicts.

Key words: typology, classification, ethnic conflicts, typology criteria of ethnic conflict.

A.N. KOBEL'KOV post-graduate student, Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO RAN), Moscow, Russia

TRANSNATIONAL TURKISH DIASPORA AS A FACTOR OF THE EVOLUTION OF GERMAN-TURKISH RELATIONS

This article is devoted to the study of the formation, development and institutionalization of the Turkish diaspora in Germany, which at the beginning of the XXI century acquired a transnational nature. The author set himself the goal not only to describe this phenomenon, but also to reveal its political significance for the bilateral relations of Germany and Turkey. To achieve this goal, the economic importance of the Turkish Diaspora in Germany, its organizational structure and the political-ideological approaches of official Ankara to their compatriots abroad are also analyzed. The main result of the study was the confirmation of the fact that the Turkish diaspora in Germany has indeed acquired a transnational character, and its successful development allows Turkey to count on mitigating the imbalance caused by Germany's political and economic advantage in bilateral relations. At the same time, the Turkish community is not merely a vehicle for the interests of the government. Now it has acquired an independent subjectivity. Under these conditions, there is an aggravation of the struggle for the sympathy of Germans of Turkish origin using the "soft power" methods.

Key words: Germany, Turkey, Diaspora, Transnationalisation, Migration.

L.N. KRASNOV post-graduate student at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

RADICAL UKRAINIZATION: NEW LANGUAGE POLICY PROJECTS

The article is devoted to analysis of the influence of language policy on the political stability in Ukraine. The paper studies the current legislation of Ukraine, dedicated to the development of language policy and provisions of the latest bills regarding the status of languages on the territory of Ukraine. The author analyzes trends in the development of language policy in contemporary Ukraine.

Key words: political stability, language policy, conflicts, inter-ethnic relations, national minorities, Ukrainization.

M.N. NIKONOVA post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Moscow, Russia

NORMATIVE-APPRAISAL PROPERTY OF INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL CLUSTER POLICY

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the availability of normative and evaluative properties of various institutions, including the institutions of regional cluster policy.

Key words: institute, institutional factor, normative, regional cluster policy.

THE PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

V.О. SARUKHANYAN Candidate of Sciences (law), assistant professor at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

Т.А. GUSARSKAYA senior lecturer at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

CORRUPTION AND MONEY LAUNDERING: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES FOR THE MODERN STATE PART I

The article examines issues related to the corruption and money laundering. In particular, the article presents the special attention of international community to such types of offences; reveals potential threats they represent to the national security and state system as a result of symbiosis between corruption and money laundering. The article describes the common characteristics of international conventions and international structures, the interaction of which is targeted to combat such crimes. Based on the examined materials recommendations are developed to form an effective system against corruption and money laundering.

Key words: corruption, the fight against money laundering, money laundering, anti-corruption, national security, international cooperation, FATF, international conventions.

R.А. SANTIKOV post-graduate student at the Chair of national and federative relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES AND PROBLEMS OF CIVIL SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article considers problems of formation of the civil society in Russia. It describes ways of development of the civil society and negative factors that hinder its development.

Key words: civil society, political parties, civil society institutions.

S.V. МАSYUK post-graduate student at the Chair of state management and political technologies of the State Management University, advisor for interaction with public authorities to the General Director of PJSC "Institute of human stem cells", Moscow, Russia

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY POLICY IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC HEALTH

In the article, the author considers theoretical questions of corporate social responsibility in general and in the field of public health in particular. He explores the views of both domestic and foreign scholars on this issue.

Key words: corporate social responsibility, principles, content, aims, levels, directions, public health, Russia, the USA, Europe.

L.E. TIKHONOVA graduate student history of Russia Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia

MANIFESTATIONS OF THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ELECTORAL ACTIVITY OF CITIZENS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2013-2015

This material is a study on the review of the theoretical understanding of the concept of "electoral activity". In the current domestic investigations related to the consideration of the progress and results of the elections at various levels, there is a different understanding of the manifestation of electoral activity of citizens. There is no single well-established views on the forms and methods of manifestation of this activity among the youth environment or more age audience. Electoral activity of Russian elections 2000s. quite different from the 1990s. and if in that period of our political science accumulated terminological system, relying on overseas studies, with the change of the electoral law during the reign of Vladimir Putin, a number of terms requested clarification of its content, so you can use them more properly in the analysis of the federal and regional elections of officers.

The main problem of Russian elections, at the present stage of historical development is not reduction of direct voter turnout (it fits in the rate), and the expansion of the negative electoral activity. The breakdown of the negative trends in this area, is possible only on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of a broad and systemic approach that includes confidence-building measures, not only the institution of elections, increasing their level of openness, and active opposition to the destructive propaganda of negative electoral activity.

A more precise classification will allow to see the reasons for non-participation or manifestations of protest voting, among the various groups of the population and especially among the youth, as the most prone to manipulation by various political parties. In turn, this will allow to propose measures to enhance the positive political activism.

Key words: electoral activity, the regional elections, Russian statehood, public opinion, electoral campaigns.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

V.F. PRYAKHIN D.Sc. (political science), Club of Rome National Committee member Professor, Department of Area Studies and Foreign Policy, RSUH, Moscow, Russia

GLOBALIZATION: WORLD ORDER, WORLD POLITICS AND WORLD VIEW

With the Cold War coming to an end the very definition of ideology was subjected to a kind of "ostracism" as an absolute evil, which in many ways engendered irreconcilability of the parties in the confrontation between East and West. At the same time, the essence of ideology as an objective reality of the development of society and international relations was ignored.

Due to the misuse of this term, the confusion of notions has occurred. The general public and some scholars still understand ideology as foreign political propaganda and instrumental set for waging information wars.

Meanwhile, the need of a new democratic world order in the context of globalization urgently requires the system of political, legal, moral, religious, aesthetic and philosophical views in which people's attitudes to reality are realized and evaluated. This system should unite all peoples and individuals, regardless of their social, racial or religious affiliation. Thus, an ideology is needed in the primordial true interpretation concept of this word.

This article offers an author's idea of the main provisions of such an ideology.

Key words: globalization, global governance, global problems, the world order, ideology, world view, religion, science, public opinion, civil society.

A.N. MIKHAYLENKO Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of International security and Russian foreign policy chair at the Department of national security, Institute of law and national security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

PERSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNIONS’ EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT

The article deals with the external directions of the EurAsian Economic Unions’ development. They include the expansion of the Unions’ membership, creation of various partnerships on the basis of EAEU, establishment of free trade zones with interested countries, as well as conjugation of the EurAsian Economic Union with the Chinese project "Economic belt of the Silk Road." The problems in these projects are analyzed and their solutions are offered.

Key words: EurAsian Economic Union, partnership, free trade zone, conjugation, China, the Economic belt of the Silk Road.

I.S. AMIANTOVA Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), associate Professor at the Chair of political science and political administration of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and State Service, lecturer at the Department of humanities and social sciences of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS AS A METHOD OF SOLVING POLITICAL PROBLEMS

The problem of sanctions in political management among the states is covered in the article. The author analyses the legal aspects of such kind of impact tools in terms of comparative studies. Political and economy sanctions against Russia case are investigated separately.

Key words: European Union (EU), political conflict, sanctions, United Nations (UN), Minsk agreements, foreign policy.

N.U. HANALYEV Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), staff member of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia

SYRIAN NODE IN THE BALANCE OF GEOPOLITICAL FORCES IN THE MIDDLE EAST

The article attempts to identify and analyze some of the key factors underlying the Syrian conflict, its contours, the nature and impact on the balance of geopolitical forces in the whole Greater Middle East. The main attention is given to substantiate the thesis that a key importance in this regard is the geopolitical factor. It is shown that the decisive role in the radical change in the composition of participants and configuration of geopolitical forces played the Russia`s return to the region as one of the major players, without which it is impossible to solve any of its any significant problems.

Key words: Russia, the US, Europe, Syria, the Syrian node, war, conflict, civil war, terrorism, geopolitics, Islam and others.

E.Т. МЕKHDIEV Candidate of Sciences (history), researcher at the Centre for Post-Soviet Studies of the Institute of International Studies (IIS) of the Institute of International Relations, Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia

COOPERATION BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO): JOINT PROJECTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

NATO and Azerbaijan are actively cooperating in the field of democratic, institutional and military reforms. The main areas of cooperation include: good governance, democratic oversight of defence and security, defence planning and shaping of the defense budget, reorganization of the structure of the armed forces with the use of the NATO's norms and standards. In addition to providing support in the implementation of reforms, another important objective of NATO's cooperation with Azerbaijan is the development of the ability of the country's armed forces to interact with the forces of NATO countries.

Key words: Azerbaijan, the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, security, military reform, peacekeeping, NATO, regional security, South Caucasus.

E.N. PRIMOVA PhD (history), leading researcher at Scientific an Research Institute of the Academy of the General Prosecution Office of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

PARTICULARITIES OF FEDERAL AND LAND RELATIONS IN GERMANY

The article analyzes the basic principles, forms, relationship arrangements between the federal government and the Länder. The main attention is focused on the identification of the major components of the so-called unitary federalism and German variant of cooperative federalism. It is shown that in Germany, the division of competencies has its own peculiarities, which consists in the fact that the legislative competences of the Fundamental Law of the country secured predominantly by the federal center, and competencies in the field of management – mainly due to land.

Key words: Germany, the Basic Law, the Federation, the state, the land, the Bundestag, the Bundesrat, the law, relations, competencies, and others.

T.V. CRECHUN Master at the Department of theory and history of international relations of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

E.F. CHERNENKO Candidate of Sciences (economics), assistant professor of the Department of theory and history of international relations of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

FOREIGN POLICY COOPERATION OF FRANCE WITH EU COUNTRIES ON MIGRATION ISSUES

Since the beginning of XXI century began to occur significant changes in France’s foreign policy that is largely due to the state of migration processes. Assimilation of immigrants from Muslim countries in France are faced with the desire to preserve the immigrants to their Islamic identity.

Currently migration policy in France is characterized by the restrictive measures of the immigrant flow that was the result of the transformation of the liberal migration policy of the Republic of the mid-twentieth century in a policy of control over the number and quality of immigrants.

Key words: migration, foreign policy, European Union, migration policy.

F.P. URAZAYEVA Candidate of historical sciences, Senior lecturer, Department of International Relations and World Economy, Faculty of International Relations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National university, Almaty, Kazakhstan

JAPAN RELATIONS CO COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA

Prospects of Japan's relations with post-Soviet countries are dependent on its ability to set clear goals for each direction, and take concrete steps to implement them. It is also an important role to play Japan's ability to defend its strategic interests in the conditions when the international political situation can change in an instant.

In the economic sphere an important objective for Japan is to promote private capital to Central Asian countries, which requires the creation of appropriate political and economic conditions. The friendly political relations, the principle of noninterference in internal affairs, the implementation of humanitarian and infrastructure projects, as well as the investment policy – are the main tools of Japan in this regard. Important here is the need to establish a reliable and security in Central Asia that can be achieved through co-operation within the framework of the "Central Asia plus Japan" and its further development.

Key words: Japan, Central Asia, Collaboration, development, politics.

HONG SERYUN Post-graduate student of the Department of History of International Relations and foreign policy of Russia Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russia

NORTH-EAST ASIA (CHINA, SOUTH KOREA, JAPAN) IN RUSSIAN PROJECTS OF DEVELOPING THE ARCTIC

The article examines the activities of China, South Korea and Japan in the Arctic region. The author explores the interests of these countries in the Arctic and ways to achieve them, in particular through joint projects with Russia. Among the countries of Northeast Asia, China is most actively involved in Arctic issues to achieve its strategic goals, including through investments in projects of the Arctic states. Interaction with Russian companies includes projects related to the extraction of energy resources and the creation of transport infrastructure. Japan is trying to expand its presence in the Arctic, which is due to its interest in significant energy reserves. Russia is regarded by Japan as one of the partners in the development of Arctic resources and the development of shipping along the Northern Sea Route, but political disagreements can impede full-fledged cooperation. South Korea is also interested in developing energy, mineral and other resources of the Arctic region, using the logistics potential of the NSR and scientific and technical cooperation. In conclusion, the author offers a number of initiatives that can be implemented in bilateral cooperation between South Korea and Russia.

Key words: North-East Asia, Arctic region, South Korea, energy resources of the Arctic, Northern Sea Route, China, Japan.

LEPING XIONG Post-graduate (PhD student) of the Department of Political Analysis and Management of Faculty of Humanitarian and Social Sciences of the People’s Friendship University of Russia, China

THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: SOFT POWER OR POLITICAL SHOW?

The article describes the main features of the presidential elections in the US and reveals the advantages of the electoral process. The author believes that countries, including Russia and China as the world powers, should use the experience of the US to be able to promote their values and to the rest of the world using the "soft power". On the other hand, the election campaign in 2016 looked like a political show. The author relies upon mass-media for the data on relevant events and analyzes the reasons. The author makes a forecast and suggests a strategy of further actions for China and Russia.

Key words: USA, election, ‘‘soft power’’, show, China, Russia.

V.V. OVSEPYAN post-graduate student at the Chair of political analysis and management of the Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE COINAGE OF NATIONAL STATES IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS

At the end of 1991, as result of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, along with other Soviet republics, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia gained independence. The emergence on the international scene of new actors in world politics, and a relatively favorable international environment have become a unique opportunity for the construction of the nation-state and formation of civil society. However, it was impossible to fill the vacuum that was formed with the collapse of the Soviet Union only with the resources of indigenous peoples. International intergovernmental, non-governmental and governmental organizations immediately drew their attention to the new, post-soviet region. Various funds and organizations were opened to support both the general development and the development of civil society institutions in the post-communist countries, including the republics of the South Caucasus. International and local NGOs have made an enormous contribution to the formation of civil society in the countries of the South Caucasus.

Key words: civil society, NGOs, the Soviet legacy, democratic transformation, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia.

I.Y. BAKULIA postgraduate student, working for a PHD at the Department of National and Federative Relations of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOUTH AFRICA

This article is written on the basis of the analysis of the material presented in the Vision of a Free South Africa E. S. Reddy, Mainstream New York, 1994, and other historiographical sources. There is a General belief that the Indians arrived in South Africa as a labor force in 1860. A new wave of emigration began with the arrival of Gandhi in South Africa. Here he first put forward the idea of non-violent resistance to tyranny. A 20-year struggle of Gandhi in South Africa led to significant institutional change.

Key words: slavery, prison, racism, racial segregation, transverse Indian Congress non-violent resistance.

Z.М. КURBONOVA Candidate of Sciences (political sciences), working for a doctorate degree at the Institute of philosophy, political science and law named after A. Bahovaddinov of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan

EXISTENCE PROBLEMS OF ENCLAVES, WAYS AND METHODS OF THEIR DECISIONS

An article is devoted to enclave’s problems and their decisions. An existence of enclaves regardless of their location causes people to distrust and curiosity. How these anomalies could arise? On the center of article author places three aspects. How do enclaves actually arise? What determines the strength of their ties with the mother country? And which ways of their decisions are in the present days?

Key words: enclave, arisen of enclaves, surrounding state, decisions of enclaves, abnormal geographical phenomena.